Cissus quadrangularis - Revision history

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← Older revision		Revision as of 10:56, 4 February 2026
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	[[File:Adamant creeper sprouts.jpg\|thumb\|Adamant creeper sprouts]]		[[File:Adamant creeper sprouts.jpg\|thumb\|Adamant creeper sprouts]]
			[[File:Cissus quadrangularis fruit.png\|thumb\|Fruit of Cissus quadrangularis]]

	'''''Cissus quadrangularis''''' is a perennial plant of the [[Vitaceae\|grape family]]. It is commonly known as '''veldt grape''',<ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN \| access-date = ~~19 February 2019~~}}</ref> ~~'''devil's backbone'''{{citation needed\|date=February 2019}},~~ '''adamant creeper'''~~{{citation needed\|date=February 2019}}, '''asthisamharaka''' or '''asthisamhara''',~~<ref name=~~Upadhyay2011~~>{{cite ~~journal~~ \|~~last1~~=~~Upadhyay~~ \|~~first1~~=~~Bhuvaneshwar \|last2=Singh \|first2=Kamini P~~. \|~~last3~~=~~Kumar~~ \|~~first3=Ashwani \|title=Ethno~~-~~veterinary uses and informants consensus factor of medicinal plants of Sariska region, Rajasthan, India \|journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology \|~~date=~~Jan 2011 \|volume=133 \|issue=1 \|pages=14–25 \|doi=10.1016/j.jep.2010.08.054~~ }}</ref~~> '''hadjod''' and '''pirandai'''.<ref name=Upadhyay2011/~~> The species is native to tropical Asia, ~~[[Arabia]]~~ and much of Africa.<ref name=GRIN/>		'''''Cissus quadrangularis''''' is a perennial plant of the [[Vitaceae\|grape family]]. It is commonly known as '''veldt grape''', '''winged treebine'''<ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN \| access-date = 5 September 2022}}</ref> or '''adamant creeper'''.<ref name=EPPO>{{cite web \| title = ''Cissus quadrangularis'' \| url = https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/CIBQQ \| publisher = [[European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization]] (EPPO) \| access-date = 5 September 2022}}</ref> The species is native to tropical Asia, the Arabian Peninsula and much of Africa.<ref name=GRIN/>

	== Description ==		== Description ==
	''Cissus quadrangularis'' reaches a height of {{convert\|1.5\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}} and has quadrangular-sectioned branches with internodes {{convert\|8-10\|cm\|in\|0\|abbr=on}} long and {{convert\|1.2-1.5\|cm\|in\|1\|abbr=on}} wide. Along each angle is a leathery edge. Toothed trilobe leaves {{convert\|2-5\|cm\|in\|1\|abbr=on}} wide appear at the nodes. Each has a tendril emerging from the opposite side of the node. [[Raceme]]s of small white, yellowish, or greenish flowers; globular berries are red when ripe.		''Cissus quadrangularis'' reaches a height of {{convert\|1.5\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}} and has quadrangular-sectioned branches with internodes {{convert\|8-10\|cm\|in\|0\|abbr=on}} long and {{convert\|1.2-1.5\|cm\|in\|1\|abbr=on}} wide. Along each angle is a leathery edge. Toothed trilobe leaves {{convert\|2-5\|cm\|in\|1\|abbr=on}} wide appear at the nodes. Each has a tendril emerging from the opposite side of the node. [[Raceme]]s of small white, yellowish, or greenish flowers; globular berries are red when ripe.

