2402:3A80:CA7:DA1F:E2C1:16F7:9155:FE1A: /* Conversion of Catholic Gaudas */Undid vandalism of previous edit. Masurkar was not asked by the Hindu Brahmins to target the Goan Catholics descended from Brahmin converts, only those from Gauda converts. Hindu Gaudas were also not involved in his actions.

2021-06-28T15:55:33Z

Conversion of Catholic Gaudas: Undid vandalism of previous edit. Masurkar was not asked by the Hindu Brahmins to target the Goan Catholics descended from Brahmin converts, only those from Gauda converts. Hindu Gaudas were also not involved in his actions.

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{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2014}}
[[File:Churcholdgoa (64).JPG|thumb|Chapel of St. Catherine, built in [[Old Goa]] during Portuguese rule. It should not to be confused with the Cathedral of Santa Catarina, also in Old Goa.]]

The indigenous population of the erstwhile Portuguese colony of [[Goa]] underwent a large-scale conversion to [[Christianity]] after its [[Portuguese Conquest of Goa (1510)|conquest]] by [[Portugal]], led by [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] in 1510. After conversion to [[Roman Catholicism]], they were granted Portuguese citizenship.<ref>{{harvnb|Holm|1989|p=286}}</ref> Almost all present-day [[Goan Catholics]] are descendants of these local converts to the religion. They constitute the largest Christian community in Goa and account for 25 per cent of the total Catholic population in India.<ref>{{harvnb|de Mendonça|2002|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Mh3kKf0VSfQC&pg=PA55#v=onepage&q&f=true 55]}}</ref> Many [[Mangalorean Catholics]] and [[Karwari Catholics]] in [[Karnataka]] are also descended from Goan converts.<ref>{{harvnb|Prabhu|1999|p=154}}</ref> [[East Indian Catholic]]s of northern [[Konkan division|Konkan]] districts and Christians of [[Daman District, India|Damaon]] also have some Goan ancestry and interaction, [[East Indians]] were formerly Portuguese citizens until [[Bombay]] was handed over as a royal dowry to the [[British East India Company]] by the Portuguese Viceroyalty.

