Cochin Port - Revision history

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← Older revision		Revision as of 19:10, 29 May 2022
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	\| coordinates = {{coord\|9.96756\|N\|76.26816\|E\|display=title,inline}}		\| coordinates = {{coord\|9.96756\|N\|76.26816\|E\|display=title,inline}}
	\| opened = {{start date and age\|1928\|5\|26\|df=yes}}		\| opened = {{start date and age\|1928\|5\|26\|df=yes}}
	\| operated = Cochin Port ~~Trust~~ and Dubai Ports World		\| operated = Cochin Port Authority and Dubai Ports World
	\| owner = Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways, Government of India		\| owner = [[Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways]], [[Government of India\|Govt of India]]
	\| sizewater =		\| sizewater =
	\| sizeland =		\| sizeland =
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	\| employees =		\| employees =
	\| leadershiptitle = Chairman		\| leadershiptitle = Chairman
	\| leader = M. Beena IAS		\| leader = Dr. M. Beena IAS
	\| blankdetailstitle1 =		\| blankdetailstitle1 =
	\| blankdetails1 =		\| blankdetails1 =
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	\| blankdetails3 =		\| blankdetails3 =
	\| arrivals =		\| arrivals =
	\| cargotonnage = 32.02 million tonnes (~~2018–19~~)<ref name="~~ANNUAL ACCOUNTS AND AUDIT REPORT THEREON FOR 2018~~-~~19 page 25~~">{{cite web\|url=https://cochinport.gov.in/sites/default/files/~~2020~~-03/~~Annual~~%~~20Accounts~~%~~202018-19~~%~~20English_1~~.pdf~~#page=25~~ \|title=~~ANNUAL ACCOUNTS AND AUDIT REPORT THEREON~~ FOR ~~2018-19 \|format=PDF~~ \|access-date=~~1 June 2020~~}}</ref>		\| cargotonnage = 34.55 million tonnes (2021–22)<ref name="Statistics-Cargo traffic 12 yr">{{cite web\|url=https://cochinport.gov.in/sites/default/files/inline-files/Statistics-Cargo%20traffic%2012%20yrs_1.pdf \|title=DISTRIBUTION OF CARGO TRAFFIC FOR PAST 12 YEARS \|access-date=14 April 2022}}</ref>
	\| containervolume = {{formatnum:~~594592~~}} [[Twenty-foot equivalent unit\|TEU]] (~~2018–2019~~)<ref name="~~ANNUAL ACCOUNTS AND AUDIT REPORT THEREON FOR 2018~~-~~19 page 25~~"/>		\| containervolume = {{formatnum:735577}} [[Twenty-foot equivalent unit\|TEU]] (2021–2022)<ref name="Statistics-Cargo traffic 12 yr"/>
	\| cargovalue =		\| cargovalue =
	\| passengertraffic =		\| passengertraffic =
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	\| profit =		\| profit =
	\| blankstatstitle1 = Vessels handled		\| blankstatstitle1 = Vessels handled
	\| blankstats1 = 1,~~608~~ (~~2018–2019~~)<ref ~~name~~=~~"ANNUAL ACCOUNTS AND AUDIT REPORT THEREON FOR 2018~~-~~19 page 25"~~/>		\| blankstats1 = 1,519 (2021–2022)<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://cochinport.gov.in/sites/default/files/inline-files/Last%2010%20years%20vessel%20details_1.pdf \|title=CATEGORY WISE DISTRIBUTION OF VESSELS ENTERED THE PORT DURING THE PAST 10 YEARS \|access-date=14 April 2022}}</ref>
	\| blankstatstitle2 =		\| blankstatstitle2 =
	\| blankstats2 =		\| blankstats2 =
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	'''Cochin Port''' or '''Kochi Port''' is a major port on the [[Arabian Sea]] – [[Laccadive Sea]] – [[Indian Ocean]] sea-route in the city of [[Kochi]] and is one of the largest [[ports in India]]. It is also the first [[Transshipment at sea\|transshipment]] port in India. The port lies on two islands in the [[Kochi Lake\|Lake of Kochi]]: [[Willingdon Island]] and [[Vallarpadam]], towards the [[Fort Kochi]] river mouth opening onto the Laccadive Sea. The [[International Container Transshipment Terminal, Kochi\|International Container Transshipment Terminal]] (ICTT), part of the Cochin Port, is the largest container transshipment facility in India.		'''Cochin Port''' or '''Kochi Port''' is a major port on the [[Arabian Sea]] – [[Laccadive Sea]] – [[Indian Ocean]] sea-route in the city of [[Kochi]] and is one of the largest [[ports in India]]. It is also the first [[Transshipment at sea\|transshipment]] port in India. The port lies on two islands in the [[Kochi Lake\|Lake of Kochi]]: [[Willingdon Island]] and [[Vallarpadam]], towards the [[Fort Kochi]] river mouth opening onto the Laccadive Sea. The [[International Container Transshipment Terminal, Kochi\|International Container Transshipment Terminal]] (ICTT), part of the Cochin Port, is the largest container transshipment facility in India.

