LucileBrownbill: basic expand layout based on references and fixed typos

2026-05-05T06:07:06Z

basic expand layout based on references and fixed typos

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:37, 5 May 2026
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	{{Short description\|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[BP:SDNONE]] -->		{{Short description\|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
	{{Pp-move}}		{{Pp-move}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=March 2020}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=March 2020}}
	{{Use Indian English\|date=March 2016}}[[File:India-view of shilla.jpg\|thumb\|right\|alt=Daytime view of a chain of snow-capped mountains. They advance diagonally thumb from the far-middle distance at left to the nudge distance at right. In the foreground are high montaine meadows and brushband.\|The formation of the Himalayas (pictured) during the [[Ypresian\|Early Eocene]] some 52 mya was a key factor in determining India's modern-day climate; global climate and [[ocean chemistry]] may have been affected.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal\|author=Rowley DB \|year=1996 \|url=http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~avouac/GE277/Rowley96.pdf \|title=Age of initiaotion of collision between India and Asia: A review of stratigraphic data \|journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters \|volume=145 \|issue=1 \|pages=1–13 \|access-date=2007-03-31 \|doi=10.1016/s0012-821x(96)00201-4 \|bibcode=1996E&PSL.145....1R \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061228205836/http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~avouac/GE277/Rowley96.pdf \|archive-date=28 December 2006}}</ref>]][[File:Valley of flowers uttaranchal full view.JPG\|thumb\|right\|A scene in [[Uttarakhand]]'s [[Valley of Flowers National Park]]. In contrast to the rain shadow region of Tirunelveli, the park receives ample [[orographic lift\|orographic precipitation]] due to its location in a mountainous [[windward and leeward\|windward]]-facing region wedged between the [[Zanskar Range\|Zanskars]] and the [[Great Himalayas\|Greater Himalayas]].]]		{{Use Indian English\|date=March 2016}}[[File:India-view of shilla.jpg\|thumb\|right\|alt=Daytime view of a chain of snow-capped mountains. They advance diagonally thumb from the far-middle distance at left to the nudge distance at right. In the foreground are high montaine meadows and brushband.\|The formation of the Himalayas (pictured) during the [[Ypresian\|Early Eocene]] some 52 mya was a key factor in determining India's modern-day climate; global climate and [[ocean chemistry]] may have been affected.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal\|author=Rowley DB \|year=1996 \|url=http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~avouac/GE277/Rowley96.pdf \|title=Age of initiaotion of collision between India and Asia: A review of stratigraphic data \|journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters \|volume=145 \|issue=1 \|pages=1–13 \|access-date=2007-03-31 \|doi=10.1016/s0012-821x(96)00201-4 \|bibcode=1996E&PSL.145....1R \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061228205836/http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~avouac/GE277/Rowley96.pdf \|archive-date=28 December 2006}}</ref>]][[File:Valley of flowers uttaranchal full view.JPG\|thumb\|right\|A scene in [[Uttarakhand]]'s [[Valley of Flowers National Park]]. In contrast to the rain shadow region of Tirunelveli, the park receives ample [[orographic lift\|orographic precipitation]] due to its location in a mountainous [[windward and leeward\|windward]]-facing region wedged between the [[Zanskar Range\|Zanskars]] and the [[Great Himalayas\|Greater Himalayas]].]]

	The ~~'''~~climate of India~~''' includes~~ a wide range of weather conditions~~, influenced by~~ its ~~vast~~ geographic ~~scale~~ and ~~varied~~ topography. Based on the [[Köppen climate classification\|Köppen system]], '''[[India]]''' encompasses a diverse array of climatic subtypes. These range from arid and semi-arid regions in the west to highland, sub-arctic, tundra, and ice cap climates in the northern [[Himalayas\|Himalayan]] regions, varying with elevation.		The climate of India encompasses a wide range of weather conditions due to its large geographic extent and diverse topography. Based on the [[Köppen climate classification\|Köppen system]], '''[[India]]''' encompasses a diverse array of climatic subtypes. These range from arid and semi-arid regions in the west to highland, sub-arctic, tundra, and ice cap climates in the northern [[Himalayas\|Himalayan]] regions, varying with elevation.