==Conversion to Christianity==
The first converts to Christianity in Goa were native Goan women who married Portuguese men that arrived with Afonso de Albuquerque during the [[Portuguese conquest of Goa]] in 1510.<ref>{{cite book
|first=Roger
|last=Crowley
|year=2015
|title=Conquerors: How Portugal Forged the First Global Empire
|publisher=Faber & Faber
|location=London}}</ref>
[[File:Codice Casanatense Portuguese Nobleman and Christian Indian.jpg|thumb|Christian maidens of Goa meeting a Portuguese nobleman seeking a wife, from the [[Códice Casanatense]] (c. 1540)]]
During the mid-16th century, the city of [[Velha Goa|Goa]], was the center of [[Christianization]] in the East.<ref>{{harvnb|de Mendonça|2002|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Mh3kKf0VSfQC&pg=PA67#v=onepage&q&f=true 67]}}</ref> Christianization in Goa was largely limited to the four ''[[concelho]]s'' (districts) of [[Bardez]], [[Mormugao]], [[Salcette]], and [[Tiswadi]].<ref>{{harvnb|Borges|Stubbe|2000|p=304}}</ref> Furthermore, evangelisation activities were divided in 1555 by the Portuguese viceroy of Goa, [[Pedro Mascarenhas]].<ref name="Meersman"/> He allotted [[Bardez]] to the [[Franciscans]], [[Tiswadi]] to the [[Dominican Order|Dominicans]], and [[Salcette]], together with fifteen southeastern villages of Tiswadi, including [[Chorão (Island)|Chorão]] and [[Divar]], to the [[Jesuits]].<ref name="Meersman"/> The city of [[Old Goa]] was shared among all, since all the religious orders had their headquarters there.<ref name="Meersman">{{harvnb|Meersman|1971|p=107}}</ref> Prior to that, the Franciscans alone christianized Goa till 1542.<ref>{{harvnb|de Mendonça|2002|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Mh3kKf0VSfQC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=true 80]}}</ref> Other less active orders that maintained a presence in Goa were the [[Augustines]], [[Carmelites]], and [[Theatines]].<ref>{{harvnb|Prabhu|1999|p=111}}</ref>
[[File:Saint Francis Xavier taking leave of King John III (1635) - José Avelar Rebelo.png|thumb|right|250px|Jesuit missionary [[Francis Xavier]] taking leave of [[John III of Portugal]] before his departure to Goa in 1541, by [[José de Avelar Rebelo|Avelar Rebelo]] (1635)]]
The first mass conversions took place among the [[Brahmin]]s of Divar, and the [[Kshatriya]]s of [[Karmali|Carambolim]].<ref name="Divar">{{harvnb|Gomes|1987|p=64}}</ref> In Bardez, Mangappa Shenoy of [[Pilerne]] was the first Hindu to convert to Christianity in 1555, adopting the name Pero Ribeiro and thus becoming the first Christian of Bardez.<ref name="rib">{{harvnb|Mascarenhas|2008|loc=|Ref=cun}}</ref> His conversion was followed by that of his brother Panduranga and his uncle Balkrishna Shenoy, who is the direct patrilineal ancestor of Goan historian [[José Gerson da Cunha]].<ref name="rib"/> In Salcette, [[Raia (village)|Raia]] was the first village to have been Christianised, when its populace was converted ''en masse'' to Christianity in 1560.<ref>{{harvnb|Prabhu|1999|p=101}}</ref>
[[File:India - Goa - 006 - The Se Cathedral (342066113).jpg|thumb|left|A view of the [[Se Cathedral]]]]
In 1534, Goa was made a [[diocese]] and in 1557 an [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Goa and Daman|archdiocese]]. The Archbishop of Goa was the most important ecclesiastic of the East, and was from 1572 called the "Primate of the East".<ref>{{harvnb|Padinjarekutt|2005|p=99}}</ref> The Portuguese rulers implemented state policies encouraging and even rewarding conversions among [[Hindu]] subjects, it would be false to ascribe the large number of conversions to force. The rapid rise of converts in Goa was mostly the result of Portuguese economic and political control over the Hindus, who were vassals of the Portuguese crown.<ref>{{harvnb|de Mendonça|2002|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Mh3kKf0VSfQC&pg=PA397#v=onepage&q&f=true 397]}}</ref>

===Name changes===
The process of Christianization was simultaneously accompanied by Lusitanisation, as the Christian converts typically assumed a Portuguese veneer.<ref name="ChandrappaNaik"/> The most visible aspect was the discarding of old Konkani Hindu names for new Portuguese Catholic names at the time of [[Baptism]].<ref name="ChandrappaNaik"/> The 1567 Provincial Council of Goa—under the presidency of the first Archbishop of Goa [[Gaspar Jorge de Leão Pereira]] and after his retirement under that of George Themudo, Bishop of [[Cochin]]—passed over 115 decrees.<ref name="VittuPrabhu"/> One of them declared that the Goan Catholics would henceforth not be permitted to use their former Hindu names.<ref name="VittuPrabhu">{{harvnb|de Sousa|2011|p=69}}</ref>

The converts typically adopted the surnames of the Portuguese priest, governor, soldier or layman who stood as godfather for their [[baptism]] ceremony.<ref name="ChandrappaNaik">{{harvnb|Prabhu|1999|p=133}}</ref> For instance, the ''Boletim do Instituto Vasco da Gama'' lists the new names of some of the prominent ''ganvkars'' ([[Konkani language|Konkani]]: Freeholders). Rama Prabhu, son of Dado Vithal Prabhu from [[Benaulim]], [[Salcette]], became Francisco Fernandes; Mahabal Pai, son of Nara Pai, became Manuel Fernandes in 1596. Mahabal Kamati of [[Curtorim]] became Aleisco Menezes in 1607, while Chandrappa Naik of Gandaulim became António Dias in 1632. In 1595 Vittu Prabhu became Irmão de Diogo Soares and the son of Raulu Kamat became Manuel Pinto in [[Aldona]], [[Bardez]]. Ram Kamat of Punola became Duarte Lobo in 1601, while Tados Irmaose of [[Anjuna]] became João de Souza in 1658.<ref>{{harvnb|Kudva|1972|p=359}}</ref>

