ChristinTrickett at 00:05, 17 April 2022

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← Older revision		Revision as of 13:53, 12 August 2021
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	\| blank3_info_sec2 = {{convert\|3228.3\|mm\|in}}		\| blank3_info_sec2 = {{convert\|3228.3\|mm\|in}}
	}}		}}
	'''Kochi''' ({{IPA-ml\|koˈtːʃi \|\|Kochi_R1.ogg}}), formerly known in English as '''Cochin''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|k\|oʊ\|tʃ\|ɪ\|n}} {{respell\|KOH\|chin}})<ref name="~~Kashi~~">{{cite book		'''Kochi''' ({{IPA-ml\|koˈtːʃi \|\|Kochi_R1.ogg}}), formerly known in English as '''Cochin''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|k\|oʊ\|tʃ\|ɪ\|n}} {{respell\|KOH\|chin}})<ref name="Makhdoom">{{cite book
	\| author = S. Muhammad Hussain Nainar \| year=1942		\| author = S. Muhammad Hussain Nainar \| year=1942
	\| title= Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin: An Historical Work in The Arabic Language \| publisher=University of Madras		\| title= Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin: An Historical Work in The Arabic Language \| publisher=University of Madras
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	The port at [[Kozhikode]] held superior economic and political position in medieval Kerala coast, while [[Kannur]], [[Kollam]], and Kochi, were commercially important secondary ports, where the traders from various parts of the world would gather.<ref name="Malekandathil">''The Portuguese, Indian Ocean and European Bridgeheads 1500–1800''. Festschrift in Honour of Prof. K. S. Mathew (2001). Edited by: Pius Malekandathil and T. Jamal Mohammed. Fundacoa Oriente. Institute for Research in Social Sciences and Humanities of MESHAR (Kerala)</ref> The Portuguese arrived at [[Kappad]] [[Kozhikode]] in 1498 during the [[Age of Discovery]], thus opening a direct sea route from [[Europe]] to [[India]].<ref>DC Books, Kottayam (2007), A. Sreedhara Menon, A Survey of Kerala History</ref> Portuguese navigator, [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] founded the first European settlement in India at Kochi in 1500.<ref name="First European Settlement">{{cite web\|publisher=University of Calgary \|title=Early Voyages to the Far East \|url=https://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/eurvoya/vasco3.html \|access-date=9 March 2011 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301225709/http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/eurvoya/vasco3.html \|archive-date= 1 March 2011 }}		The port at [[Kozhikode]] held superior economic and political position in medieval Kerala coast, while [[Kannur]], [[Kollam]], and Kochi, were commercially important secondary ports, where the traders from various parts of the world would gather.<ref name="Malekandathil">''The Portuguese, Indian Ocean and European Bridgeheads 1500–1800''. Festschrift in Honour of Prof. K. S. Mathew (2001). Edited by: Pius Malekandathil and T. Jamal Mohammed. Fundacoa Oriente. Institute for Research in Social Sciences and Humanities of MESHAR (Kerala)</ref> The Portuguese arrived at [[Kappad]] [[Kozhikode]] in 1498 during the [[Age of Discovery]], thus opening a direct sea route from [[Europe]] to [[India]].<ref>DC Books, Kottayam (2007), A. Sreedhara Menon, A Survey of Kerala History</ref> Portuguese navigator, [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] founded the first European settlement in India at Kochi in 1500.<ref name="First European Settlement">{{cite web\|publisher=University of Calgary \|title=Early Voyages to the Far East \|url=https://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/eurvoya/vasco3.html \|access-date=9 March 2011 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301225709/http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/eurvoya/vasco3.html \|archive-date= 1 March 2011 }}
	</ref> From 1503 to 1663, [[Fort Kochi]] ([[Fort Emmanuel]]) was [[Portuguese Empire\|ruled by Portugal]]. This Portuguese period was a harrowing time for the [[Saint Thomas Christians]], [[Muslim]] [[Mappila]]s, and the [[Cochin Jews\|Jews]], as the [[Goa Inquisition\|Inquisition]] was active in [[Portuguese India]]. The ruler of the [[Kingdom of Tanur]], who was a vassal to the [[Zamorin of Calicut]], sided with the Portuguese, against his overlord at [[Kozhikode]].<ref name="askh"/> As a result, the [[Kingdom of Tanur]] (''[[Tirur Taluk\|Vettathunadu]]'') became one of the earliest Portuguese Colonies in India. The ruler of [[Tanur, Malappuram\|Tanur]] also sided with [[Kingdom of Cochin\|Cochin]].<ref name="askh"/> Many of the members of the royal family of Cochin in 16th and 17th centuries were selected from [[Vettom Grama Panchayath\|Vettom]].