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{{Short description|Plateau of India}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Chota Nagpur Plateau
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| photo = Chiraundi - Ranchi 8709.JPG
| photo_caption = Landscape in Chiraundi village of Morabadi, [[Ranchi]].
| map =
| map_image = Ecoregion IM0203.svg
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| map_caption = Map of the Chota Nagpur [[ecoregion]]
| location = [[Jharkhand]], [[Bihar]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Odisha]] and [[West Bengal]]
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| elevation_m = 1,350
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| language = [[Sadri language|Nagpuri]]
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| coordinates = {{coord|23|21|N|85|20|E|display=inline,title}}
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The '''Chota Nagpur Plateau''' is a [[plateau]] in eastern India, which covers much of [[Jharkhand]] state as well as adjacent parts of [[Bihar]], [[Odisha]], [[West Bengal]] and [[Chhattisgarh]]. The [[Indo-Gangetic plain]] lies to the north and east of the plateau, and the basin of the [[Mahanadi]] river lies to the south. The total area of the Chota Nagpur Plateau is approximately {{convert|65000|km2}}.<ref name=maps>{{cite web |url = http://www.mapsofindia.com/chhattisgarh/geography/chhota-nagpur-plateau.html |title = Chhota Nagpur Plateau |publisher = mapsofindia |access-date = 2010-05-02 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090917115436/http://www.mapsofindia.com/chhattisgarh/geography/chhota-nagpur-plateau.html |archive-date = 2009-09-17 }}</ref>

==Etymology==
The name ''Nagpur'' is probably taken from [[Nagvanshi dynasty|Nagavanshi]]s, who ruled in this part of the country. ''Chhota'' (''small'' in Hindi) is the misunderstood name of "Chuita" village in the outskirts of [[Ranchi]], which has the remains of an old fort belonging to the Nagavanshis.<ref name=houlton>Sir John Houlton, ''Bihar, the Heart of India'', pp. 127-128, Orient Longmans, 1949.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334291170_CHOTA_NAGPUR_A_NOMENCLATURE_IN_CONTRADICTION|title=CHOTA NAGPUR: A NOMENCLATURE IN CONTRADICTION|website=researchgate}}</ref>

==Formation==
[[File:Damodar River in its upper reaches.jpg|thumb|270px|The [[Damodar River]] flows through Chota Nagpur Plateau]]
The Chota Nagpur Plateau is a continental plateau—an extensive area of land thrust above the general land. The plateau has been formed by continental uplift from forces acting deep inside the earth.<ref name=yashplasingh>{{Cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=-JtQE2FmsIkC&q=Ranchi+plateau&pg=PA107 | title = Geography By Yash Pal Singh | isbn = 9788189611859 |access-date = 2010-05-02 }}</ref> The [[Gondwana]] substrates attest to the plateau's ancient origin. It is part of the Deccan Plate, which broke free from the southern continent during the [[Cretaceous]] to embark on a 50-million-year journey that was interrupted by the collision with the Eurasian continent. The northeastern part of the [[Deccan Plateau]], where this ecoregion sits, was the first area of contact with Eurasia.<ref name=ecoregion>{{cite web|url = http://www.eoearth.org/article/Chhota-Nagpur_dry_deciduous_forests | title = Chhota-Nagpur dry deciduous forests |publisher = The Encyclopaedia of Earth |access-date = 2010-05-02 }}</ref>

==Divisions==
The Chota Nagpur Plateau consists of three steps. The highest step is in the western part of the plateau, where ''pats'' as a plateau is locally called, are {{convert|3000|to|3500|ft|m|order=flip}} above sea level. The highest point is {{convert|3819|ft|m|order=flip}}. The next part contains larger portions of the old Ranchi and Hazaribagh districts and some parts of old Palamu district, before these were broken up into smaller administrative units. The general height is {{convert|2000|ft|m|order=flip}}. The topography in undulating with prominent gneissic hills, often dome-like in outline. The lowest step of the plateau is at an average level of around {{convert|1000|ft|m|order=flip}}. It covers the old Manbhum and Singhbhum districts. High hills are a striking part of this section – [[Parasnath Hills]] rise to a height of {{convert|4480|ft|m|order=flip}} and [[Dalma Hills]] to {{convert|3407|ft|m|order=flip}}.<ref name=houlton/> The large plateau is subdivided into several small plateaux or sub plateaux.