	''Cissus quadrangularis'' is an evergreen climber growing to {{convert\|5\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}} by {{convert\|.5\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}} at a fast rate. It is hardy to zone (UK) 10. Suitable for: light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils, prefers well-drained soil and can grow in nutritionally poor soil. Suitable pH: acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils and can grow in very acid and very alkaline soils. It cannot grow in the shade. It prefers dry or moist soil and can tolerate drought.<ref>https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cissus+quadrangularis</ref>		''Cissus quadrangularis'' is an evergreen climber growing to {{convert\|5\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}} by {{convert\|.5\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}} at a fast rate. It is hardy to zone (UK) 10. Suitable for: light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils, prefers well-drained soil and can grow in nutritionally poor soil. Suitable pH: acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils and can grow in very acid and very alkaline soils. It cannot grow in the shade. It prefers dry or moist soil and can tolerate drought.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cissus+quadrangularis\|title = Cissus quadrangularis Veldt Grape PFAF Plant Database}}</ref>

	<gallery>		<gallery>
	~~File:~~Cissus quadrangularis W2 IMG 3196.jpg\|in [[Rangareddy district]] of [[Telangana]], [[India]].		Cissus quadrangularis W2 IMG 3196.jpg\|Cissus Quadrangularis in [[Rangareddy district]] of [[Telangana]], [[India]].
	~~File:~~Cissus Quadrangualaris 12.JPG\|~~Devil's backbone~~ in [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]		Cissus Quadrangualaris 12.JPG\|Cissus Quadrangularis in [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
	</gallery>		</gallery>

	== Traditional medicine ==		== Traditional medicine ==
	''Cissus quadrangularis'' has been used as a medicinal plant since antiquity.{{citation needed\|date=July 2020}} ''Cissus'' has been used in various Ayurvedic classical medicines to heal broken bones and injured ligaments and tendons.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Vibha \|first1=Singh \|title=Medicinal plants and bone healing \|journal=National Journal of Maxillofacial Surgery \|date=Jan–Jun 2017 \|volume=8 \|issue=1 \|pages=4–11 \|doi=10.4103/0975-5950.208972 \|pmid=28761270 \|pmc=5512407 }}</ref> In ''[[siddha medicine]]'' it is considered a tonic and [[analgesic]], and is believed to help heal broken bones, thus its name ''asthisamharaka'' (that which prevents the destruction of bones). The Assamese people and the Garo tribe of Meghalaya and Bangladesh have used ''C. quadrangularis'' for bone fracture.<ref name=Upadhyay2011/>		''Cissus quadrangularis'' has been used as a medicinal plant since antiquity.{{citation needed\|date=July 2020}} ''Cissus'' has been used in various Ayurvedic classical medicines to heal broken bones and injured ligaments and tendons.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Vibha \|first1=Singh \|title=Medicinal plants and bone healing \|journal=National Journal of Maxillofacial Surgery \|date=Jan–Jun 2017 \|volume=8 \|issue=1 \|pages=4–11 \|doi=10.4103/0975-5950.208972 \|pmid=28761270 \|pmc=5512407 \|doi-access=free }}</ref> In ''[[siddha medicine]]'', it is considered a tonic and [[analgesic]], and is believed to help heal broken bones, thus its name ''asthisamharaka'' (that which prevents the destruction of bones). The Assamese people and the Garo tribe of Meghalaya and Bangladesh have used ''C. quadrangularis'' for bone fracture.<ref name=Upadhyay2011>{{cite journal \|last1=Upadhyay \|first1=Bhuvaneshwar \|last2=Singh \|first2=Kamini P. \|last3=Kumar \|first3=Ashwani \|title=Ethno-veterinary uses and informants consensus factor of medicinal plants of Sariska region, Rajasthan, India \|journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology \|date=Jan 2011 \|volume=133 \|issue=1 \|pages=14–25 \|doi=10.1016/j.jep.2010.08.054 \|pmid=20817085 }}</ref>

