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{{Short description|Form of nationalism espousing freedom, tolerance, equality and individual rights}}
{{distinguish|Constitutional patriotism|national liberalism}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{nationalism sidebar|types}}
{{Liberalism sidebar}}

'''Civic nationalism''', also known as '''democratic nationalism''' and '''liberal nationalism''', is a form of [[nationalism]] that adheres to traditional liberal values of [[Freedom (political)|freedom]], [[Toleration|tolerance]], [[Egalitarianism|equality]], [[individual rights]] and is not based on [[ethnocentrism]].<ref name=Auer>{{cite book|last1=Auer|first1=Stefan|title=Liberal Nationalism in Central Europe|date=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=1134378602|page=5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BhNsM_ttOb4C&pg=PA5|access-date=13 May 2017}}</ref><ref>Tamir, Yael. 1993. ''Liberal Nationalism.'' Princeton University Press. {{ISBN|0-691-07893-9}}{{Page needed |date=June 2016}}; [[Will Kymlicka]]. 1995. ''Multicultural Citizenship.'' Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-827949-3}}{{Page needed |date=June 2016}}; David Miller. 1995. [http://www.oup.co.uk/isbn/0-19-829356-9 ''On Nationality.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000601183631/http://www.oup.co.uk/isbn/0-19-829356-9 |date=1 June 2000 }} Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-828047-5}}.</ref> Civic nationalists often defend the value of [[national identity]] by saying that individuals need it as a partial shared aspect of their identity (an upper identity) in order to lead meaningful, autonomous lives<ref>Kymlicka, Will. 1995. ''Multicultural Citizenship''. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-827949-3}}. For criticism, see: Patten, Alan. 1999. [https://www.doi.org/10.1111/j.1354-5078.1999.00001.x "The Autonomy Argument for Liberal Nationalism."] ''[[Nations and Nationalism (journal)|Nations and Nationalism]].'' 5(1): 1-17.</ref> and that [[Democracy|democratic]] [[Polity|polities]] need [[national identity]] to function properly.<ref>Miller, David. 1995. On Nationality. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-828047-5}}. For criticism, see: [[Arash Abizadeh|Abizadeh, Arash]]. 2002. [http://abizadeh.wix.com/arash#!Article-Does-Liberal-Democracy-Presuppose-a-Cultural-Nation/c22zv/558da7580cf298ff2bcbdc82 "Does Liberal Democracy Presuppose a Cultural Nation? Four Arguments."] ''American Political Science Review'' 96 (3): 495-509; Abizadeh, Arash. 2004. "[http://abizadeh.wix.com/arash#!Article-Liberal-Nationalist-vs-Postnational-Social-Integration/c22zv/558eaf0b0cf20d45521f9542 Liberal Nationalist versus Postnational Social Integration]." ''[[Nations and Nationalism (journal)|Nations and Nationalism]]'' 10(3): 231-250.</ref>

Civic nationalism is frequently contrasted with [[ethnic nationalism]]. Historically, civic nationalism was a determining factor in the development of modern [[Constitution|constitutional]] and democratic forms of government, whereas ethnic nationalism has been more associated with [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]] rule and even [[dictatorship]].<ref>DONALD IPPERCIEL (2007): Constitutional democracy and civic nationalism [https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8129.2007.00293.x]</ref>

Civic nationhood is a political identity built around shared citizenship within the state. Thus, a "[[Civic nationalities|civic nation]]" is defined not by culture but by political institutions and liberal principles, which its citizens pledge to uphold. Membership in the civic nation is open to every [[Citizenship|citizen]] by [[citizenship]], regardless of culture or ethnicity; those who share these values are considered members of the nation.<ref name= definition>{{cite journal|journal=Philosophy & Public Affairs|author=ANNA STILZ|title=Civic Nationalism and Language Policy|page=257|volume=37|issue=3}}</ref> For example, according to the Article 66 of the [[Turkish Constitution]], those who receive [[Turkish nationality law|Turkish citizenship]] are considered as a "[[Turkish people|Turk]]" even if their ethnicity is not Turkish.

