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'''Colman Patrick Louis Macaulay''' (16{{nbsp}}September{{nbsp}}1849{{snd}}3{{nbsp}}May{{nbsp}}1890) [[Order of the Indian Empire|CIE]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Dictionary of Indian Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8AKI2nqPBQC|publisher=Ardent Media|year=1906|id=GGKEY:BDL52T227UN|page=259}}</ref> was an administrator in [[British Raj|British India]] and partly responsible for negotiating the opening of British trade with [[Tibet]].

==Early life==
Macaulay was born in [[Belfast]], [[Northern Ireland]] to Patrick Macaulay J.P. and the youngest daughter of Bernard Coleman, a Catholic from the West of Ireland. From the age of nine, he was educated at [[Ratcliffe College]] near [[Leicester]], England and later at the School of the Jesuit Fathers in [[Randalstown]], County Antrim, before graduating from [[Queen's University Belfast|Queen's College]] in Belfast.<ref name=IM>{{cite journal|journal=[[Irish Monthly]]|volume=22|year=1894|title=Sketches in Irish Biography XXVI Colman Macaulay|jstor=20498628|pages=92–98|author1=M. R|issue=248}}</ref>

==India==
In 1867, Macaulay passed the [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|Indian Civil Service]] entrance examination and was sent to [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], in the north east of India as one of those selected by [[George Campbell of Inverneill|Sir George Campbell]] to test his theory that civilians should serve in all branches of the administration. After serving as District Inspector in [[Bankura|Bacoorah]] he was appointed assistant secretary in the Bengal office in 1875. In May 1990 he became financial secretary to the Government of Bengal and was complemented on his efficiency by the [[George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon|Marquis of Rippon]]. Macaulay attracted the attention of [[Sir Richard Temple, 1st Baronet|Sir Richard Temple]], Lieutenant-Governor of the Bengal Presidency, and was assigned to famine relief in the [[Burdwan division]] in 1874.<ref name=IM /> In 1882, Macaulay submitted a bill for the extension of local self-government to the Bengal Legislative Council. He proposed that elected villager committees would manage their own [[Animal pound|pound]]s, schools and roads in a similar fashion to the [[Local Government Board]]s of contemporary Britain.<ref>{{cite news |title=News Summary |work=Manchester Courier and Lancashire General Advertiser |date=23 January 1883 |page=5 |access-date=20 November 2014 |url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000206/18830123/013/0005| via = [[British Newspaper Archive]]|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Sikkim and Tibet==
In October 1884, Macaulay convinced [[Secretary of State for India]] [[Lord Randolph Churchill]] of the need to undertake a mission to [[Tibet]], which would include Tibetan scholar [[Sarat Chandra Das]].{{sfn|Arora|2008|page=12}} It was agreed that he would first travel to [[Sikkim]] to discuss with its [[Chogyal]] the administration of the state and its relations with the British government. He was then to travel on to the [[Lachen, Sikkim|Lachen Valley]] to investigate the feasibility of opening a trade route into Tibet's [[Ü-Tsang]] province and finally to attempt to establish friendly relations with the Tibetans to the north of Sikkim.{{sfn|Macaulay|1885|page=i}} Permission for entry to Tibet from India had been agreed in advance by the Chinese [[Qing dynasty|Qing authorities]] under the "Separate Article" contained in the 1876 [[Chefoo Convention]]. Macaulay was given the requisite visa despite the objections of some members of the [[Zongli Yamen]] with the notable exception of pro-reform minister [[Li Hongzhang]].<ref>{{cite news |title=The Mission to Thibet (''sic'')|work=London Evening Standard |date=23 February 1886 |access-date=23 August 2015 |url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/18860223/050/0005| via = [[British Newspaper Archive]]|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Macauly believed that a ready market existed in Tibet for Indian tea and British textiles, with Tibet exporting gold dust, [[musk]] and wool and assured the Sikkim Chogyal that the British would pay for the necessary roads and bridges while Sikkim would need to supply only labour.{{sfn|Arora|2008|p=12}}However, in 1885, "international concerns" arose and the British government cancelled the entire mission. On his return to Darjeeling, Macaulay wrote to India Office chief [[Clements Markham|Sir Clements Markham]] that "everything had gone so fairly that it is difficult for us here to believe that we should be shipwrecked within sight of the promised land."{{sfn|Younghusband|1910|page=47}}