	The [[Indo-Gangetic Plain\|'''Indo-Gangetic Plains''']] in the [[North India\|north]] experience a [[humid subtropical climate]] which become more [[Temperate climate\|temperate]] at higher altitudes, like the [[Sivalik Hills]], or [[continental climates\|continental]] in some areas like [[Gulmarg]]. In contrast, much of the south and the east exhibit [[tropical climate]] conditions, which support lush rainforests in parts of these territories. Many regions have starkly different [[microclimate\|microclimates]], making it one of the most climatically diverse countries in the world. The country's meteorological department follows four seasons with some local adjustments: winter (December to February), summer (March to May), monsoon or south-west monsoon (June to September) and post-monsoon or north-east monsoon (October to November). Some parts of the country with subtropical, temperate or continental climates also experience spring and autumn.		The [[Indo-Gangetic Plain\|'''Indo-Gangetic Plains''']] in the [[North India\|north]] experience a [[humid subtropical climate]] which become more [[Temperate climate\|temperate]] at higher altitudes, like the [[Sivalik Hills]], or [[continental climates\|continental]] in some areas like [[Gulmarg]]. In contrast, much of the south and the east exhibit [[tropical climate]] conditions, which support lush rainforests in parts of these territories. Many regions have starkly different [[microclimate\|microclimates]], making it one of the most climatically diverse countries in the world. The country's meteorological department follows four seasons with some local adjustments: winter (December to February), summer (March to May), monsoon or south-west monsoon (June to September) and post-monsoon or north-east monsoon (October to November). Some parts of the country with subtropical, temperate or continental climates also experience spring and autumn.
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	Additionally, [[Nicobar Islands rain forests]] experience a [[Tropical rainforest climate]].<ref>{{WWF ecoregion\|name=Nicobar Islands rain forests\|id=im0133}}</ref>		Additionally, [[Nicobar Islands rain forests]] experience a [[Tropical rainforest climate]].<ref>{{WWF ecoregion\|name=Nicobar Islands rain forests\|id=im0133}}</ref>