	== Experimental studies ==		== Experimental studies ==
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	Its bactericidal effects on ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' indicate a potential use for treating gastric ulcers in conjunction with [[NSAID]] therapy.<ref name="Jainu">{{Cite journal \| doi = 10.1016/j.jep.2005.08.076\| pmid = 16338111\| title = Protective effect of Cissus quadrangularis on neutrophil mediated tissue injury induced by aspirin in rats\| journal = Journal of Ethnopharmacology\| volume = 104\| issue = 3\| pages = 302–5\| year = 2006\| last1 = Jainu \| first1 = M. \| last2 = Mohan \| first2 = K. V. \| last3 = Devi \| first3 = C. S. S. }}</ref>		Its bactericidal effects on ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' indicate a potential use for treating gastric ulcers in conjunction with [[NSAID]] therapy.<ref name="Jainu">{{Cite journal \| doi = 10.1016/j.jep.2005.08.076\| pmid = 16338111\| title = Protective effect of Cissus quadrangularis on neutrophil mediated tissue injury induced by aspirin in rats\| journal = Journal of Ethnopharmacology\| volume = 104\| issue = 3\| pages = 302–5\| year = 2006\| last1 = Jainu \| first1 = M. \| last2 = Mohan \| first2 = K. V. \| last3 = Devi \| first3 = C. S. S. }}</ref>

	~~== Chemistry ==~~		The enzymatic and an in vitro cell culture study shows the potential anti-inflammatory and inhibitory properties of ''Cissus quadrangularis''.<ref name="Bhujade">{{Cite journal \| doi = 10.1016/j.jep.2012.03.044\| pmid = 22484053 \| title = Evaluation of Cissus quadrangularis extracts as an inhibitor of COX, 5-LOX, and proinflammatory mediators\| journal = Journal of Ethnopharmacology\| volume = 141\| issue = 3\| pages = 986–96\| year = 2012\| last1 = Bhujade \| first1 = Arti }}</ref>
	''C. quadrangularis'' ~~has been found to contain [[carotenoid]]s, [[triterpenoid]]s, and [[ascorbic acid]]~~.<ref>{{~~cite~~ journal \| title = ~~In vitro and In vivo evaluation~~ of ~~free radical scavenging potential of ''~~Cissus quadrangularis~~'' \|author1=Mallika Jainu \|author2=C.S. Shyamala Devi~~ \| journal = ~~African~~ Journal of ~~Biomedical Research~~ \| volume = 8 \| ~~date~~ = ~~2005~~ \| pages = ~~95–99~~ \| ~~url~~ = ~~http://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajbr/article/viewFile/35768/59535~~}}</ref> The plant ~~also produces the resveratrol dimer [[quadrangularin A]]~~.<ref>{{cite journal \| ~~title~~ = ~~Total Synthesis~~ of ~~(±)-Quadrangularin A~~ \|~~author1~~=~~Wenling Li~~ \|~~author2~~=~~Hao Li~~ \|~~author3~~=~~Ying Li~~ \|~~author4~~=~~Zijie Hou \| journal = Angewandte Chemie International Edition \| volume = 45 \| issue = 45 \| pages = 7609–7611 \|~~ doi = 10.~~1002~~/~~anie.200603097~~\|~~pmid~~=~~17051632 \|year=2006~~ }}</ref>
			Furthermore, the plant may be used in many biomedical applications. The synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles has indicated the presence of phytochemicals such as carbohydrates, alkaloids, steroids, tannins, saponins, and flavonoid. The synthesis uses plant extract.<ref>{{cite journal \| journal = Journal of Nanomaterials \| date = 2021 \| pages = 11 \| title = Anti-inflammatory and Antimicrobial Potential of Cissus quadrangularis-Assisted Copper Oxide \| url = https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5742981 \| access-date = 2024-11-01}}</ref>

