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	[[Category:Flora of West-Central Tropical Africa]]		[[Category:Flora of West-Central Tropical Africa]]
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{{Short description|Species of coffee plant}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Robusta coffee
| image = Coffea canephora at Aanakkulam.jpg
| image_caption = Berries of ''Coffea canephora''
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Chadburn, H. |author2=Davis, A.P. |date=2017 |title=''Coffea canephora'' |volume=2017 |page=e.T18290186A18539466 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T18290186A18539466.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
| genus = Coffea
| species = canephora
| authority = Pierre ex A.Froehner
| synonyms = ''Coffea robusta'' <small>L.Linden</small>
}}
[[File:Coffea canephora 2 at Aanakkulam.jpg|thumb|Ripe berries]]
[[File:Coffea canephora 1 at Aanakkulam.jpg|thumb|Flowers]]
'''''Coffea canephora''''' ([[synonymy (taxonomy)|syn.]] '''''Coffea robusta''''', commonly known as ''robusta coffee'') is a species of [[Coffea|coffee]] that has its origins in central and western sub-Saharan [[Africa]]. It is a [[species]] of [[flowering plant]] in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Rubiaceae]]. Though widely known as ''Coffea robusta'', the plant is scientifically identified as ''Coffea canephora'', which has two main varieties, ''[[Robusta coffee|robusta]]'' and ''[[Nganda coffee|nganda]]''.<ref name=Dagoon05>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=MPjMkLKebBQC&pg=PA58 |title=Agriculture & Fishery Technology Iv |page=58 |author=J. Dagoon |publisher=Rex Bookstore, Inc.|year=2005 |access-date=22 July 2011|isbn=9789712342233 }}</ref>

''Coffea robusta'' represents 43% of global coffee production, with ''[[Coffea arabica]]'' constituting most of the remainder. There are several differences between the composition of [[coffee beans]] from ''C. arabica'' and ''C. robusta''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=R Urgert and M B Katan |title=The cholesterol-raising factor from coffee beans. |journal=[[Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine]] |date=1 November 1996 |volume=89 |issue=11 |pages=618–623 |doi=10.1177/014107689608901107 |pmid=9135590 |pmc=1295997 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gaia Vince |title=Decaffeinated coffee may be harmful to heart |journal=New Scientist |date=16 November 2005 |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn8328-decaffeinated-coffee-may-be-harmful-to-heart/}} This article seems to have a mistake, using the word "diptenes" instead of "[[diterpene]]s", and also seems to contradict the above reference.</ref> Beans from ''C. robusta'' tend to have lower acidity, more bitterness, and a more woody and less fruity flavor compared to ''C. arabica'' beans.

== Description ==
[[File:Coffee flowers.jpg|thumb|Robusta coffee flowers]]
Robusta is a [[species]] of [[flowering plant]] in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Rubiaceae]]. Though widely known by the [[synonym (taxonomy)|synonym]] ''Coffea robusta'', the plant is currently scientifically identified as ''Coffea canephora'', which has two main varieties, ''C. c. robusta'' and ''C. c. nganda''.<ref name=Dagoon05/> The plant has a shallow root system and grows as a robust tree or shrub to about 10 m tall. It flowers irregularly, taking about 10–11 months for berries to ripen, producing oval-shaped beans.

The robusta plant has a greater crop yield than that of arabica, contains more [[caffeine]] (2.7% compared to arabica's 1.5%),<ref name=Nesbitt05>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=5JXBN7fqg0MC&pg=PA177 |title=The Cultural History of Plants|pages=176–177|author=Mark Nesbitt|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year= 2005 |access-date=22 July 2011|isbn=978-0-203-02090-6}}</ref> and contains less sugar (3–7% compared to arabica's 6–9%).<ref name="TheCoffeeBarrister">{{cite web |title=Understanding the Difference: Arabica vs Robusta |publisher=The Coffee Barrister |date=31 July 2016 |url=https://www.coffeeb.net/arabica-vs-robusta/ |access-date=2 August 2016 |archive-date=20 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820053209/https://www.coffeeb.net/arabica-vs-robusta/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> As it is less susceptible to pests and disease,<ref name="DavironPonte2005">{{cite book|author1=Benoit Daviron|author2=Stefano Ponte|title=The Coffee Paradox: Global Markets, Commodity Trade and the Elusive Promise of Development|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mwpAO0J9ojgC&pg=PA51|year=2005|publisher=Zed Books|isbn=978-1-84277-457-1|page=51}}</ref> robusta needs much less herbicide and pesticide than arabica.