In theory, a civic nation or state does not aim to promote one culture over another.<ref name="definition" /> German philosopher [[Jürgen Habermas]] argued that immigrants to a [[Liberal democracy|liberal-democratic]] state need not assimilate into the host culture but only accept the principles of the country's constitution ([[constitutional patriotism]]).<ref name="definition" />

==History==
{{or-section|date=January 2017}}
Civic nationalism lies within the traditions of [[rationalism]] and [[liberalism]], but as a form of nationalism it is contrasted with [[ethnic nationalism]]. [[Ernest Renan]] is often thought to be an early civic nationalist.<ref>Ernest Renan. "[[What is a Nation?]]", 1882; cf. Chaim Gans, ''The Limits of Nationalism'', Cambridge University Press, 2003, p. 11.</ref> Philosopher [[Hans Kohn]] was one of the first to differentiate civic nationalism from [[ethnic nationalism]] in his 1944 publication ''[[The Idea of Nationalism: A Study in Its Origins and Background]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tamir|first=Yael (Yuli)|date=2019-05-11|title=Not So Civic: Is There a Difference Between Ethnic and Civic Nationalism?|journal=Annual Review of Political Science|language=en|volume=22|issue=1|pages=419–434|doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-022018-024059|issn=1094-2939|doi-access=free}}</ref> Membership of the civic [[nation]] is considered voluntary, as in Renan's classical definition in "[[Qu'est-ce qu'une nation?]]" of the nation as a "daily referendum" characterized by the "will to live together".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Renan |first=Ernest |date=March 11, 1882 |title=What Is A Nation |url=http://ucparis.fr/files/9313/6549/9943/What_is_a_Nation.pdf |access-date=November 29, 2022 |website=UCParis}}</ref> Civic-national ideals influenced the development of [[representative democracy]] in countries such as the [[United States]] and [[France]] (see the [[United States Declaration of Independence]] of 1776, and the ''[[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen]]'' of 1789).

The [[Corsican nationalism|Corsican nationalist]] movement organized around the [[FLNC]] is giving a civic definition of the Corsican nation ("destiny community") in the continuity of [[Pasquale Paoli]] and the ideas of the [[Lumières]].

The [[Scottish National Party]]<ref name="O'Neill2004">{{cite book|author=Michael O'Neill|title=Devolution and British Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tuzpsTYEZ28C&pg=PA92|year=2004|publisher=Pearson/Longman|isbn=978-0-582-47274-7|pages=92–}}</ref><ref name="SalmonImber2008">{{cite book|author1=Trevor C. Salmon|author2=Mark F. Imber|title=Issues In International Relations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayz0kWKhKacC&pg=PA50|date=6 June 2008|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-203-92659-8|pages=50–}}</ref><ref name="ethnicitywithoutgroups"/> and [[Plaid Cymru]],<ref name="ethnicitywithoutgroups">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZrV9fnIkgjcC&q=plaid+cymru+%22civic+nationalism%22&pg=PA134 |title=Ethnicity Without Groups |first=Rogers |last=Brubaker |publisher=Harvard University Press |date=2004 |isbn=0674015398 |page=134}}</ref> which advocate independence of their respective nations from the United Kingdom, proclaim themselves to be civic nationalist parties, in which they advocate the independence and popular sovereignty of the people living in their nation's society, not individual ethnic groups.

The [[Republican Left of Catalonia]] supports a civic [[Catalan independentism]] and defends a [[Catalan Republic]] based on [[republicanism]] and civic values within a diverse society.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Els valors republicans com a pilar de la nostra societat|url=https://www.esquerra.cat/ca/els-valors-republicans-com-a-pilar-de-la-nostra-societat|language=ca}}</ref>

The [[Union of Cypriots]] define its ideology as [[Cypriot nationalism]],<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Aldrich |first=Alan |date=17 August 2018 |title=Cypriotism in the Twenty-First Century |url=https://bellacaledonia.org.uk/2018/08/17/cypriotism-in-the-twenty-first-century/ |magazine=[[Bella Caledonia]] |location=Scotland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821064324/https://bellacaledonia.org.uk/2018/08/17/cypriotism-in-the-twenty-first-century/ |archive-date=21 August 2018 |access-date=21 August 2018 }}</ref> a civic nationalism that focuses on the shared identity of [[Greek Cypriots]] and [[Turkish Cypriots]]. It highlights both communities' common culture, heritage and traditions as well as economic, political, and social rights. It also supports the reunification of Cyprus and the end of foreign interference by [[Greece]], [[Turkey]], and the [[United Kingdom]].<ref name="HayMenon2007">{{cite book|author1=Colin Hay|author2=Anand Menon|title=European Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XUecAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA125|date=18 January 2007|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-928428-3|pages=125}}</ref>