	The port is governed by the Cochin Port ~~Trust~~ (~~CoPT~~), a ~~government~~ of India establishment. It was established in 1928 and has completed over 90 years of active service.		The port is governed by the Cochin Port Authority (CoPA), a Government of India establishment. It was established in 1928 and has completed over 90 years of active service.

	The Kochi Port is one of a line of maritime-related facilities based in the port-city of [[Kochi]]. The others are the [[Cochin Shipyard]], the largest shipbuilding as well as maintenance facility in India; the SPM (single point mooring) facility of the [[Kochi Refineries]], an offshore crude carrier mooring facility; and the [[Kochi Marina]].		The Kochi Port is one of a line of maritime-related facilities based in the port-city of [[Kochi]]. The others are the [[Cochin Shipyard]], the largest shipbuilding as well as maintenance facility in India; the SPM (single point mooring) facility of the [[Kochi Refineries]], an offshore crude carrier mooring facility; and the [[Kochi Marina]].
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	The Cochin port was formed naturally due to the flooding of the Periyar River in 1341 AD, and, over time, has become a major flashpoint for trade. The port in its initial history attracted European merchants- predominantly Dutch and Portuguese- and was later expanded by the British with the establishment of Willingdon Island. The traditional port was near [[Mattancherry]] (which still continues as [[Mattancherry Wharf]]).		The Cochin port was formed naturally due to the flooding of the Periyar River in 1341 AD, and, over time, has become a major flashpoint for trade. The port in its initial history attracted European merchants- predominantly Dutch and Portuguese- and was later expanded by the British with the establishment of Willingdon Island. The traditional port was near [[Mattancherry]] (which still continues as [[Mattancherry Wharf]]).
	[[File:Cochin-port-trust-on1948.jpg\|thumb\|250px\|Cochin Port Trust in 1948]]		[[File:Cochin-port-trust-on1948.jpg\|thumb\|250px\|Cochin Port Trust in 1948]]
	The idea of establishing a modern port in Cochin was first posited by [[Lord Willingdon]] during his governorship of the [[Madras Province]]. The opening of the [[Suez Canal]] allowed several ships to pass near the west coast and he felt it was necessary to build a modern port in the southern part as well. He selected the newly joined Sir [[Robert Bristow (engineer)\|Robert Bristow]],<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/05/26/stories/2003052600380100.htm \|title=Archived copy \|access-date=19 August 2010 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514101736/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/05/26/stories/2003052600380100.htm \|archive-date=14 May 2011 \|url-status=~~dead~~ }}</ref> a leading British harbour engineer, to head the project, and Bristow became chief engineer of Kochi Kingdom's Port Department in 1920. From that point forward until the port's completion in 1939, he and his team were actively involved in making a greenfield port. With extensive research spanning over a decade toward securing a permanent manmade port that could withstand monsoon erosion, he was convinced that it would be both feasible and largely beneficial to develop Kochi through its port. He believed that Kochi could become the safest harbour in India if the ships could enter the inner channel.		The idea of establishing a modern port in Cochin was first posited by [[Lord Willingdon]] during his governorship of the [[Madras Province]]. The opening of the [[Suez Canal]] allowed several ships to pass near the west coast and he felt it was necessary to build a modern port in the southern part as well. He selected the newly joined Sir [[Robert Bristow (engineer)\|Robert Bristow]],<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/05/26/stories/2003052600380100.htm \|title=Archived copy \|access-date=19 August 2010 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514101736/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/05/26/stories/2003052600380100.htm \|archive-date=14 May 2011 \|url-status=usurped }}</ref> a leading British harbour engineer, to head the project, and Bristow became chief engineer of Kochi Kingdom's Port Department in 1920. From that point forward until the port's completion in 1939, he and his team were actively involved in making a greenfield port. With extensive research spanning over a decade toward securing a permanent manmade port that could withstand monsoon erosion, he was convinced that it would be both feasible and largely beneficial to develop Kochi through its port. He believed that Kochi could become the safest harbour in India if the ships could enter the inner channel.

