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← Older revision		Revision as of 02:31, 2 November 2021
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	\| fam2 = [[Ao languages]]		\| fam2 = [[Ao languages]]
	\| fam3 = [[Ao language]]		\| fam3 = [[Ao language]]
			\| script = [[Latin script\|Latin]]
	\| iso3 = none		\| iso3 = none
	\| glotto = chon1286		\| glotto = chon1286
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	Chungli Ao is a [[tone language\|tonal language]]. There are three distinct tonal levels: low, mid and high. There is evidence to prove that low and mid as well as low and high are contrastive. Chungli also has two contour tones, which are high-low and low-mid, though they are quite rare.		Chungli Ao is a [[tone language\|tonal language]]. There are three distinct tonal levels: low, mid and high. There is evidence to prove that low and mid as well as low and high are contrastive. Chungli also has two contour tones, which are high-low and low-mid, though they are quite rare.

	===Vowels<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal\|last=Bruhn\|first=Daniel\|date=2009\|title=The Tonal Classification of Chungli Ao Verbs\|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/22c6c7d9\|journal=UC Berkeley PhonLab Annual Report\|language=en\|volume=5\|issue=5}}</ref>===		===Vowels===
	{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;		{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;
	\|+ Vowels		\|+ Vowels<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal\|last=Bruhn\|first=Daniel\|date=2009\|title=The Tonal Classification of Chungli Ao Verbs\|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/22c6c7d9\|journal=UC Berkeley PhonLab Annual Report\|language=en\|volume=5\|issue=5}}</ref>
	\|-		\|-
	!		!
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	\|}		\|}

	===Consonants~~<ref name=":1" />~~===		===Consonants===
	{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;		{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;
	\|+ Consonants		\|+ Consonants<ref name=":1" />
	\|-		\|-
	!		! colspan="2" \|
	! Bilabial		! Bilabial
	! Dental/Alveolar		! Dental/<br>Alveolar
	! ~~Postalveolar~~		! Post-<br>alveolar
	! Palatal		! Palatal
	! Velar		! Velar
	! Glottal		! Glottal
	\|-		\|-
	! Nasal ~~stops~~		! colspan="2" \| Nasal
	\| m \|\| n \|\| \|\| \|\| \|ŋ \|\|		\| m \|\| n \|\| \|\| \|\| \|ŋ \|\|
	\|-		\|-
	! ~~Oral stops~~		! rowspan="2" \| Plosive
	\| p~~, pʰ~~ \|\| t~~, tʰ~~\|\| \|\| \|\| \|k~~, kʰ~~\|\|ʔ		!<small>voiceless</small>
			\| p \|\| t\|\| \|\| \|\| \|k\|\|ʔ
	\|-		\|-
	! ~~Affricates~~		!<small>aspirated</small>
	\| \|\| ts \|\| tʃ \|\| \|\| \|\| \|		\|pʰ
			\|tʰ
			\|
			\|
			\|kʰ
			\|
			\|-
			! colspan="2" \| Affricate
			\| \|\| ts \|\| tʃ \|\| \|\| \|\| \|
			\|-
			! rowspan="2" \| Fricative
			!<small>voiceless</small>
			\| \|\| s \|\| ʃ \|\| \|\| \|\| \|h
			\|-
			!<small>voiced</small>
			\|
			\|z
			\|
			\|
			\|
			\|
	\|-		\|-
	! ~~Fricatives~~		! rowspan="2" \|Approximant
	\| ~~\|\| s, z \|\| ʃ \|\|~~ \|\| \|\| \|h		!<small>lateral</small>
			\|
			\|l
			\|
			\|
			\|
			\|
	\|-		\|-
	! ~~Approximants~~		!<small>central</small>
	\| w \|\| ɹ~~, l~~ \|\| \|\| j		\| w \|\| ɹ \|\| \|\| j
	\|		\|
	\|		\|
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	{{DEFAULTSORT:Chungli Ao Language}}		{{DEFAULTSORT:Chungli Ao Language}}
	[[Category:Ao languages]]		[[Category:Ao languages]]
	~~[[Category:Languages of India]]~~
	[[Category:Languages of Nagaland]]		[[Category:Languages of Nagaland]]

>Fdom5997: /* Phonology */

2021-05-15T22:26:01Z

Phonology

New page

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Chungli Ao
| states = [[India]]
| region = [[Nagaland]]
| ethnicity = [[Ao Naga]]
| speakers = 130,004
| date = 2011 census
| ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=2018-07-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1mZVhbG7TtYC&q=mongsen+ao&pg=PR1|title=A Grammar of Mongsen Ao|last=Coupe|first=A. R.|date=2007-01-01|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=9783110198522|language=en}}</ref>
| familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
| fam2 = [[Ao languages]]
| fam3 = [[Ao language]]
| iso3 = none
| glotto = chon1286
| glottorefname = Chungli
}}
'''Chungli Ao''' is the prestige dialect of [[Ao languages|Ao]] and it is a [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] language of northeast India. It is the most widely spoken of the [[Ao languages]] which also comprise [[Mongsen Ao]] and Changki. It is taught up to the tenth grade in schools of the [[Mokokchung district]]. It is also spoken by the [[Ao Naga|Ao Nagas]] of [[Nagaland]], a hill state in northeast India. Being the official language of religion, the dialect has a Bible translation and is used in church services as well as to make public announcements.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Coupe|first=Alexander|date=2011-10-01|title=On core case marking patterns in two Tibeto-Burman languages of Nagaland|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286988589|journal=Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area|volume=34|pages=21–47}}</ref> A local Chungli newspaper is also published online.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tiryimyim.in/about-us/|title=English {{!}} Tir Yimyim|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-24}}</ref> The number of speakers who reported Chungli Ao as their mother tongue are approximately 130,000 according to the 2011 census report of India. A phonological reconstruction of Proto-Central-Naga has been compiled by Daniel Bruhn<ref>[http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~dwbruhn/Bruhn_2014_A-Phonological-Reconstruction-of-Proto-Central-Naga.pdf] ''A Phonological Reconstruction of Proto-Central Naga''
</ref>