	== References ==		== References ==
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	*{{cite journal \| last1 = Chopra \| first1 = SS \| last2 = Patel \| first2 = MR \| last3 = Awadhiya \| first3 = RP. \|name-list-style=vanc \| year = 1976 \| title = Studies of ''Cissus quadrangularis'' in experimental fracture repair: a histopathological study \| journal = Indian Journal of Medical Research \| volume = 64 \| issue = 9\| pages = 1365–1368 \| pmid = 1010630 }}		*{{cite journal \| last1 = Chopra \| first1 = SS \| last2 = Patel \| first2 = MR \| last3 = Awadhiya \| first3 = RP. \|name-list-style=vanc \| year = 1976 \| title = Studies of ''Cissus quadrangularis'' in experimental fracture repair: a histopathological study \| journal = Indian Journal of Medical Research \| volume = 64 \| issue = 9\| pages = 1365–1368 \| pmid = 1010630 }}
	*{{cite journal \| last1 = Jainu \| first1 = Mallika \| last2 = Devi \| first2 = Shyamala \| year = 2003 \| title = Tent antiulcerogenic activity of methanolic extract of ''Cissus quadrangularis'' by antioxidative mechanism \| journal = Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition \| volume = 34 \| issue = 2\| pages = 43–47 \| doi = 10.3164/jcbn.34.43 \| doi-access = free }}		*{{cite journal \| last1 = Jainu \| first1 = Mallika \| last2 = Devi \| first2 = Shyamala \| year = 2003 \| title = Tent antiulcerogenic activity of methanolic extract of ''Cissus quadrangularis'' by antioxidative mechanism \| journal = Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition \| volume = 34 \| issue = 2\| pages = 43–47 \| doi = 10.3164/jcbn.34.43 \| doi-access = free }}
	*{{cite journal \| last1 = Kashikar \| first1 = ND \| last2 = Indu \| first2 = George \| year = 2006 \| title = Antibacterial activity of ''Cissus quadrangularis'' Linn \| journal = Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences \| volume = 68 \| issue = 2\| pages = 245–247 \|doi=10.4103/0250-474X.25727}}		*{{cite journal \| last1 = Kashikar \| first1 = ND \| last2 = Indu \| first2 = George \| year = 2006 \| title = Antibacterial activity of ''Cissus quadrangularis'' Linn \| journal = Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences \| volume = 68 \| issue = 2\| pages = 245–247 \|doi=10.4103/0250-474X.25727 \| doi-access = free }}
	*{{cite journal \| last1 = Oben \| first1 = Julius \| last2 = Damaris Mandob \| first2 = Enyegue \| last3 = Fomekong \| first3 = Gilles I \| last4 = Soukontoua \| first4 = Yves B \| last5 = Agbor \| first5 = Gabriel A \| year = 2007 \| title = The effect of ''Cissus quadrangularis'' (CQR-300) and a ''Cissus'' formulation (CORE) on obesity and obesity-induced oxidative stress \| journal = Lipids in Health and Disease \| volume = 6 \| page = 4 \|pmid=17274828 \| doi=10.1186/1476-511X-6-4 \| pmc=1800848}}		*{{cite journal \| last1 = Oben \| first1 = Julius \| last2 = Damaris Mandob \| first2 = Enyegue \| last3 = Fomekong \| first3 = Gilles I \| last4 = Soukontoua \| first4 = Yves B \| last5 = Agbor \| first5 = Gabriel A \| year = 2007 \| title = The effect of ''Cissus quadrangularis'' (CQR-300) and a ''Cissus'' formulation (CORE) on obesity and obesity-induced oxidative stress \| journal = Lipids in Health and Disease \| volume = 6 \| page = 4 \|pmid=17274828 \| doi=10.1186/1476-511X-6-4 \| pmc=1800848 \| doi-access = free }}
	*{{cite journal \| year = 2006 \| title = The use of a ''Cissus quadrangularis'' formulation in the management of weight loss and metabolic syndrome \| journal = Lipids in Health and Disease \| volume = 5 \| page = 24 \|pmid=16948861 \| doi=10.1186/1476-511X-5-24 \| pmc=1570348 \| last1 = Oben \| first1 = Julius \| last2 = Kuate \| first2 = Dieudonne \| last3 = Agbor \| first3 = Gabriel \| last4 = Momo \| first4 = Claudia \| last5 = Talla \| first5 = Xavio}}		*{{cite journal \| year = 2006 \| title = The use of a ''Cissus quadrangularis'' formulation in the management of weight loss and metabolic syndrome \| journal = Lipids in Health and Disease \| volume = 5 \| page = 24 \|pmid=16948861 \| doi=10.1186/1476-511X-5-24 \| pmc=1570348 \| last1 = Oben \| first1 = Julius \| last2 = Kuate \| first2 = Dieudonne \| last3 = Agbor \| first3 = Gabriel \| last4 = Momo \| first4 = Claudia \| last5 = Talla \| first5 = Xavio \| doi-access = free }}
	*Analysis of the effect of Asthishrinkhla Kandaswarasa [stem juice of ''Cissus quadrangularis''] in fracture healing in a rat model 'Dr. Deepanshu K. Mishra, Prof. Sanjeev Sharma, R.G.G.P.G. Ayu. College - Paprola' Prof. V.K. Gupta, Dr. G.C. Negi College of Vet. and Animal sciences - Palampur - Dec. 2010.		*Analysis of the effect of Asthishrinkhla Kandaswarasa [stem juice of ''Cissus quadrangularis''] in fracture healing in a rat model 'Dr. Deepanshu K. Mishra, Prof. Sanjeev Sharma, R.G.G.P.G. Ayu. College - Paprola' Prof. V.K. Gupta, Dr. G.C. Negi College of Vet. and Animal sciences - Palampur - Dec. 2010.

