Edith2564080: Refined content and updated sections

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Refined content and updated sections

>Plague: /* Geographic spread */

2021-06-16T11:04:05Z

Geographic spread

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{{short description|Species of plant}}
{{Hatnote|For some other vegetable crops that look similar and are used similarly, see ''[[Trichosanthes dioica]]'', ''[[Cyclanthera pedata]]'', and ''[[Melothria scabra]]''.}}
{{about||small cucumbers called 'gherkins'|Gherkin|the West Indian gherkin|Cucumis anguria}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Coccinia grandis Ivy gourd compose.jpg
|image_caption = Ivy gourd
|image2 = Baby Watermelon BNC.jpg
|image2_caption = Ivy gourd cross section
|genus = Coccinia
|species = grandis
|authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Joachim Otto Voigt|Voigt]]
|synonyms =
{{Plainlist | style = margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; |
*''Bryonia acerifolia'' D.Dietr.
*''Bryonia alceifolia'' Willd.
*''Bryonia barbata'' Buch.-Ham. ex Cogn.
*''Bryonia grandis'' L.
*''Bryonia sinuosa'' Wall. nom. inval.
*''Cephalandra grandis'' Kurz
*''Cephalandra indica'' (Wight & Arn.) Naudin nom. illeg.
*''Cephalandra moghadd'' (Asch.) Broun & Massey
*''Cephalandra schimperi'' Naudin
*''Coccinia helenae'' Buscal. & Muschl.
*''Coccinia indica'' Wight & Arn. nom. illeg.
*''Coccinia loureiriana'' M.Roem.
*''Coccinia moghadd'' (J.F.Gmel.) Asch.
*''Coccinia moimoi'' M.Roem.
*''Coccinia palmatisecta'' Kotschy
*''Coccinia schimperi'' Naudin
*''Coccinia wightiana'' M.Roem.
*''Cucumis pavel'' Kostel.
*''Cucurbita dioica'' Roxb. ex Wight & Arn.
*''Momordica bicolor'' Blume
}}
|synonyms_ref = <ref>{{citation
|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2729083
|title=The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species
|access-date=16 June 2016}}</ref>
|}}

'''''Coccinia grandis''''', the '''ivy gourd''', also known as '''scarlet gourd''', '''tindora''' and '''kowai fruit''',<ref>[http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/new/Coccinia.html#grandis Michel H. Porcher (2006). Sorting Coccinia names] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110310150635/http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/new/Coccinia.html#grandis |date=March 10, 2011 }}</ref> is a tropical [[vine]]. It grows primarily in [[tropical climate]]s and is commonly found in the [[South India|southern Indian]] states, where it forms a part of the local cuisine. ''Coccinia grandis'' is cooked as a [[vegetable]].

In [[Southeast Asia]], it is grown for its edible young [[shoot]]s and edible fruits.<ref name=Linney>{{cite journal |last=Linney |first=G. |title=Coccinia grandis (L.) Voight: A new cucurbitaceous weed in Hawai'i |journal=Hawaii Botanical Society Newsletter |year=1986 |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=3–5}}</ref>

{{Multiple image
| align =
| direction =
| total_width =
| image1 = Coccinia grandis (Cucurbitaceae).jpg
| alt1 =
| caption1 = Ripe red gorgeous ivy gourd fruit
| image2 = Mature Coccinia grandis.jpg
| caption2 = Mature fruit of ivy gourd
| width1 = 289
| width2 = 160
| header = Different types of Coccinia grandis
}}

==Names in other languages==

''Coccinia grandis''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Ivy%20Gourd.html|title=Coccinia grandis - Ivy Gourd|website=www.flowersofindia.net|access-date=2019-11-29}}</ref> is known as:

* ''कुन्द्रू'' (''Kundru'') or ''तेंडली'' (''Tendli'') in [[Hindi]], [[Konkani]], and [[Urdu]]
* ''ટીંડોરા'' (''Tindora'') in [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
* ''तॊंडली'' (''Tondli'') in [[Marathi language|Marathi]]''
* ''கோவை'' (''Kovai'') in [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
* ''കോവക്ക'' (''Kovakka'') in [[Malayalam]]
* ''దొండ కాయ / Donda kaya'' in [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
* ''ತೊಂಡೆ ಕಾಯಿ'' (''Tonde Kayi'') in [[Kannada]]
* ''তেলাকুচা'' (''Telakucha'') or ''কুঁঁদরি'' (''Kundri'') or ''তোরুনি'' (''Toruni)'' in [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
* ''Ban-kundri'' in [[Odia language|Odia]]
* ''কুণ্ডুলি'' (''Kunduli'') in [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
* ''Bimbika'' in [[Sanskrit]]
* ''Hoong Gua'' in [[Mandarin Language|Mandarin]]
* ''Manoli'' in [[Tulu language|Tulu]]
* ''Tilkor'' in [[Maithali language|Maithli]]
* ''Kowakka'' in [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]]
* ''ស្លឹកបាស'' (''Sloekbaas'') in [[Khmer language|Khmer]]
* '' पर्बल'' (''Parbal'') in [[Nepali language|Nepali]]