Outside [[Europe]], it has also been used to describe the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] in the United States during the Civil War Era.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YJ3CrOiJ6wYC&q=conservative+%22civic+nationalism%22&pg=PA140|title=Fenians, Freedmen, and Southern Whites: Race and Nationality in the Era of Reconstruction|author=Snay, Mitchell|publisher=Louisiana State University Press|year=2007|isbn=9780807132739}}</ref>

Civic nationalism shares elements of the [[Switzerland|Swiss]] concept of ''{{Interlanguage link|Willensnation|de}}'', which is German for "nation by will", coined by [[Carl Hilty]], understood as shared experience and dedication by citizens.{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}}

==Criticism==
The main criticism to civic nationalism comes from [[ethnic nationalism]], which considers that the former was invented solely to act against the latter.{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}}

[[Yael Tamir]] has argued that the differences between ethnic and civic nationalism are blurred.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tamir|first=Yael (Yuli)|date=2019|title=Not So Civic: Is There a Difference Between Ethnic and Civic Nationalism?|journal=Annual Review of Political Science|language=en|volume=22|issue=1|pages=419–434|doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-022018-024059|issn=1094-2939|doi-access=free}}</ref>

The distinction between ethnic and civic nationalism has also been criticized by scholars like [[Bernard Yack]]<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08913819608443417?journalCode=rcri20 | doi=10.1080/08913819608443417 | title=The myth of the civic nation | date=1996 | last1=Yack | first1=Bernard | journal=Critical Review | volume=10 | issue=2 | pages=193–211 }}</ref> and [[Umut Özkirimli]].<ref>Umut Özkirimli, Umut. (2005). Contemporary Debates on Nationalism: A Critical Introduction. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.</ref> Quoting [[Rogers Brubaker]], Özkirimli argues: {{Blockquote|text=Since all nations lay claim to a unique place in history and to certain boundaries, all national identities are exclusionary. In that sense, all nations are ethnic nations [...] Brubaker elaborates on this, claiming that there are two different ways of mapping culture onto the ethnic-civic distinction. Ethnic nationalism may be interpreted narrowly, as involving an emphasis on descent. In this case, Brubaker argues, there is very little ethnic nationalism around, since on this view an emphasis on common culture has to be coded as a species of civic nationalism. If, however, ethnic nationalism is interpreted broadly, as ethnocultural, while civic nationalism is interpreted narrowly, as involving a cultural conception of citizenship, the problem is the opposite: 'civic nationalism gets defined out of existence, and virtually all nationalisms would be coded as ethnic or cultural'. Even the paradigmatic cases of civic nationalism, France and America, would cease to count as civic nationalism, since they have a crucial cultural component.|author=Umut Özkırımlı|source=Contemporary Debates on Nationalism: A Critical Introduction, pp.24-5}}

==See also==
* [[National liberalism]]
* [[Americanism (ideology)]]
* [[Civic virtue]]
* [[Composite nationalism]]
* [[Cultural nationalism]]
* [[Imagined community]]
* [[Liberal Nationalism (Tamir)|''Liberal Nationalism'' (book)]]
* [[Nation-building]]
* [[Postcolonial anarchism]]
* [[Plurinationalism]]

== Citations ==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
* {{cite journal|last=Tournier-Sol|first=Karine|year=2015|title=Reworking the Eurosceptic and Conservative Traditions into a Populist Narrative: UKIP's Winning Formula?|journal=Journal of Common Market Studies|volume=53|number=1|pages=140–56|doi=10.1111/jcms.12208|s2cid=142738345}}

== External links ==
* {{wiktionary-inline|when in Rome, do as the Romans do}}

{{Nationalism}}
{{Liberalism}}

[[Category:Civic nationalism| ]]
[[Category:Anti-racism]]
[[Category:Communitarianism]]
[[Category:Cosmopolitanism]]
[[Category:Cultural politics]]
[[Category:Immigration activism]]
[[Category:Liberalism]]
[[Category:National liberalism]]
[[Category:Pluralism (philosophy)]]
[[Category:Political philosophy]]
[[Category:Political science terminology]]
[[Category:Rationalism]]
[[Category:Social ideologies]]

[[de:Willensnation]]

Civic nationalism - Revision history

Budhu: fixed issues

Ajay Kumar: Created a new article