	The challenge before engineers was a rock-like sandbar that stood across the opening of Kochi backwaters into the sea. Its density prevented the entry of all large ships (requiring more than eight or nine feet of water). It was thought that the removal of the sandbar was a technical impossibility, and the potential consequence on the environment was beyond estimation. Efforts that had been previously undertaken on this scale had led to ecological atrocities such as destruction of the [[Vypeen]] foreshore.		The challenge before engineers was a rock-like sandbar that stood across the opening of Kochi backwaters into the sea. Its density prevented the entry of all large ships (requiring more than eight or nine feet of water). It was thought that the removal of the sandbar was a technical impossibility, and the potential consequence on the environment was beyond estimation. Efforts that had been previously undertaken on this scale had led to ecological atrocities such as destruction of the [[Vypeen]] foreshore.
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	In 1932, the [[Maritime Board of British India]] declared the Port of Cochin as a major port and was opened to all vessels up to 30 feet draught.		In 1932, the [[Maritime Board of British India]] declared the Port of Cochin as a major port and was opened to all vessels up to 30 feet draught.
	It was returned to civil authorities on 19 May 1945. After the [[Independence of India\|Independence]], the port was taken over by the [[government of India]], and in 1964, the administration of the port was vested to a Board of Trustees under the [[Major Port Trusts Act]]. The port is currently listed as one of the 12 major ports of India.		It was returned to civil authorities on 19 May 1945. After the [[Independence of India\|Independence]], the port was taken over by the [[government of India]], and in 1964, the administration of the port was vested to a Board of Trustees under the [[Major Port Trusts Act]]. The port is currently listed as one of the 12 major ports of India.

			In 2022, following the introduction of the Major Port Authorities Act 2021 superseding the Major Port Trusts Act 1963,<ref>https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2021/225265.pdf {{Bare URL PDF\|date=May 2022}}</ref> Cochin Port Trust got renamed to Cochin Port Authority<ref>https://cochinport.gov.in/</ref> thereby adopting a new logo.<ref>https://cochinport.gov.in/sites/default/files/2022-05/Press%20Release%20-%20Foundation%20Stone%20Ro-Ro%20facility%20%26%20Unveiling%20of%20New%20Logo%20of%20Cochin%20Port%20%2829.04.2022%29.pdf {{Bare URL PDF\|date=May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \| url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/foundation-stone-laid-for-ro-ro-jetty-in-kochi/article65370795.ece \| title=Foundation stone laid for ro-ro jetty in Kochi \| newspaper=The Hindu \| date=30 April 2022 \| last1=Paul \| first1=John L. }}</ref>

	== Organizational structure ==		== Organizational structure ==
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	==External links==		==External links==
	{{Commons category\|Cochin Port}}		{{Commons category\|Cochin Port}}
	* [http://www.cochinport.com/ Official website of the Cochin Port ~~Trust~~]		* [http://www.cochinport.com/ Official website of the Cochin Port Authority]
	* [[Kochi LNG Terminal]]		* [[Kochi LNG Terminal]]
	{{Kochi (India) topics}}		{{Kochi (India) topics}}