==History==
During the American Baptist Mission to Naga Hills, [[Edwin Winter Clark|Dr E.W. Clark]] first came in contact with the Molungkimong village that paved the way for a common Ao language. Chungli Ao is spoken in Molungkimong and Molungyimsen and other villages throughout Ao territory by roughly 50% of the Ao-speaking population. The speech of Molungkimong is the [[prestige dialect]] due to [[Baptist]] [[missionaries]]' influence. Most Ao can speak Chungli even if they are from Mongsen-speaking regions. Chungli is taught in schools. Various trans-Dikhu neighbouring dialects of Chungli Ao are spoken east of the [[Dikhu River]] in Yacham, Tengsa, and Longla. These are poorly documented; Yacham and Tengsa may be separate languages (van Driem 2001).

==Numbers==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px; height: 200px;"
|+ Number system<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.omniglot.com/language/numbers/aonaga.htm|title=Numbers in Chungli Ao|website=www.omniglot.com|access-date=2020-04-24}}</ref>
|-
! ×
! Numeral
! Cardinal number
! Ordinal number
|-
! 1
| 1 || ka || tamaba
|-
! 2
| 2 || ana || tanabuba
|-
! 3
| 3 || asem || asembuba
|-
! 4
| 4 || pezü ||
|-
! 5
| 5 || pungu ||
|-
! 6
| 6 || terok ||
|-
! 7
| 7 || tenet ||
|-
! 8
| 8 || ti ||
|-
! 9
| 9 || teku ||
|-
! 10
| 10 || ter ||
|-
! 11
| 11 || terka ||
|-
! 12
| 12 ||ter ana ||
|-
! 13
| 13 || ter asem ||
|-
! 14
| 14 || ter pezü ||
|-
! 15
| 15 || ter pongu ||
|-
! 16
| 16 || ter terok ||
|-
! 17
| 17 || ter tenet ||
|-
! 18
| 18 || ter ti ||
|-
! 19
| 19 || ter teku ||
|-
! 20
| 20 || metsü ||
|}

==Phonology==
Chungli Ao is a [[tone language|tonal language]]. There are three distinct tonal levels: low, mid and high. There is evidence to prove that low and mid as well as low and high are contrastive. Chungli also has two contour tones, which are high-low and low-mid, though they are quite rare.

===Vowels<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Bruhn|first=Daniel|date=2009|title=The Tonal Classification of Chungli Ao Verbs|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/22c6c7d9|journal=UC Berkeley PhonLab Annual Report|language=en|volume=5|issue=5}}</ref>===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;
|+ Vowels
|-
!
! Front
! Central
! Back
|-
! High
| i || ɨ || u
|-
! Mid
| e || ə ||
|-
! Low
| || a ||
|}

===Consonants<ref name=":1" />===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;
|+ Consonants
|-
!
! Bilabial
! Dental/Alveolar
! Postalveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
! Glottal
|-
! Nasal stops
| m || n || || || |ŋ ||
|-
! Oral stops
| p, pʰ || t, tʰ|| || || |k, kʰ||ʔ
|-
! Affricates
| || ts || tʃ || || || |
|-
! Fricatives
| || s, z || ʃ || || || |h
|-
! Approximants
| w || ɹ, l || || j
|
|
|}

==Morphology==
1) Chungli ao is an [[agglutinative language]] where the verbs lack person and number marking. For example:

PREFIX – STEM -LEXICAL SUFFIX – DERIV. SUFFIX – INFLEC. SUFFIX
me- NEG -maʔ ‘completely’ -tsɨʔ BEN -tsɨ IRR
te- PROH -et ‘persistently’ -tep RECIP -əɹ PRES
etc. etc. etc.

This applies for both finite and non-finite forms of the verb.

2) The following table shows the case marking present in Chungli Ao.<ref name=":0" />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px; height: 200px;"
|+ Case marking
|-
! ×
! [[Grammatical agent|Agentive case]]
! [[Instrumental|Instrumental case]]
! [[Allative|Allative case]]
! [[Ablative|Ablative case]]
! [[Locative|Locative case]]
|-
| || i || i || i || nuŋi ||nuŋ
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}
{{Kuki-Chin–Naga languages}}
{{Languages of Northeast India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chungli Ao Language}}
[[Category:Ao languages]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Languages of Nagaland]]

Chungli Ao language - Revision history

UpdateBot: robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)

>Fdom5997: /* Phonology */