Since in many cases, family members were not necessarily baptised at the same time, this would lead to them having different surnames.<ref name="Rangel"/> For instance in 1594, the son of Pero Parras, a ''ganvkar'' from Raia acquired at baptism the new name of Sebastião Barbosa. Later in 1609, another of his sons converted and took the name of João Rangel.<ref name="Rangel"/> As a result, members of the same ''vangodd'' (clan) who initially all shared a common Hindu surname ended up adopting divergent Lusitanian ones.<ref name="Rangel">{{harvnb|do Carmo Costa|2006|p=12}} ''"Um fenómeno curioso aconteceu neste processo de conversão: por vezes, irmãos e pais convertidos, ou em momentos diferentes, ou por terem padrinhos diferentes, acabaram por adoptar apelidos diferentes. A título de exemplo, encontra-se numa escritura de 1594, como gancar da aldeia da Raia, Sebastião Barbosa, filho de Pero Parras; e num outro documento, de 1609, João Rangel, também gancar, filho do mesmo Pero Parras. Dois irmãos, um Rangel e um Barbosa, ambos filhos de um Parras."'' ("A curious thing happened in this process of conversion: sometimes siblings and parents converted, or at different times, or having different sponsors, and ended up adopting different last names. For example, there is a deed of 1594, when a ''ganvkar'' (villager) of Raia, Sebastião Barbosa, shows up as the son of Pero Parras. In another document, in 1609, João Rangel, also a ''ganvkar'' (villager), turns out to be the son of the same Pero Parras. Two brothers, one a Rangel and one a Barbosa, both sons of a Parras!")</ref>

==Impact of Christianity on the caste system==
However, the converted Hindus retained [[Konkani]] as their mother tongue and their [[Caste system in India|caste status]] even after becoming Christian. Based on their previous caste affiliations, the new converts were usually lumped into new Catholic castes. All Brahmin subcastes ([[Goud Saraswat Brahmins]], [[Padye]]s, [[Daivadnya]]s), goldsmiths and even some rich merchants, were lumped into the Christian caste of ''[[Roman Catholic Brahmin|Bamonns]]'' (Konkani: Brahmins).<ref name="Bamonn">{{harvnb|Gune|Goa, Daman and Diu (India). Gazetteer Dept|1979|p=238}}</ref> The converts from the [[Kshatriya]] and [[Vaishya Vani]] castes became lumped together as ''[[Roman Catholic Kshatriya|Chardos]]'' (Kshatriyas)<ref name="Bamonn"/> and those [[Vaishyas]] who didn't become ''Chardos'' formed a new caste ''Gauddos''.<ref>{{harvnb|Gomes|1987|p=78}}</ref> The converts from all the lower castes were grouped together as ''Sudirs'', equivalent to [[Shudra]]s.<ref>{{harvnb|e Sá|1997|p=255}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Muthukumaraswamy|University of Madras. Dept. of Anthropology|National Folklore Support Centre (India)|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=lC6FCZ9VcaAC&pg=PA63#v=onepage&q&f=false 63]}}</ref> The ''Bamonns'', ''Chardos'', and ''Gauddos'' have been traditionally seen as the high castes in the Goan Catholic caste hierarchy.<ref>{{harvnb|Gomes|1987|p=79}}</ref>