>Profpremrajpushpakaran1 at 08:56, 1 July 2021

2021-07-01T08:56:35Z

New page

{{Short description|A major port in India}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{Infobox port
| name = Cochin Port
| image = Cochin_port_logo.jpg
| image_caption =
| image_size = 100px
| country = [[India]]
| location = [[Kochi]]
| coordinates = {{coord|9.96756|N|76.26816|E|display=title,inline}}
| opened = {{start date and age|1928|5|26|df=yes}}
| operated = Cochin Port Trust and Dubai Ports World
| owner = Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways, Government of India
| sizewater =
| sizeland =
| size =
| berths = 16<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cochinport.gov.in/berth-information |title=Berth Information |access-date=18 July 2020}}</ref>
| wharfs = 2
| piers =
| employees =
| leadershiptitle = Chairman
| leader = M. Beena IAS
| blankdetailstitle1 =
| blankdetails1 =
| blankdetailstitle2 =
| blankdetails2 =
| blankdetailstitle3 =
| blankdetails3 =
| arrivals =
| cargotonnage = 32.02 million tonnes (2018–19)<ref name="ANNUAL ACCOUNTS AND AUDIT REPORT THEREON FOR 2018-19 page 25">{{cite web|url=https://cochinport.gov.in/sites/default/files/2020-03/Annual%20Accounts%202018-19%20English_1.pdf#page=25 |title=ANNUAL ACCOUNTS AND AUDIT REPORT THEREON FOR 2018-19 |format=PDF |access-date=1 June 2020}}</ref>
| containervolume = {{formatnum:594592}} [[Twenty-foot equivalent unit|TEU]] (2018–2019)<ref name="ANNUAL ACCOUNTS AND AUDIT REPORT THEREON FOR 2018-19 page 25"/>
| cargovalue =
| passengertraffic =
| revenue = {{INR}} 6,321.2 million (2018–19)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cochinport.gov.in/sites/default/files/2020-03/Annual%20Accounts%202018-19%20English_1.pdf#page=54 |title=ANNUAL ACCOUNTS AND AUDIT REPORT THEREON FOR 2018-19 |format=PDF |access-date=1 June 2020}}</ref>
| profit =
| blankstatstitle1 = Vessels handled
| blankstats1 = 1,608 (2018–2019)<ref name="ANNUAL ACCOUNTS AND AUDIT REPORT THEREON FOR 2018-19 page 25"/>
| blankstatstitle2 =
| blankstats2 =
| blankstatstitle3 =
| blankstats3 =
| website = {{URL|http://www.cochinport.gov.in/}}
}}

[[Image:Cochin Port Trust.jpg|thumb|250px|Office of the Cochin Port Trust in Willingdon Island]]
[[Image:Vallarpadam Container Terminal.JPG|thumb|250px| The [[International Container Transshipment Terminal, Kochi|International Container Trans-shipment Terminal]] (ICTT) of the Kochi Port]]
[[File:Container terminal.JPG|thumb|250px|Evening view of [[International Container Transshipment Terminal, Kochi|International Container Trans-shipment Terminal]] (ICTT)]]

'''Cochin Port''' or '''Kochi Port''' is a major port on the [[Arabian Sea]] – [[Laccadive Sea]] – [[Indian Ocean]] sea-route in the city of [[Kochi]] and is one of the largest [[ports in India]]. It is also the first [[Transshipment at sea|transshipment]] port in India. The port lies on two islands in the [[Kochi Lake|Lake of Kochi]]: [[Willingdon Island]] and [[Vallarpadam]], towards the [[Fort Kochi]] river mouth opening onto the Laccadive Sea. The [[International Container Transshipment Terminal, Kochi|International Container Transshipment Terminal]] (ICTT), part of the Cochin Port, is the largest container transshipment facility in India.

The port is governed by the Cochin Port Trust (CoPT), a government of India establishment. It was established in 1928 and has completed over 90 years of active service.

The Kochi Port is one of a line of maritime-related facilities based in the port-city of [[Kochi]]. The others are the [[Cochin Shipyard]], the largest shipbuilding as well as maintenance facility in India; the SPM (single point mooring) facility of the [[Kochi Refineries]], an offshore crude carrier mooring facility; and the [[Kochi Marina]].