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	[[Category:Flora of the Arabian Peninsula]]		[[Category:Flora of the Arabian Peninsula]]
	[[Category:Flora of tropical Asia]]		[[Category:Flora of tropical Asia]]
	~~[[Category:Plants used in Ayurveda]]~~
	[[Category:Cissus\|quadrangularis]]		[[Category:Cissus\|quadrangularis]]
			[[Category:Botanical taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]

106.211.207.194: Multiple same images

2021-06-16T03:48:58Z

Multiple same images

New page

{{Short description|Species of grapevine}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Cissus quadrangularis MS0938.jpg
| genus = Cissus
| species = quadrangularis
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
| synonyms =
{{Plainlist | style = margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; |
*''Cissus bifida'' Schumach. & Thonn.
*''Cissus edulis'' Dalzell
*''Cissus fischeri'' Gilg
*''Cissus quadrangula'' L.
*''Cissus quadrangula'' Salisb.
*''Cissus succulenta'' (Galpin) Burtt-Davy
*''Cissus tetragona'' Harv.
*''Cissus tetraptera'' Hook.f.
*''Cissus triandra'' Schumach. & Thonn.
*''Vitis quadrangularis'' (L.) Wall. ex Wight
*''Vitis succulenta'' Galpin
}}
| synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2722833
|title=The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species
|access-date=9 July 2015}}</ref>
}}
[[File:Adamant creeper sprouts.jpg|thumb|Adamant creeper sprouts]]

'''''Cissus quadrangularis''''' is a perennial plant of the [[Vitaceae|grape family]]. It is commonly known as '''veldt grape''',<ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN | access-date = 19 February 2019}}</ref> '''devil's backbone'''{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}, '''adamant creeper'''{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}, '''asthisamharaka''' or '''asthisamhara''',<ref name=Upadhyay2011>{{cite journal |last1=Upadhyay |first1=Bhuvaneshwar |last2=Singh |first2=Kamini P. |last3=Kumar |first3=Ashwani |title=Ethno-veterinary uses and informants consensus factor of medicinal plants of Sariska region, Rajasthan, India |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |date=Jan 2011 |volume=133 |issue=1 |pages=14–25 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2010.08.054 }}</ref> '''hadjod''' and '''pirandai'''.<ref name=Upadhyay2011/> The species is native to tropical Asia, [[Arabia]] and much of Africa.<ref name=GRIN/>

== Description ==
''Cissus quadrangularis'' reaches a height of {{convert|1.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} and has quadrangular-sectioned branches with internodes {{convert|8-10|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|1.2-1.5|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} wide. Along each angle is a leathery edge. Toothed trilobe leaves {{convert|2-5|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} wide appear at the nodes. Each has a tendril emerging from the opposite side of the node. [[Raceme]]s of small white, yellowish, or greenish flowers; globular berries are red when ripe.