<ref name="askh"/> However, the [[Tanur, Malappuram\|Tanur]] forces under the king fought for the Zamorin of Calicut in the [[Battle of Cochin (1504)]].<ref name="Logan">{{Cite book\|title=Malabar Manual (Volume-I)\|last=Logan\|first=William\|publisher=Asian Educational Services\|year=2010\|isbn=9788120604476\|location=New Delhi\|pages=631–666}}</ref> However, the allegiance of the [[Mappila]] merchants in [[Tanur, Malappuram\|Tanur]] region still stayed under the [[Zamorin of Calicut]].<ref name="Makhdoom"~~>{{cite book~~		</ref> From 1503 to 1663, [[Fort Kochi]] ([[Fort Emmanuel]]) was [[Portuguese Empire\|ruled by Portugal]]. This Portuguese period was a harrowing time for the [[Saint Thomas Christians]], [[Muslim]] [[Mappila]]s, and the [[Cochin Jews\|Jews]], as the [[Goa Inquisition\|Inquisition]] was active in [[Portuguese India]]. The ruler of the [[Kingdom of Tanur]], who was a vassal to the [[Zamorin of Calicut]], sided with the Portuguese, against his overlord at [[Kozhikode]].<ref name="askh"/> As a result, the [[Kingdom of Tanur]] (''[[Tirur Taluk\|Vettathunadu]]'') became one of the earliest Portuguese Colonies in India. The ruler of [[Tanur, Malappuram\|Tanur]] also sided with [[Kingdom of Cochin\|Cochin]].<ref name="askh"/> Many of the members of the royal family of Cochin in 16th and 17th centuries were selected from [[Vettom Grama Panchayath\|Vettom]].<ref name="askh"/> However, the [[Tanur, Malappuram\|Tanur]] forces under the king fought for the Zamorin of Calicut in the [[Battle of Cochin (1504)]].<ref name="Logan">{{Cite book\|title=Malabar Manual (Volume-I)\|last=Logan\|first=William\|publisher=Asian Educational Services\|year=2010\|isbn=9788120604476\|location=New Delhi\|pages=631–666}}</ref> However, the allegiance of the [[Mappila]] merchants in [[Tanur, Malappuram\|Tanur]] region still stayed under the [[Zamorin of Calicut]].<ref name="Makhdoom"/> Kochi hosted the grave of [[Vasco da Gama]], the first European explorer to set sail for India, who was buried at [[St. Francis Church, Kochi\|St. Francis Church]] until his remains were returned to [[Portugal]] in 1539.<ref name="Vasco Da Gama">{{Cite web
	~~\| author = S. Muhammad Hussain Nainar \| year=1942~~
	~~\| title= Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin: An Historical Work in The Arabic Language \| publisher=University of Madras~~
	~~\| url= https:~~/~~/archive.org/details/Tuhfat-al-MujahidinAnHistoricalWorkInTheArabicLanguage~~
	~~}}</ref~~> Kochi hosted the grave of [[Vasco da Gama]], the first European explorer to set sail for India, who was buried at [[St. Francis Church, Kochi\|St. Francis Church]] until his remains were returned to [[Portugal]] in 1539.<ref name="Vasco Da Gama">{{Cite web
	\|publisher = [[Department of Tourism (Kerala)\|Department of Tourism, Kerala]]		\|publisher = [[Department of Tourism (Kerala)\|Department of Tourism, Kerala]]
	\|url = http://www.keralatourism.org/kochi/st-francis-church.php		\|url = http://www.keralatourism.org/kochi/st-francis-church.php
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	\| Dec humidity = 64		\| Dec humidity = 64
	\|year humidity = 73		\|year humidity = 73
	\|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals>		\|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDextremes>
			{{cite web
			\| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
			\| archive-date = 5 February 2020
			\| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
			\| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
			\| publisher = India Meteorological Department
			\| date = December 2016
			\| page = M107
			\| access-date = 29 February 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDnormals>
	{{cite web		{{cite web
	\| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf		\| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
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	\| date = January 2015		\| date = January 2015
	\| pages = 201–202		\| pages = 201–202
	~~\| access-date = 29 February 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>~~
	~~{{cite web~~
	~~\| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf~~
	~~\| archive-date = 5 February 2020~~
	~~\| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf~~
	~~\| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)~~
	~~\| publisher = India Meteorological Department~~
	~~\| date = December 2016~~
	~~\| page = M107~~
	\| access-date = 29 February 2020}}</ref>		\| access-date = 29 February 2020}}</ref>
	}}		}}

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ChristinTrickett at 00:05, 17 April 2022

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