== History ==
The Cochin port was formed naturally due to the flooding of the Periyar River in 1341 AD, and, over time, has become a major flashpoint for trade. The port in its initial history attracted European merchants- predominantly Dutch and Portuguese- and was later expanded by the British with the establishment of Willingdon Island. The traditional port was near [[Mattancherry]] (which still continues as [[Mattancherry Wharf]]).
[[File:Cochin-port-trust-on1948.jpg|thumb|250px|Cochin Port Trust in 1948]]
The idea of establishing a modern port in Cochin was first posited by [[Lord Willingdon]] during his governorship of the [[Madras Province]]. The opening of the [[Suez Canal]] allowed several ships to pass near the west coast and he felt it was necessary to build a modern port in the southern part as well. He selected the newly joined Sir [[Robert Bristow (engineer)|Robert Bristow]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/05/26/stories/2003052600380100.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=19 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514101736/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/05/26/stories/2003052600380100.htm |archive-date=14 May 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> a leading British harbour engineer, to head the project, and Bristow became chief engineer of Kochi Kingdom's Port Department in 1920. From that point forward until the port's completion in 1939, he and his team were actively involved in making a greenfield port. With extensive research spanning over a decade toward securing a permanent manmade port that could withstand monsoon erosion, he was convinced that it would be both feasible and largely beneficial to develop Kochi through its port. He believed that Kochi could become the safest harbour in India if the ships could enter the inner channel.

The challenge before engineers was a rock-like sandbar that stood across the opening of Kochi backwaters into the sea. Its density prevented the entry of all large ships (requiring more than eight or nine feet of water). It was thought that the removal of the sandbar was a technical impossibility, and the potential consequence on the environment was beyond estimation. Efforts that had been previously undertaken on this scale had led to ecological atrocities such as destruction of the [[Vypeen]] foreshore.

However, Bristow, after a detailed study of wind and sea current conditions, concluded that such issues could easily be avoided. He addressed the immediate problem of Vypeen foreshore's erosion by building granite [[groyne]]s that were nearly parallel with the shore and overlapped each other. The groynes enabled a system of automatic reclamation which naturally protected the shore from monsoon seas. Spurred on by this success, Bristow planned out a detailed proposal of reclaiming part of the backwaters at a cost of {{INRConvert|25|m|year=1925}}. An ad-hoc committee appointed by the Madras government examined and approved the plans submitted by Bristow.

The construction of the dredger ''Lord Willingdon'' was completed in 1925 and arrived in Kochi in May 1926. It was estimated that the dredger was put to use for at least 20 hours a day for the next two years to create a new island to house the Cochin Port and other trade-related establishments. Around 3.2 km² of land was reclaimed in the dredging. Sir Bristow and his team had successfully completed the port when the steamship ''[[SS Padma]]'', was given clearance for the newly constructed inner harbour of Kochi. Speaking to the [[BBC]] directly after the port's completion, Bristow proudly proclaimed: "I live on a large island made from the bottom of the sea. It is called [[Willingdon Island]], after the present [[Viceroy of India]]. From the upper floor of my house, I look down on the finest harbour in the East."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20030624171418/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/05/26/stories/2003052600380100.htm "75 years ago, Cochin Port happened".] Metro Plus Kochi. ''The Hindu''. Retrieved 11 January 2006.</ref> The [[Willingdon Island]] was artificially created with the mud sledged out for the harbour construction.