''Cissus quadrangularis'' is an evergreen climber growing to {{convert|5|m|ft|abbr=on}} by {{convert|.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} at a fast rate. It is hardy to zone (UK) 10. Suitable for: light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils, prefers well-drained soil and can grow in nutritionally poor soil. Suitable pH: acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils and can grow in very acid and very alkaline soils. It cannot grow in the shade. It prefers dry or moist soil and can tolerate drought.<ref>https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cissus+quadrangularis</ref>

<gallery>
File:Cissus quadrangularis W2 IMG 3196.jpg|in [[Rangareddy district]] of [[Telangana]], [[India]].
File:Cissus Quadrangualaris 12.JPG|Devil's backbone in [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
</gallery>

== Traditional medicine ==
''Cissus quadrangularis'' has been used as a medicinal plant since antiquity.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}} ''Cissus'' has been used in various Ayurvedic classical medicines to heal broken bones and injured ligaments and tendons.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Vibha |first1=Singh |title=Medicinal plants and bone healing |journal=National Journal of Maxillofacial Surgery |date=Jan–Jun 2017 |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=4–11 |doi=10.4103/0975-5950.208972 |pmid=28761270 |pmc=5512407 }}</ref> In ''[[siddha medicine]]'' it is considered a tonic and [[analgesic]], and is believed to help heal broken bones, thus its name ''asthisamharaka'' (that which prevents the destruction of bones). The Assamese people and the Garo tribe of Meghalaya and Bangladesh have used ''C. quadrangularis'' for bone fracture.<ref name=Upadhyay2011/>

== Experimental studies ==
''C. quadrangularis'' has been studied for its effects in a [[animal model|rat model]] for osteoporosis.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1080/03009730902891784| pmid = 19736603| title = Evidence-based assessment of antiosteoporotic activity of petroleum-ether extract of ''Cissus'' quadrangularis ''Linn''. On ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis| journal = Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences| volume = 114| issue = 3| pages = 140–8| year = 2009| last1 = Potu | first1 = B. K. | last2 = Rao | first2 = M. S. | last3 = Nampurath | first3 = G. K. | last4 = Chamallamudi | first4 = M. R. | last5 = Prasad | first5 = K. | last6 = Nayak | first6 = S. R. | last7 = Dharmavarapu | first7 = P. K. | last8 = Kedage | first8 = V. | last9 = Bhat | first9 = K. M. R.
| pmc = 2852762}}</ref> ''C. quadrangularis'' has been studied in animal models of bone fracture.<ref>{{cite journal | journal = Indian Journal of Pharmacology | date = 1994 | volume = 26 | pages = 44–45 | title = Effect of Cissus Quadrangularis in Accelerating Healing Process of Experimentally Fracture Radius-Ulna of Dog: A Preliminary Study | url = https://www.wellcorps.com/files/EffectOfCissusQuadrangularisInAcceleratingHealingOfFracture.pdf | access-date = 2014-06-03 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131127035913/http://www.wellcorps.com/files/EffectOfCissusQuadrangularisInAcceleratingHealingOfFracture.pdf | archive-date = 2013-11-27 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Its bactericidal effects on ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' indicate a potential use for treating gastric ulcers in conjunction with [[NSAID]] therapy.<ref name="Jainu">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.jep.2005.08.076| pmid = 16338111| title = Protective effect of Cissus quadrangularis on neutrophil mediated tissue injury induced by aspirin in rats| journal = Journal of Ethnopharmacology| volume = 104| issue = 3| pages = 302–5| year = 2006| last1 = Jainu | first1 = M. | last2 = Mohan | first2 = K. V. | last3 = Devi | first3 = C. S. S. }}</ref>