==Geographic spread==

[[File:Coccinia grandis sapling.jpg|thumb|''Coccinia grandis'' sapling. The [[cotyledon]]s are visible.]]
[[File:Coccinia grandis fruits.jpg|thumb|Ripe Mature fruit of ivy gourd]]
[[File:Young Coccinia grandis.jpg|thumb|Young fruit of ivy gourd]]
[[File:Coccinia grandis.jpg|thumb|Flowers and leaves]]
[[File:Ivy gourd in India.JPG|thumb|Immature fruits ready for consumption in India]]
[[File:Coccinia grandis11.JPG|thumb|Ivy gourd at Thrissur, Kerala, India]]
Its [[native range]] extends from Africa to Asia, including India, the Philippines, Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, eastern Papua New Guinea, and the Northern Territories, Australia. Its documented [[Introduced species|introduced range]] includes the Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Guam, Saipan, Hawaii, the Marshall Islands, Samoa, Tonga, and Vanuatu.<ref name=PIER>{{cite web|last=Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk|title=Invasive plant species: ''Coccinia grandis'' |url=http://www.hear.org/pier|access-date=10 February 2010|year=2003}}</ref>

Seeds or fragments of the vine can be relocated and lead to viable offspring. This can occur when humans transport organic debris or equipment containing ''C. grandis''. Once the ivy gourd is established, it is presumably spread by birds, rats, and other mammals. In Hawaii, the fruit may be dispersed by pigs.<ref name=PIER /> Long-distance dispersal is most commonly carried out by humans due to its culinary uses or by mistake.
Regarded as very [[Invasive species|invasive]] and on the Hawaii State Noxious Weed List, ivy gourd can grow up to four inches per day. It grows in dense blankets, shading other plants from sunlight and highjacking nutrients, effectively killing vegetation underneath.<ref name=NMC>{{cite web|last=NMC Crees|title=Scarlet Gourd in Saipan|url=http://www.crees.org/weeds/scarlet-gourd.htm|access-date=10 February 2010|year=1997|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060111080830/http://www.crees.org/weeds/scarlet-gourd.htm|archive-date=11 January 2006}}</ref> It was introduced to Hawaii as a backyard [[food crop]]. It is sometimes tolerated along garden fences and other outdoor features because of its attractive white flowers. It has escaped to become a vigorous pest in Hawaii, Florida, Australia, and Texas. 

==Botanical description==
This plant is a perennial climber with single tendrils and glabrous leaves. The leaves have 5 lobes and are 6.5–8.5 cm long and 7–8 cm wide. The species is dioecious.<ref>{{cite web |title=a website on plant information | url=https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Coccinia+grandis }}</ref> Female and male flowers emerge at the axils on the petiole, and have 3 stamens.<ref>{{ cite book | first1=Yoshitaka | last1=Tanaka | first2=Nguyen | last2=Van Ke | date=2007 | title=Edible Wild Plants of Vietnam: The Bountiful Garden | publisher=Thailand: Orchid Press | isbn=978-9745240896 | page=70}}</ref>

==Weed control==
Both physical and chemical recommendations are made for control of the ivy gourd. It is very difficult to control this plant physically except by bagging fruits. Hand-[[harvesting]] normally does not kill the plant, but rather breaks the vine blankets into smaller pieces and the plant is able to re-establish when it touches the ground. These methods can make the infestation worse and further the need for more rigorous control methods. Picking the fruit and placing them in plastic bags can help decrease the seed bank present with the soil. When using [[Herbicide|chemical controls]], that ivy gourd responded well to a thin-lined bark application of 100% Garlon 4 ([[triclopyr]]), leaving plants in place so as not to translocate the herbicide or spread the pest.<ref name=PIER/> It is applied multiple times until the vine dies. In Hawaii, several species of insect have been introduced with the purpose of being a [[biocontrol]]. Two [[weevils]], ''Acythopeus burkhartorum'' and ''A. cocciniae'', were introduced by the [[United States Department of Agriculture|Department of Agriculture]] to Oahu and Hawaii. [[Melittia oedipus|African vine moths]] were also released onto Oahu and Maui. On the island of Maui, the ''A. cocciniae'' apparently is established and damaging leaves. The [[larva]]e feed on the plant and the adults chew holes in the leaves. The [[moth]] has yet to appear successful in its purpose. [[File:Invasive Ivy Gourd.jpg|thumb|Invasive ivy gourd on the island of Saipan, smothering native vegetation and climbing up buildings.]]