Although ''[[The Times]]'' correspondent in [[Calcutta]] claimed that this was "the most important step towards the opening of Thibet (''sic'') which has been taken since the days of Warren Hastings"{{Cref2|A}} <ref name =IM /> it alarmed the Tibetans. They saw Macaulay's foray as the first move in a British invasion of their country and were provoked into their 1886 reclamation of the [[Jelep La]] from Sikkim.{{sfn|Arora|2008|p=12}} The British despatched the [[Sikkim Expedition]] in 1888 to evict Tibetan forces, who had set up a fort at Lingtu blocking the trade route. After a series of clashes between the two sides, the Chinese signed the 1890 [[Convention of Calcutta]] to restore peace to the region. The Tibetans still refused to honour the Convention, eventually leading to the 1904 [[Younghusband Expedition]] to Lhasa and the forcible opening of trade.

==Personal life==
Macaulay's wife Mary died on 26{{nbsp}}April 1889 at [[Brighton]] on the south coast of England.<ref>{{cite news |title=Deaths |work=Sussex Agricultural Express |date=4 May 1889 |access-date=23 August 2015 |url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000654/18890504/071/0004|page=4| via = [[British Newspaper Archive]]|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Death==
Following home leave in Ireland and despite the advice of his doctors, Macaulay was anxious to return to India to secure a promotion to chief secretary. A day after reaching the house of his friend [[Alfred Woodley Croft|Sir Alfred Croft]] in Calcutta, Macaulay died on the evening of Friday, 3{{nbsp}}March 1889 of "prostration due to excessive heat during the railway journey from Bombay to Calcutta."<ref name=IM />

==Works==
*{{Cite book|title=Report of a Mission to Sikkim and the Tibetan Frontier with a Memorandum on our Relations with Tibet|last1=Macaulay|first1=Colman|url=https://archive.org/details/reportamissiont00macagoog|year=1885|location=[[Calcutta]]|publisher=Bengal Secretariat Press}}

==Footnotes==
{{Cnote2 begin}}
{{Cnote2|A|A reference to the earlier missions to Tibet undertaken by [[George Bogle (diplomat)|George Bogle]] (1774) and [[Samuel Turner (diplomat)|Samuel Turner]] (1783), during the tenure of [[Warren Hastings]] as Governor-General of India.}}
{{Cnote2 end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

;Bibliography
*{{cite book|title=Commodities of Empire: Working Paper No.9|first1=Vibha|last1=Arora|chapter=Routing the Commodities of Empire through Sikkim (1817-1906)|journal=Commodities of Empire Working Paper|url=http://www.open.ac.uk/Arts/ferguson-centre/commodities-of-empire/working-papers/WP09.pdf|publisher=[[Open University]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924060812/http://www.open.ac.uk/Arts/ferguson-centre/commodities-of-empire/working-papers/WP09.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=dead |issn=1756-0098|year=2008}}
*{{cite book|last1=Younghusband|first1=Francis|author-link1=Francis Younghusband|title=India and Tibet: a history of the relations which have subsisted between the two countries from the time of Warren Hastings to 1910; with a particular account of the mission to Lhasa of 1904 |url=https://archive.org/details/indiatibethistor00younrich|year=1910|publisher=John Murray|location=London}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Macaulay, Colman}}
[[Category:1849 births]]
[[Category:1890 deaths]]
[[Category:People of British India]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire]]

Colman Macaulay - Revision history

>Citation bot: Alter: work. Add: journal, issue, authors 1-1. Removed parameters. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Abductive | via #UCB_webform 255/794