===Persistence of the caste system===
[[File:Christian shrine outside Sarzora Village, Goa, India.jpg|thumb|left|A typical white ''Sant Khuris'' (''[[Christian cross|Holy Cross]]''), of a Goan Catholic family, constructed in the style of [[Portuguese architecture]]]]

The Portuguese attempted to abolish caste discrimination among the local converts and homogenise them into a single entity.<ref>{{harvnb|Boxer|1963|p=75}}</ref> Caste consciousness among the native converts was so intense that they even maintained separate Church [[Confraternity|confraternities]]. In church circles, the ''Bamonn'' and ''Chardo'' converts were rivals and frequently discriminated against each other.<ref>{{harvnb|de Souza|1994|p=144}}</ref> Caste discrimination even extended to the clergy. However, some non-''Bamonn'' priests did achieve distinction. The Portuguese church authorities decided to recruit ''Gauddo'' and ''Sudir'' converts into the priesthood, to offset the increasing hostilities of the ''Bamonn'' and ''Chardo'' clerics.<ref name="Gauddo">{{harvnb|de Souza|1989|p=71}}</ref> The church authorities initially used these native priests as Konkani interpreters in their parishes and missions.<ref name="Gauddo"/>

==Discrimination against native Christians==
Since the 1510 conquest, the Portuguese had been intermarrying with the natives and created a ''Mestiço'' class in Goa that followed Portuguese culture. The Portuguese also desired a similar complete integration of the native Christians into Portuguese culture.<ref name="Fernandes"/> The retention of the caste system and Hindu customs by the converts was contemptuously looked down upon by the Portuguese, who desired complete assimilation of the native Christians into their own culture. <ref name="Fernandes">{{harvnb|Pinto|1999|pp=141–144}}</ref>

Some Portuguese clergy bore racial prejudices against their Goan counterparts.<ref name="Colvale"/> In their letters, they made frequent references to the fact that the native clergy were dark skinned, and that the parishioners had no respect for them as a result.<ref name="Colvale"/> The Franciscan parish priest of Colvale Church, Frei António de Encarnação, excommunicated for striking a Goan assistant, wrote a bitter and virulent essay against the native clergy wherein he called them ' ''negros chamados curas'' ' ({{lang-pt|blacks called curates}}) and termed them as 'perverse' and 'insolent'.<ref name="Colvale"/> The Franciscans further expanded on the viceregal decree of 1606 regarding making the natives literate in Portuguese to qualify for the priesthood.<ref name="Colvale">{{harvnb|de Souza|1989|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ruTu9oaUgUgC&pg=PA77#v=onepage&q&f=true 77]}}</ref> However, the Archbishop of Goa Ignacio de Santa Theresa is known to have respected the native Goan clerics more than the Portuguese ones, whom he considered to be insolent and overbearing.<ref name="Colvale"/>