==Medicinal value==
In traditional medicine, fruits have been used to treat leprosy, fever, asthma, bronchitis, and jaundice. The fruit possesses [[mast cell]]-stabilizing, anti[[anaphylactic]], and [[antihistaminic]] potential.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Taur | first1 = D.J. | last2 = Patil | first2 = R.Y. | year = 2011 | title = Mast cell stabilizing, antianaphylactic and antihistaminic activity of Coccinia grandis fruits in asthma | journal = Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines | volume = 9 | issue = 5| pages = 359–362 }}</ref> In Bangladesh, the roots are used to treat [[osteoarthritis]] and joint pain. A paste made of leaves is applied to the skin to treat [[scabies]].<ref>[http://www.thefreelibrary.com/_/print/PrintArticle.aspx?id=277270997 Ethnomedicinal survey of medicinal plants used by folk medical practitioners in four different villages of Gazipur District, Bangladesh]</ref>

Ivy gourd extracts and other forms of the plant can be purchased online and in health food stores. These products are claimed to help regulate blood sugar levels. Some research supports that compounds in the plant inhibit [[glucose-6-phosphatase]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Shibib|first=BA|author2=Khan, LA|author3=Rahman, R|title=Hypoglycemic activity of ''Coccinia indica'' and ''Momordica charantia'' in diabetic rats: depression of the hepatic gluconeogenic enzymes glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and elevation of both liver and red-cell shunt enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase|journal=[[Biochemical Journal|Biochem. J.]]|date=May 1993|volume=292|issue=Pt 1|pages=267–270|doi=10.1042/bj2920267|pmid=8389127|pmc=1134299}}</ref> Glucose-6-phosphatase is one of the key liver enzymes involved in regulating sugar metabolism. Therefore, ivy gourd is sometimes recommended for [[diabetic]] patients. Although these claims have not been supported, a fair amount of research on the medicinal properties of this plant are focusing on its use as an [[antioxidant]], [[hypoglycemic|antihypoglycemic agent]], immune system modulator, etc.{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}} Some countries in Asia, such as Thailand, prepare traditional tonic-like drinks for medicinal purposes.

==Recipes==
[[File:దొండకాయ ఉల్లిపాయ కారం కూర.jpg|thumb|'''Ivy gourd with Onion pickle curry''' made in a house in Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India]]
They are best when cooked, and are often compared to bitter melon. The fruit is commonly eaten in [[Indian cuisine]]. People of [[Indonesia]] and other Southeast Asian countries also consume the fruit and leaves. In [[Thai cuisine]], it is one of the ingredients of the very popular clear soup dish {{transl|th|[[kaeng jued tum lueng]]}}<ref>[//www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9qi-0qQeAo]</ref> and some curries {{transl|th|[[kaeng khae]]}} curry and {{transl|th|kaeng lieng}} curry.<ref>[//www.youtube.com/watch?v=E92bq_9fJp8 Kaeng Khae Kai (Katurai Chilli Soup with Chicken)]</ref>

In India, it is eaten as a [[curry]], by deep-frying it along with spices, stuffing it with [[Spice mix#Masala|masala]] and sauteing it, or boiling it first in a pressure cooker and then frying it. It is also used in ''[[Sambar (dish)|sambar]]'', a vegetable and lentil-based soup. The immature fruit is also used raw, preserving its crisp texture, to make a quick fresh pickle.

==Nutrition==
Ivy gourd is rich in [[beta-carotene]].<ref>{{citation|author=[[Artemis Simopoulos|Artemis P. Simopoulos]] and C. Gopalan, ed.|year=2004|title=Plants in Human Health and Nutrition Policy|publisher=[[Karger Publishers]]|isbn=3-8055-7554-8}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Coccinia grandis|Coccinia grandis}}
{{unimelb|Coccinia.html}}
*{{AfricanPlants|Coccinia grandis}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q727330}}

[[Category:Fruit vegetables]]
[[Category:Fruits originating in Africa]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Coccinia|grandis]]
[[Category:Bengali cuisine]]

Coccinia grandis - Revision history

Edith2564080: Refined content and updated sections

>Plague: /* Geographic spread */