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Merajul Islam: Created page with "{{short description|early form of professional theatre originating in Italy}} {{italic title}} A ''commedia dell'arte'' street play during the [[Carnival of Venice]] ''Commedia dell'arte Troupe on a Wagon in a Town Square'' by [[Jan Miel (1640)]] '''{{Lang|it|Commedia dell'arte}}''' ({{IPAc-en|k|ɒ|ˈ|m|eɪ|d|i|ə|_|d|ɛ..."

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Created page with "{{short description|early form of professional theatre originating in Italy}} {{italic title}} upright=1.2|thumb|A ''commedia dell'arte'' street play during the [[Carnival of Venice]] upright=1.2|thumb|''Commedia dell'arte Troupe on a Wagon in a Town Square'' by [[Jan Miel (1640)]] '''{{Lang|it|Commedia dell'arte}}''' ({{IPAc-en|k|ɒ|ˈ|m|eɪ|d|i|ə|_|d|ɛ..."

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{{short description|early form of professional theatre originating in Italy}}
{{italic title}}
[[File:S Marco 500.jpg|upright=1.2|thumb|A ''commedia dell'arte'' street play during the [[Carnival of Venice]]]]
[[File:Jan Miel – Actors from the Commedia dell’Arte on a Wagon in a Town Square.jpg|upright=1.2|thumb|''Commedia dell'arte Troupe on a Wagon in a Town Square'' by [[Jan Miel]] (1640)]]

'''{{Lang|it|Commedia dell'arte}}''' ({{IPAc-en|k|ɒ|ˈ|m|eɪ|d|i|ə|_|d|ɛ|l|ˈ|ɑr|t|eɪ|,_|k|ə|-|,_|-|ˈ|m|ɛ|d|i|ə|,_|-|ˈ|ɑr|t|i:}};<ref>{{MW|commedia dell'arte}}</ref><ref>{{Lexico|commedia dell'arte}}</ref> {{IPA-it|komˈmɛːdja delˈlarte|lang}}; {{lit|comedy of the profession}})<ref name=britannica>{{Britannica|127742}}</ref> was an early form of professional [[theatre]], originating in [[Italy]], that was popular throughout Europe between the 16th and 18th centuries.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Italian Popular Comedy: A Study In The Commedia Dell'Arte, 1560–1620 With Special Reference to the English State |last=Lea |first=K. M. |publisher=Russell & Russell INC |year=1962 |location=New York |page=3}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Wilson |first1=Matthew R. |title=A History of Commedia dell'arte |url=http://www.factionoffools.org/history |website=Faction of Fools |publisher=Faction of Fools |access-date=9 December 2016}}</ref> It was formerly called '''Italian comedy''' in English and is also known as ''commedia alla maschera'', ''commedia improvviso'', and ''commedia dell'arte all'improvviso''.<ref name=":2" /> Characterized by [[Mask#Masks in theatre|masked]] "types", {{Lang|it|commedia}} was responsible for the rise of actresses such as [[Isabella Andreini]]<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |title=The Italian Comedy: The Improvisation Scenarios Lives Attributes Portraits and Masks of the Illustrious Characters of the Commedia dell'Arte |last=Ducharte |first=Pierre Louis |publisher=Dover Publication |year=1966 |isbn=978-0486216799 |location=New York |page=17 |url=https://archive.org/details/italiancomedyimp0000duch/page/17}}</ref> and [[Improvisational theatre|improvised performances]] based on [[Sketch comedy|sketches]] or scenarios.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=The Routledge Companion to Commedia Dell'Arte |author1=Chaffee, Judith |author2=Crick, Olly |publisher=Rutledge Taylor and Francis Group |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-415-74506-2|location=London and New York |page=1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.factionoffools.org/history |title=Faction Of Fools}}</ref> A {{Lang|it|commedia}}, such as ''The Tooth Puller'', is both scripted and improvised.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |title=Playing Commedia A Training Guide to Commedia Techniques |last=Grantham |first=Barry |publisher=Heinemann Drama |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-325-00346-7 |location=United Kingdom |pages=3, 6–7}}</ref> Characters' entrances and exits are scripted. A special characteristic of {{Lang|it|commedia}} is the ''[[lazzi|lazzo]]'', a joke or "something foolish or witty", usually well known to the performers and to some extent a scripted routine.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book|title=Lazzi: The Comic Routine of the Commedia dell'Arte|last=Gordon|first=Mel|publisher=Performing Arts Journal Publications|year=1983|isbn=978-0-933826-69-4|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/lazzicomicroutin00gord/page/4 4]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/lazzicomicroutin00gord/page/4}}</ref> Another characteristic of {{Lang|it|commedia}} is [[pantomime]], which is mostly used by the character Arlecchino, now better known as [[Harlequin]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=A History Of Pantomime|last=Broadbent|first=R.J.|publisher=Benjamin Blom, Inc.|year=1901|location=New York|page=62}}</ref>

The characters of the {{Lang|it|commedia}} usually represent fixed social types and [[stock character]]s, such as foolish old men, devious servants, or military officers full of false [[bravery|bravado]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> The characters are exaggerated "real characters", such as a know-it-all doctor called [[Il Dottore]], a greedy old man called [[Pantalone]], or a perfect relationship like the ''[[Innamorati]]''.<ref name=":02" /> Many troupes were formed to perform {{Lang|it|commedia}}, including [[I Gelosi]] (which had actors such as Andreini and her husband [[Francesco Andreini]]),<ref>{{Cite book|title=The History of the Harlequinade|last=Maurice|first=Sand|publisher=Benjamin Bloom, Inc.|year=1915|location=New York|pages=135}}</ref> Confidenti Troupe, Desioi Troupe, and Fedeli Troupe.<ref name=":02"/><ref name=":0" /> ''Commedia'' was often performed outside on platforms or in popular areas such as a ''piazza'' ([[town square]]).<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Commedia Dell'Arte An Actor's Handbook|last=Rudlin|first=John|publisher=Routledge|year=1994|isbn=978-0-415-04769-2|location=London and New York|page=48}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> The form of theatre originated in Italy, but travelled throughout Europe and even to Moscow.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The World of Harlequin: A Critical Study of the Commedia dell'Arte.|last=Nicoll|first=Allardyce|publisher=Cambridge University Press.|year=1963|location=London|page=9}}</ref>

The genesis of ''commedia'' may be related to [[carnival]] in [[Venice]], where the author and actor [[Andrea Calmo]] had created the character Il Magnifico, the precursor to the ''[[vecchio]]'' (old man) Pantalone, by 1570. In the [[Flaminio Scala]] scenario, for example, Il Magnifico persists and is interchangeable with Pantalone into the 17th century. While Calmo's characters (which also included the Spanish Capitano and a ''[[dottore]]'' type) were not masked, it is uncertain at what point the characters donned the mask. However, the connection to carnival (the period between [[Epiphany (holiday)|Epiphany]] and [[Ash Wednesday]]) would suggest that masking was a convention of carnival and was applied at some point. The tradition in Northern Italy is centred in [[Florence]], [[Mantua]], and Venice, where the major companies came under the protection of the various [[Duke of Italy|dukes]]. Concomitantly, a [[Naples|Neapolitan]] tradition emerged in the south and featured the prominent stage figure [[Pulcinella]], which has been long associated with Naples and derived into various types elsewhere—most famously as the puppet character Punch (of the eponymous [[Punch and Judy]] shows) in England.

Commedia dell'arte - Revision history

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