== Chemistry ==
''C. quadrangularis'' has been found to contain [[carotenoid]]s, [[triterpenoid]]s, and [[ascorbic acid]].<ref>{{cite journal | title = In vitro and In vivo evaluation of free radical scavenging potential of ''Cissus quadrangularis'' |author1=Mallika Jainu |author2=C.S. Shyamala Devi | journal = African Journal of Biomedical Research | volume = 8 | date = 2005 | pages = 95–99 | url = http://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajbr/article/viewFile/35768/59535}}</ref> The plant also produces the resveratrol dimer [[quadrangularin A]].<ref>{{cite journal | title = Total Synthesis of (±)-Quadrangularin A |author1=Wenling Li |author2=Hao Li |author3=Ying Li |author4=Zijie Hou | journal = Angewandte Chemie International Edition | volume = 45 | issue = 45 | pages = 7609–7611 | doi = 10.1002/anie.200603097|pmid=17051632 |year=2006 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{WestAfricanPlants|Cissus quadrangularis}}
*Austin, A. Jegadeesan, M. Gowrishankar, R. (2004) "Helicobactericidal Activity of ''Cissus quadrangularis'' L. Variant I"; ''Natural Product Sciences'' 10 (5): 217–219. Korean Society of Pharmacognosy.
*{{cite journal | last1 = Chopra | first1 = SS | last2 = Patel | first2 = MR | last3 = Awadhiya | first3 = RP. |name-list-style=vanc | year = 1976 | title = Studies of ''Cissus quadrangularis'' in experimental fracture repair: a histopathological study | journal = Indian Journal of Medical Research | volume = 64 | issue = 9| pages = 1365–1368 | pmid = 1010630 }}
*{{cite journal | last1 = Jainu | first1 = Mallika | last2 = Devi | first2 = Shyamala | year = 2003 | title = Tent antiulcerogenic activity of methanolic extract of ''Cissus quadrangularis'' by antioxidative mechanism | journal = Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition | volume = 34 | issue = 2| pages = 43–47 | doi = 10.3164/jcbn.34.43 | doi-access = free }}
*{{cite journal | last1 = Kashikar | first1 = ND | last2 = Indu | first2 = George | year = 2006 | title = Antibacterial activity of ''Cissus quadrangularis'' Linn | journal = Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences | volume = 68 | issue = 2| pages = 245–247 |doi=10.4103/0250-474X.25727}}
*{{cite journal | last1 = Oben | first1 = Julius | last2 = Damaris Mandob | first2 = Enyegue | last3 = Fomekong | first3 = Gilles I | last4 = Soukontoua | first4 = Yves B | last5 = Agbor | first5 = Gabriel A | year = 2007 | title = The effect of ''Cissus quadrangularis'' (CQR-300) and a ''Cissus'' formulation (CORE) on obesity and obesity-induced oxidative stress | journal = Lipids in Health and Disease | volume = 6 | page = 4 |pmid=17274828 | doi=10.1186/1476-511X-6-4 | pmc=1800848}}
*{{cite journal | year = 2006 | title = The use of a ''Cissus quadrangularis'' formulation in the management of weight loss and metabolic syndrome | journal = Lipids in Health and Disease | volume = 5 | page = 24 |pmid=16948861 | doi=10.1186/1476-511X-5-24 | pmc=1570348 | last1 = Oben | first1 = Julius | last2 = Kuate | first2 = Dieudonne | last3 = Agbor | first3 = Gabriel | last4 = Momo | first4 = Claudia | last5 = Talla | first5 = Xavio}}
*Analysis of the effect of Asthishrinkhla Kandaswarasa [stem juice of ''Cissus quadrangularis''] in fracture healing in a rat model 'Dr. Deepanshu K. Mishra, Prof. Sanjeev Sharma, R.G.G.P.G. Ayu. College - Paprola' Prof. V.K. Gupta, Dr. G.C. Negi College of Vet. and Animal sciences - Palampur - Dec. 2010.

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2157164}}

[[Category:Plants described in 1767]]
[[Category:Flora of Africa]]
[[Category:Flora of the Arabian Peninsula]]
[[Category:Flora of tropical Asia]]
[[Category:Plants used in Ayurveda]]
[[Category:Cissus|quadrangularis]]