	===Arid and ~~Semi~~-~~Arid Regions~~===		===Arid and semi-arid regions===
	{{climate chart		{{climate chart
	\|[[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]]		\|[[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]]
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	East of the '''[[Thar Desert]]''', the Southwest '''[[Punjab]]'''–West [[Haryana]]–[[Kathiawar]] region experiences a tropical and sub-tropical steppe climate. Haryana's climate resembles other states of the northern plains: extreme summer heat of up to {{convert\|45\|C\|F\|0\|abbr=on}} and winter cold as low as {{convert\|0\|C\|F\|0\|abbr=on}}. May and June are hottest; December and January are coldest. Rainfall is varied, with the [[Sivalik Hills\|'''Shivalik Hills''']] region being the wettest and the [[Bagar (region)\|Bagar]] region being the driest. About 80 percent of the rainfall occurs in the monsoon season of July–September, which can cause flooding. The Punjabi climate is also governed by extremes of hot and cold. Areas near the [[Himalayas\|Himalayan]] foothills receive heavy rainfall whereas those eloigned from them are hot and dry. Punjab's three-season climate sees summer months that span from mid-April to the end of June. Temperatures in Punjab typically range from {{convert\|-2\|to(-)\|40\|C\|F\|0\|abbr=on}}, but can reach {{convert\|47\|C\|F\|0\|abbr=on}} in summer and fall to {{convert\|-4\|C\|F\|0\|abbr=on}} in winter (while most of the nation does not experience temperatures below {{convert\|10\|C\|F\|0\|abbr=on}} even in winter). The zone, a transitional climatic region separating tropical desert from humid subtropical savanna and forests, experiences temperatures that are less extreme than those of the desert. Although the average annual rainfall is {{Convert\|300\|–\|650\|mm\|in\|1}}, it is very unreliable; like in much of the rest of India, the southwest monsoon accounts for most precipitation. Summer daily maxima are around {{Convert\|40\|°C\|°F\|0}}. All t his results in a natural vegetation typically comprising short, coarse grasses.{{citation needed\|date=November 2020}}		East of the '''[[Thar Desert]]''', the Southwest '''[[Punjab]]'''–West [[Haryana]]–[[Kathiawar]] region experiences a tropical and sub-tropical steppe climate. Haryana's climate resembles other states of the northern plains: extreme summer heat of up to {{convert\|45\|C\|F\|0\|abbr=on}} and winter cold as low as {{convert\|0\|C\|F\|0\|abbr=on}}. May and June are hottest; December and January are coldest. Rainfall is varied, with the [[Sivalik Hills\|'''Shivalik Hills''']] region being the wettest and the [[Bagar (region)\|Bagar]] region being the driest. About 80 percent of the rainfall occurs in the monsoon season of July–September, which can cause flooding. The Punjabi climate is also governed by extremes of hot and cold. Areas near the [[Himalayas\|Himalayan]] foothills receive heavy rainfall whereas those eloigned from them are hot and dry. Punjab's three-season climate sees summer months that span from mid-April to the end of June. Temperatures in Punjab typically range from {{convert\|-2\|to(-)\|40\|C\|F\|0\|abbr=on}}, but can reach {{convert\|47\|C\|F\|0\|abbr=on}} in summer and fall to {{convert\|-4\|C\|F\|0\|abbr=on}} in winter (while most of the nation does not experience temperatures below {{convert\|10\|C\|F\|0\|abbr=on}} even in winter). The zone, a transitional climatic region separating tropical desert from humid subtropical savanna and forests, experiences temperatures that are less extreme than those of the desert. Although the average annual rainfall is {{Convert\|300\|–\|650\|mm\|in\|1}}, it is very unreliable; like in much of the rest of India, the southwest monsoon accounts for most precipitation. Summer daily maxima are around {{Convert\|40\|°C\|°F\|0}}. All t his results in a natural vegetation typically comprising short, coarse grasses.{{citation needed\|date=November 2020}}

	===Humid ~~Subtropical~~===		===Humid subtropical===
	{{Climate chart\|[[Chandigarh]]		{{Climate chart\|[[Chandigarh]]
	\|6.2\|18.93\|63.44		\|6.2\|18.93\|63.44
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	The [[India Meteorological Department]] (IMD) designates four climatological seasons:<ref>{{cite web \|title=Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) \|url=http://imd.gov.in/section/nhac/wxfaq.pdf \|publisher=India Meteorological Department \|access-date=2023-09-12 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219114557/http://imd.gov.in/section/nhac/wxfaq.pdf \|archive-date=19 February 2018 \|url-status=live }}</ref>		The [[India Meteorological Department]] (IMD) designates four climatological seasons:<ref>{{cite web \|title=Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) \|url=http://imd.gov.in/section/nhac/wxfaq.pdf \|publisher=India Meteorological Department \|access-date=2023-09-12 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219114557/http://imd.gov.in/section/nhac/wxfaq.pdf \|archive-date=19 February 2018 \|url-status=live }}</ref>
	* '''Winter''', occurring from December to February. The year's coldest months are December and January, when temperatures average around {{Convert\|10\|–\|15\|C\|F}} in the northwest; temperatures rise as one proceeds towards the equator, peaking around {{Convert\|20\|–\|25\|C\|F}} in mainland India's southeast.		* '''Winter''', occurring from December to February. The year's coldest months are December and January, when temperatures average around {{Convert\|10\|–\|15\|C\|F}} in the northwest; temperatures rise as one proceeds towards the equator, peaking around {{Convert\|20\|–\|25\|C\|F}} in mainland India's southeast.
	* '''Summer''' or '''~~Pre~~-monsoon''' season, lasting from March to June. In western and southern regions, the hottest month is April and the beginning of May and for northern regions of India, May is the hottest Month. In May, Temperatures average around {{Convert\|32\|–\|40\|C\|F}} in most of the interior.		* '''Summer''' or '''pre-monsoon''' season, lasting from March to June. In western and southern regions, the hottest month is April and the beginning of May and for northern regions of India, May is the hottest Month. In May, Temperatures average around {{Convert\|32\|–\|40\|C\|F}} in most of the interior.
	* '''Monsoon''' or '''~~South~~-west monsoon''' season, lasting from June to September. The season is dominated by the humid southwest summer monsoon, which slowly sweeps across the country beginning in late May or early June. Monsoon rains begin to recede from North India at the beginning of October. South India typically receives more rainfall.		* '''Monsoon''' or '''south-west monsoon''' season, lasting from June to September. The season is dominated by the humid southwest summer monsoon, which slowly sweeps across the country beginning in late May or early June. Monsoon rains begin to recede from North India at the beginning of October. South India typically receives more rainfall.
	* '''Post-monsoon''' or '''~~North~~-east monsoon''' season, lasting from October to November. In the north of India, October and November are usually cloudless. Tamil Nadu receives most of its annual precipitation in the northeast monsoon season.		* '''Post-monsoon''' or '''north-east monsoon''' season, lasting from October to November. In the north of India, October and November are usually cloudless. Tamil Nadu receives most of its annual precipitation in the northeast monsoon season.