== Native distribution ==
''C. canephora'' grows indigenously in Western and Central [[Africa]] from [[Liberia]] to [[Tanzania]] and south to [[Angola]]. It was not recognized as a species of ''[[Coffea]]'' until 1897,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Adolf|first1=Engler|last2=Germany)|first2=Königlicher Botanischer Garten (Berlin|last3=Germany)|first3=Königliches Botanisches Museum (Berlin|date=1895–1918|title=Notizblatt des Königl. Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28795724#page/279/mode/1up|language=en|volume=bd.1 (1895–1897)|publisher=In Commission bei Wilhelm Engelmann}}</ref> over a hundred years after ''[[Coffea arabica]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=von|first1=Linné, Carl|last2=Lars|first2=Salvius|date=1753|title=Caroli Linnaei ... Species plantarum|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358191#page/184/mode/1up|language=en|volume= 1|publisher=Impensis Laurentii Salvii}}</ref><ref name=Nesbitt05/> It is also reportedly naturalized in [[Borneo]], [[French Polynesia]], [[Costa Rica]], [[Nicaragua]], [[Jamaica]] and the [[Lesser Antilles]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=45464|title=World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|website=apps.kew.org|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-08-01}}</ref> In 1927 a hybrid between robusta and arabica was found in [[Timor]]. This strain was subsequently used to breed [[Hemileia vastatrix|rust]]-resistant plants.<ref name="bbc" />

== Cultivation and use ==
[[File:Canephora.jpg|thumb|Unroasted (so-called 'green') robusta beans]]
[[File:Coffee drying traditional Indonesia.jpg|thumb|Traditional drying of coffee beans in Kalibaru, Indonesia]]
[[Coffee]] made from [[coffee bean|beans]] of the ''Coffea canephora'' plant has low acidity and high bitterness, often with a distinct woody and nutty taste. ''C. canephora'' beans, widely known by the synonym ''Coffea robusta'', are used primarily in [[instant coffee]], [[espresso]], and as a filler in ground coffee blends.

Robusta has its origins in central and western sub-Saharan [[Africa]].<ref name=Dagoon05/> It is easy to care for, has a greater crop yield, has almost double the amount of caffeine and more antioxidants,<ref>{{cite journal | title = Antioxidant activity, polyphenols, caffeine and melanoidins in soluble coffee: The influence of processing conditions and raw material| first1=J. A. | last1=Vignoli | first2=D. G. | last2= Bassoli | first3=M. T. | last3=Benassi | journal=Food Chemistry | volume=124 | issue=3 | year=2011 | pages=863–868 | doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.07.008}}</ref> and is less susceptible to disease than [[Coffea arabica|arabica coffea]].<ref name="bbc">{{cite web|last1=Penarredonda|first1=Jose Luis|title=The disease that could change how we drink coffee |url=http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20171106-the-disease-that-could-change-how-we-drink-coffee |date = 6 November 2017 |website=BBC: In depth, Food |access-date=23 November 2017}}</ref> It represents 43% of global coffee production, with arabica constituting the remainder except for the 1.5% constituted by [[coffea liberica]].<ref name="CoffeeProduction">{{cite web |title=Coffee: World Markets and Trade |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture – Foreign Agricultural Service |date=December 2019 |url=https://downloads.usda.library.cornell.edu/usda-esmis/files/m900nt40f/sq87c919h/8w32rm91m/coffee.pdf |access-date=8 May 2020}}</ref>

It is mostly grown in [[Coffee production in Vietnam|Vietnam]], where French colonists introduced it in the late 19th century, though it is also grown in India, [[Africa]] and [[Coffee production in Brazil|Brazil]], where it is often called ''conilon''.<ref name=Horowitz04>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=GYZaVvtGJ4sC&pg=PA41 |title=Insect pest management: field and protected crops |page=41|author=A. Rami Horowitz|publisher=Springer|year= 2004 |access-date=23 August 2011|isbn=978-3-540-20755-9 }}</ref> In recent years, Vietnam, which produces mostly robusta, has become the world's largest exporter of robusta coffee, accounting for over 40% of the total production.<ref name="CoffeeProduction" /> It surpasses Brazil (25% of the world's production), [[Coffee production in Indonesia|Indonesia]] (13%), [[Coffee production in India|India]] (5%), and Uganda (5%).<ref name="CoffeeProduction" /> Brazil is still the biggest coffee producer in the world, producing one-third of the world's coffee, though 69% of that is ''C. arabica''.<ref name="CoffeeProduction" />