==Conversion of Catholic Gaudas==
In the late 1920s, prominent Goan Hindu Brahmins maliciously requested Vinayak Maharaj Masurkar, the prelate of a [[Vaishnava]] [[ashram]] in [[Masur, India|Masur]], [[Satara district]]; to actively campaign for the 're-conversion' of Catholic Gaudas to Hinduism.<ref name="Masurkar"/> Masurkar accepted, and together with his disciples, subsequently toured Gauda villages singing devotional ''[[bhakti]]'' songs and performing ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]s''.<ref name="Masurkar"/> These means led a considerable number of Catholic Gaudas to declare willingness to come into the Hindu fold, and a ''[[Shuddhi (Hinduism)|Shuddhi]]'' ceremony was carefully prepared.<ref name="Masurkar">{{harvnb|Kreinath|Hartung|Deschner|2004|p=163}}</ref> Their efforts was met with success when on 23 February 1928, many Catholic [[Gauda and Kunbi|Gauda]]s were converted ''en masse'' to Hinduism in a ''Shuddhi'' ceremony, notwithstanding the vehement opposition of the Roman Catholic Church and the Portuguese authorities.<ref name="shuddhi">{{harvnb|Ghai|1990|p=103}}</ref> As part of their new religious identity, the converts were given Hindu names. However, the Portuguese government refused to grant them legal permission to change their names.<ref name="opo">{{harvnb|Ralhan|1998|pp=304–305}}</ref> Around 4,851 Catholic Gaudas from [[Tiswadi]], 2,174 from [[Ponda, Goa|Ponda]], 250 from [[Bicholim]] and 329 from [[Sattari]] became Hindus in this ceremony. The total number of Gauda converts was 7,815.<ref name="godbole">{{harvnb|Godbole|2010|pp=61–66}}</ref> The existing Hindu Gauda community refused to accept these neo-Hindus back into their fold because their Catholic ancestors had not maintained caste purity, and the neo-Hindus were now alienated by their former Catholic coreligionists.<ref>{{harvnb|Shirodkar|Mandal|Anthropological Survey of India|1993|p=23}}</ref> These neo-Hindus developed into a separate endogamous community, and are now referred to as ''Nav-Hindu Gaudas'' (New Hindu Gaudas).<ref name="Gauda">{{harvnb|Centre national de la recherche scientifique (France)|Comissão Nacional para as Comemorações dos Descobrimentos Portugueses|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=e-0qpQGi0R4C&pg=PA458#v=onepage&q&f=false 458]}}</ref>

==Decline of Christianity==
The percentage of the Christian population of Goa has been facing a continual decline since the [[Annexation of Goa]] not due to loss of faith, but due to mass immigration from other states of India.

As per the 1909 statistics in the Catholic Encyclopedia, the total Catholic population was 293,628 out of a total population 365,291 (80.33%).<ref>{{cite book
|chapter=Archdiocese of Goa
|author=Ernest Hull
|title=Catholic Encyclopedia, Vol. 6
|date=1909
|publisher=Robert Appleton Company
|location=New York}}</ref>

In 2011, 66% (963,877 individuals) of Goa residents were Hindu and 25% (366,130 individuals) were Christians.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population by Religious Community - 2011 |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW30C-01%20MDDS.XLS |url-status=live |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=}}</ref>

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book
|title=Conquerors: How Portugal Forged the First Global Empire
|author=Roger Crowley
|publisher=Faber and Faber
|location=London
|date=2015
}}
* {{cite book
|title=The Christianisation of the Goa Islands 1510-1567
|author=Anthony D’Costa
|publisher=Heras Institute
|location=Bombay
|date=1965
}}

==See also==

*[[Christianity in Goa]]
*[[Christianity in India]]
*[[Conspiracy of the Pintos]]
*[[Cuncolim Massacre]]
*[[Goa Inquisition]]

==Citations==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
{{refbegin|2}}
*{{Cite book
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|first2=Hannes
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|first1=Charles J.
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|editor1-last=Borges
|editor1-first=Charles J.
|title=Goa and Portugal: history and development
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=diISslZgIAkC
|publisher=Concept Publishing Company
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|isbn=978-81-7022-867-7
|access-date=14 March 2012
}}
*{{Cite document
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|editor1-last=Centre national de la recherche scientifique (France)
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}}.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Christianization Of Goa}}
[[Category:Colonial Goa]]
[[Category:Christianity in Goa]]
[[Category:Christianization|Goa]]
[[Category:Religious conversion in India]]
[[Category:Social history of Goa]]
[[Category:16th-century Christianity]]
[[Category:16th century in Portuguese India]]

Christianization of Goa - Revision history

imported>MarceloCoode04 at 14:36, 4 January 2026

2402:3A80:CA7:DA1F:E2C1:16F7:9155:FE1A: /* Conversion of Catholic Gaudas */Undid vandalism of previous edit. Masurkar was not asked by the Hindu Brahmins to target the Goan Catholics descended from Brahmin converts, only those from Gauda converts. Hindu Gaudas were also not involved in his actions.