	The Himalayan and [[Upper Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests\|Upper Gangetic Plains]], being more temperate, experience an additional season, ''spring'', which coincides with the first weeks of summer in southern India.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2025-03-22 \|title=Just Like That: A personal Shalimar Bagh in Delhi’s spring \|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/a-personal-shalimar-bagh-in-delhi-s-spring-101742638916258.html \|access-date=2025-09-19 \|website=Hindustan Times \|language=en}}</ref> Traditionally, North Indians note six seasons or ''Ritu'', each about two months long. These are the spring season (''{{Langx\|sa\|vasanta}}''), summer (''grīṣma''), monsoon season (''varṣā''), autumn (''śarada''), winter (''hemanta''), and prevernal season<ref>{{cite web \| author = Michael Allaby \| title = A Dictionary of Zoology \| year = 1999 \| url = http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O8-prevernal.html \| access-date = 2012-05-30 \| archive-date = 2 June 2013 \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130602225322/http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O8-prevernal.html \| url-status = live }}</ref> (''śiśira''). These are based on the astronomical division of the twelve months into six parts. The ancient [[Hindu calendar]] also reflects these seasons in its arrangement of months.		The Himalayan and [[Upper Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests\|Upper Gangetic Plains]], being more temperate, experience an additional season, ''spring'', which coincides with the first weeks of summer in southern India.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2025-03-22 \|title=Just Like That: A personal Shalimar Bagh in Delhi’s spring \|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/a-personal-shalimar-bagh-in-delhi-s-spring-101742638916258.html \|access-date=2025-09-19 \|website=Hindustan Times \|language=en}}</ref> Traditionally, North Indians note six seasons or ''Ritu'', each about two months long. These are the spring season (''{{Langx\|sa\|vasanta}}''), summer (''grīṣma''), monsoon season (''varṣā''), autumn (''śarada''), winter (''hemanta''), and prevernal season<ref>{{cite web \| author = Michael Allaby \| title = A Dictionary of Zoology \| year = 1999 \| url = http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O8-prevernal.html \| access-date = 2012-05-30 \| archive-date = 2 June 2013 \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130602225322/http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O8-prevernal.html \| url-status = live }}</ref> (''śiśira''). These are based on the astronomical division of the twelve months into six parts. The ancient [[Hindu calendar]] also reflects these seasons in its arrangement of months.
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	\|style="vertical-align: top;" align="left"\|		\|style="vertical-align: top;" align="left"\|
	{\| class="wikitable toc" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="2" style="width:500px; float:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 1em; padding:0.5e text-align:left; clear:all; margin-left:3px; font-size:85%"		{\| class="wikitable toc" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="2" style="width:500px; float:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 1em; padding:0.5e text-align:left; clear:all; margin-left:3px; font-size:85%"
	\|+~~{{big\|'''~~Average precipitation in various Indian cities (mm)~~'''}}~~{{Sfn\|BBC Weather\|B}}{{Sfn\|Weatherbase}}{{Sfn\|Weather Channel}}{{Sfn\|Weather Underground}}		\|+Average precipitation in various Indian cities (mm){{Sfn\|BBC Weather\|B}}{{Sfn\|Weatherbase}}{{Sfn\|Weather Channel}}{{Sfn\|Weather Underground}}
	\|-align=center style="background:#e9e9e9;"		\|-align=center style="background:#e9e9e9;"
	\| colspan=1 abbr="" \| '''—'''		\| colspan=1 abbr="" \| '''—'''
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	==Extremes==		==Extremes==