During [[World War II]], the port was taken over by the [[Royal Navy]] to accommodate military cruisers and warships. The strategic importance of Cochin during the World Wars was one immediate reason for the construction of the harbour. It aided the British in resisting the Japanese threat, but it also proved crucial domestically in the shaping of Cochin as a modern urban space, reorganising local caste and labour relations. According to a recent study, "[t]the 20-year long project appropriated, modified, or undermined existing social institutions of labour recruitment, work processes, skills and local technologies. The large-scale appropriation and modification of local skills and labour recruitment and work process in this colonial project produced a space of disparity by reinforcing the pre-capitalist caste-based corecive labour relations. The project also involved a massive destruction and appropriation of the social spaces of the urban poor."<ref>Justin Mathew 2015. "Port Building and Urban Modernity: Cochin, 1920-45", p. 88 in Satheese Chandra Bose and Shiju Sam Varughese (eds.). ''Kerala Modernity: Ideas, Spaces and Practices in Transition''. Hyderabad: Orient Blackswan, pp. 74-91.</ref>

In 1932, the [[Maritime Board of British India]] declared the Port of Cochin as a major port and was opened to all vessels up to 30 feet draught.
It was returned to civil authorities on 19 May 1945. After the [[Independence of India|Independence]], the port was taken over by the [[government of India]], and in 1964, the administration of the port was vested to a Board of Trustees under the [[Major Port Trusts Act]]. The port is currently listed as one of the 12 major ports of India.

== Organizational structure ==

Cochin Port Trust<ref>{{cite web |url=http://shipping.nic.in/writereaddata/linkimages/BRIEF%20ON%20COCHIN%20PORT7118945490.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2010-08-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090410025604/http://www.shipping.nic.in/writereaddata/linkimages/BRIEF%20ON%20COCHIN%20PORT7118945490.pdf |archive-date=10 April 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> is an autonomous body under the government of India and is managed by Board of Trustees constituted by the government. The board is headed by the chairman who acts as the chief executive officer. The government may from time to time nominate the trustees in the Board representing various interests. The chairman is assisted by the deputy chairman who in turn is assisted by department heads and officials of the following port departments:

* General Administration
* Traffic
* Finance
* Marine
* Civil Engineering
* Mechanical Engineering
* Medical

== Navigational channel ==

The entrance to the Port of Cochin is through the Cochin Gut between the peninsular headland Vypeen and Fort Kochi. The port limits extend up to the entire backwaters and the connecting creeks and channels. The approach channel to the Cochin Gut is about 1000-metre long with a designed width of 200 meters and maintained dredged depth of 13.8 meters (now dredging for 16 meters for ICTT).

From the gut, the channel divides into Mattancherry and Ernakulam channels, leading west and east of Willingdon Island respectively. Berthing facilities for ships have been provided in the form of wharves, berths, jetties & stream moorings alongside these channels.

== Infrastructure facilities ==

A draft of 30 ft is maintained in the Ernakulam channel along with berthing facilities, which enables the port to bring in larger vessels. In the Mattancherry channel a draft of 30 ft is maintained. The port provides round-the-clock pilotage to ships subject to certain restrictions on the size and draft. There is an efficient network of railways, roads, waterways and airways, connecting the Cochin Port with the hinterland centers spread over the states of Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. Facilities for supply of water and bunkering to vessels are available.

== New initiatives ==

The CPT launched E-Thuramukham, a comprehensive [[enterprise resource planning]] implementation programme, becoming the first Indian port to do so. The project is based on [[SAP AG|SAP]] platform and will be customized by [[Tata Consultancy Services]].

Maritime Heritage Museum-The Cochin Port Trust has set up a Maritime Heritage Museum in Willingdon Island where a good collection of unique and rare navigational equipments and photographs connected with the saga of construction of Cochin Port during 1920-40 period are on display. The exhibits reveal the hardships faced by Sir Robert Bristow and his workforce, who developed the port amidst financial constraints and without technology support.
[[File:MV_Kavaratti_with_MV_Corals_at_Cochin_Port.jpg|thumb|MV Kavaratti with [[MV Corals]] docked at Cochin Port in 2017]]

==See also==
*[[Ports in Kerala]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Cochin Port}}
* [http://www.cochinport.com/ Official website of the Cochin Port Trust]
* [[Kochi LNG Terminal]]
{{Kochi (India) topics}}
{{Major ports in India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Economy of Kochi]]
[[Category:Ports and harbours of Kerala]]
[[Category:Companies based in Kochi]]
[[Category:Transport in Kochi]]
[[Category:1928 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Kochi]]
[[Category:Infrastructure completed in 1928]]