Since Robusta is easier to care for and has a greater crop yield than ''C. arabica'', it is cheaper to produce.<ref name=Miyanari08>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=84mcxGe5WtsC&pg=PA7 |title=Aloha Coffee Island |first=Walter |last=Miyanari |page=7|publisher=Savant Books & Publications |year=2008 |access-date=13 December 2011|isbn=978-0-615-18348-0 }}</ref> Roasted robusta beans produce a strong, full-bodied coffee with a distinctive earthy flavour, but usually with more bitterness than arabica due to its [[pyrazine]] content.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=2_WbE3gaDH0C&q=robusta++earthy+flavour&pg=PT83 |title=Food Flavour Technology |author= Andrew J. Taylor, Robert Linforth |page=68|publisher=John Wiley and Sons |year= 2010 |access-date=13 December 2011|isbn=978-1-4443-1778-7 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lxbz7TG5wwAC&pg=PA799 |title=Coffee: Growing, Processing, Sustainable Production: A Guidebook for Growers|page=799 |first=Jean Nicolas |last= Wintgens |publisher=Wiley-VCH |year= 2009 |access-date=13 December 2011|isbn=978-3-527-32286-2}}</ref> Since arabica beans are believed to have smoother taste with more acidity and a richer flavour, they are often considered superior, while the harsher robusta beans are mostly used as a filler in lower-grade coffee blends.<ref name=Miyanari08/> However, the powerful flavour can be desirable in a blend to give it perceived "strength" and "finish", noticeably in Italian coffee culture. Good-quality robusta beans are used in traditional Italian [[espresso]] blends, at about 10–15%, to provide a full-bodied taste and a better foam head (known as ''[[crema foam|crema]]''). It is also used as a stimulant, diuretic, antioxidant, antipyretic and relieves spasmodic asthma.{{Citation needed|reason=Neither of the two existing sources say anything about its health effects (besides antioxidants). Also, these two existing sources aren't very good.|date=January 2021}}<ref name="Reynolds">{{cite web |title=Robusta's Rehab |last=Reynolds |first=Richard |publisher=Coffee Geek |website=CoffeeGeek |date=1 February 2006 |url=http://www.coffeegeek.com/opinions/cafestage/02-01-2006 |access-date=5 January 2010 |archive-date=13 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813215133/http://www.coffeegeek.com/opinions/cafestage/02-01-2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Hy0YIUYybOsC&pg=PA52 |title=The Little Book of Coffee Law |first=Carol |last= Robertson |page=52|publisher=American Bar Association |year= 2010 |access-date=13 December 2011|isbn=978-1-60442-985-5 }}</ref>

==See also==
*''[[Coffea arabica]]''
*''[[Coffea charrieriana]]''

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Coffea canephora}}
{{Wikispecies|Coffea canephora}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090324155957/http://www.ico.org/botanical.asp Comparison Chart of Robusta to Arabica]
*[http://www.ineedcoffee.com/02/vietnam/ Robusta Coffee in Vietnam]
*[http://www.beanground.com/difference-between-arabica-and-robusta/ The Difference Between Arabica and Robusta?]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120331180727/http://dev.ico.org/prices/m1.htm Jan 2008 ICO break down of all Coffee exports]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080322175921/http://dev.ico.org/prices/m1a.htm Jan 2008 ICO break down of Green Coffee exports]
*[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/rubiaceae/ World Checklist of Rubiaceae]

{{Coffee}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q47532}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Coffea|canephora]]
[[Category:Flora of West Tropical Africa]]
[[Category:Flora of West-Central Tropical Africa]]
[[Category:Flora of East Tropical Africa]]
[[Category:Flora of Angola]]
[[Category:Flora of Nigeria]]
[[Category:Flora of Sudan]]
[[Category:Crops originating from Africa]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1897]]

Coffea canephora - Revision history

RooseveltMacCull: fixed issues

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