	===~~Extreme~~ temperatures~~: low~~===		===Low temperatures===
	India's lowest recorded temperature was {{Convert\|-45.0\|°C\|°F\|0\|abbr=on}} in [[Dras]], [[Ladakh]]. However, temperatures on [[Siachen Glacier]] near [[Bilafond La]] ({{Convert\|5450\|m\|ft\|0\|disp=or}}) and [[Sia La]] ({{Convert\|5589\|m\|ft\|0\|disp=or}}) have fallen below {{Convert\|-55\|°C\|°F\|0}},{{Sfn\|McGirk\|Adiga\|2005}} while blizzards bring wind speeds in excess of {{Convert\|250\|km/h\|mph\|0\|abbr=on}},{{Sfn\|Ali\|2002}} or [[hurricane]]-force winds ranking at 12—the maximum—on the [[Beaufort scale]]. These conditions, not hostile actions, caused more than 97% of the roughly 15,000 casualties suffered among Indian and Pakistani soldiers during the [[Siachen conflict]].{{Sfn\|McGirk\|Adiga\|2005}}{{Sfn\|Ali\|2002}}{{Sfn\|Desmond\|1989}}		India's lowest recorded temperature was {{Convert\|-45.0\|°C\|°F\|0\|abbr=on}} in [[Dras]], [[Ladakh]]. However, temperatures on [[Siachen Glacier]] near [[Bilafond La]] ({{Convert\|5450\|m\|ft\|0\|disp=or}}) and [[Sia La]] ({{Convert\|5589\|m\|ft\|0\|disp=or}}) have fallen below {{Convert\|-55\|°C\|°F\|0}},{{Sfn\|McGirk\|Adiga\|2005}} while blizzards bring wind speeds in excess of {{Convert\|250\|km/h\|mph\|0\|abbr=on}},{{Sfn\|Ali\|2002}} or [[hurricane]]-force winds ranking at 12—the maximum—on the [[Beaufort scale]]. These conditions, not hostile actions, caused more than 97% of the roughly 15,000 casualties suffered among Indian and Pakistani soldiers during the [[Siachen conflict]].{{Sfn\|McGirk\|Adiga\|2005}}{{Sfn\|Ali\|2002}}{{Sfn\|Desmond\|1989}}

	===~~Extreme~~ temperatures~~: high~~===		===High temperatures===
	The highest temperature ever recorded in India occurred on 16 May 2016 in [[Phalodi]], Rajasthan at {{Convert\|51.0\|°C\|°F\|0}}. A temperature of up to {{Convert\|52.4\|°C\|°F\|0}} has been recorded in Jaisalmer District on 2 May 2016 near the border of Pakistan but the standard conditions are yet to be verified.		The highest temperature ever recorded in India occurred on 16 May 2016 in [[Phalodi]], Rajasthan at {{Convert\|51.0\|°C\|°F\|0}}. A temperature of up to {{Convert\|52.4\|°C\|°F\|0}} has been recorded in Jaisalmer District on 2 May 2016 near the border of Pakistan but the standard conditions are yet to be verified.

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	==External links==		==External links==
	<!--BLOGS AND COMMERCIAL SITES WILL BE REMOVED. SEE [[BP:EL]].-->		<!--BLOGS AND COMMERCIAL SITES WILL BE REMOVED. SEE [[WP:EL]].-->
	{{Refbegin}}		{{Refbegin}}
	'''General overview'''		'''General overview'''

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	==See also ==		==See also ==
	{{stack\|~~{{Portal\|Environment\|India}}~~}}		{{stack\|}}
	* [[Geography of India]]		* [[Geography of India]]
	* [[Borders of India]]		* [[Borders of India]]

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	{{Short description\|Overview of climatic conditions in India}}		{{Short description\|Overview of climatic conditions in India}}
	~~{{Pp-move-indef}}~~
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=March 2020}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=March 2020}}
	{{Use Indian English\|date=March 2016}}[[File:Valley of flowers uttaranchal full view.JPG\|thumb\|right\|A scene in [[Uttarakhand]]'s [[Valley of Flowers National Park]]. In contrast to the rain shadow region of Tirunelveli, the park receives ample [[orographic lift\|orographic precipitation]] due to its location in a mountainous [[windward and leeward\|windward]]-facing region wedged between the [[Zanskar Range\|Zanskars]] and the [[Great Himalayas\|Greater Himalayas]].]]		{{Use Indian English\|date=March 2016}}[[File:Valley of flowers uttaranchal full view.JPG\|thumb\|right\|A scene in [[Uttarakhand]]'s [[Valley of Flowers National Park]]. In contrast to the rain shadow region of Tirunelveli, the park receives ample [[orographic lift\|orographic precipitation]] due to its location in a mountainous [[windward and leeward\|windward]]-facing region wedged between the [[Zanskar Range\|Zanskars]] and the [[Great Himalayas\|Greater Himalayas]].]]

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	==See also ==		==See also ==
	{{~~portal~~ \| India }}		{{Portal\|India\|Environment}}
	* [[Geography of India]]		* [[Geography of India]]
	* [[Borders of India]]		* [[Borders of India]]
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	\|-		\|-
	\|style="vertical-align:top;"\|		\|style="vertical-align:top;"\|
	~~{{Portal\|Environment\|India}}~~
	\|style="vertical-align:top;"\|		\|style="vertical-align:top;"\|
	\|}		\|}
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	----		----
	{{Climate of India by state or territory}}		{{Climate of India by state or territory}}
	{{Navboxes\|title=Articles related to ~~{{PAGENAME}}~~		{{Navboxes\|title=Articles related to Climate of India
	\|list=		\|list=
	{{Asia topic\|Climate of}}		{{Asia topic\|Climate of}}

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	{{Short description\|Overview of climatic conditions in India}}		{{Short description\|Overview of climatic conditions in India}}
	~~{{Pp-move-indef}}~~
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=March 2020}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=March 2020}}
	{{Use Indian English\|date=March 2016}}[[File:Valley of flowers uttaranchal full view.JPG\|thumb\|right\|A scene in [[Uttarakhand]]'s [[Valley of Flowers National Park]]. In contrast to the rain shadow region of Tirunelveli, the park receives ample [[orographic lift\|orographic precipitation]] due to its location in a mountainous [[windward and leeward\|windward]]-facing region wedged between the [[Zanskar Range\|Zanskars]] and the [[Great Himalayas\|Greater Himalayas]].]]		{{Use Indian English\|date=March 2016}}[[File:Valley of flowers uttaranchal full view.JPG\|thumb\|right\|A scene in [[Uttarakhand]]'s [[Valley of Flowers National Park]]. In contrast to the rain shadow region of Tirunelveli, the park receives ample [[orographic lift\|orographic precipitation]] due to its location in a mountainous [[windward and leeward\|windward]]-facing region wedged between the [[Zanskar Range\|Zanskars]] and the [[Great Himalayas\|Greater Himalayas]].]]

Climate of India - Revision history

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