===Pat region===
The western plateau with an average elevation of {{convert|1000|m}} above mean sea level merges into the plateau of the [[Surguja district]] of Chhattisgarh. The flat topped plateau, locally known as ''pats'' are characterized by level surface and accordance of their summit levels shows they are part of one large plateau.<ref>{{Cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pzuBxr3AFp4C&q=Pat+region+Ranchi+plateau&pg=PA212 | title = Perspectives in geomorphology By Hari Shanker Sharma |access-date = 2010-05-02 | last1 = Sharma | first1 = Hari Shanker | year = 1982 }}</ref> Examples include Netarhat Pat, Jamira Pat, Khamar Pat, Rudni Pat and others. The area is also referred to as Western Ranchi Plateau. It is believed to be composed of [[Deccan Traps|Deccan basalt]] lava.<ref name=overview>{{cite web |url =http://jharenvis.nic.in/files/State%20Of%20Jharkhand-Overview.pdf |title =Jharkhand Overview |access-date =2010-05-02 |url-status =dead |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20090410035843/http://jharenvis.nic.in/files/State%20Of%20Jharkhand-Overview.pdf |archive-date =2009-04-10 }}</ref>

===Ranchi Plateau===
[[File:Dassam falls.jpg|thumb|270px|Dassam falls in the plateau]]
The Ranchi Plateau is the largest part of the Chota Nagpur Plateau. The elevation of the plateau surface in this part is about {{convert|700|m|ft|abbr=on}} and gradually slopes down towards south-east into the hilly and undulating region of Singhbhum (earlier the Singhbhum district or what is now the [[Kolhan division]]).<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Effects+of+Urbanisation+on+ground+water+in+Ranchi.-a0222519725 | title = Effects of Urbanisation on ground water in Ranchi. |access-date = 2010-05-02 }}</ref> The plateau is highly dissected. The [[Damodar River]] originates here and flows through a [[rift valley]].<ref name=yashplasingh/> To the north it is separated from the Hazaribagh plateau by the Damodar trough.<ref name=overview/> To the west is a group of plateaux called ''pat''.<ref name=yashplasingh/>

There are many waterfalls at the edges of the Ranchi plateau where rivers coming from over the plateau surface form waterfalls when they descend through the precipitous escarpments of the plateau and enter the area of significantly lower elevation. The [[North Karo River]] has formed the {{convert|17|m|ft|adj=on|abbr=on}} high Pheruaghaugh Falls at the southern margin of the Ranchi plateau. Such falls are called scarp falls. [[Hundru Falls]] (75 m) on the [[Subarnarekha River]] near Ranchi, [[Dassam Falls]] (39.62 m) on the Kanchi River, east of Ranchi, [[Sadni Falls]] (60 m) on the Sankh River (Ranchi plateau) are examples of scarp falls. Sometimes waterfalls of various dimensions are formed when tributary streams join the master stream from great heights forming hanging valleys. At [[Rajrappa]] (10 m), the Bhera River coming over from the Ranchi Plateau hangs above the Damodar River at its point of confluence with the latter. The [[Jonha Falls]] (25.9 m) is another example of this category of falls. The Gunga River hangs over its master stream, the Raru River (to the east of Ranchi city) and forms the said falls.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T1Y_Ytx9wp4C&q=Ranchi+plateau&pg=PA161 |title=Physical Geography: Hydrosphere By K. Bharadwaj |isbn=9788183561679 |access-date=2010-05-02 |last1=Bharatdwaj |first1=K. |year=2006 }}</ref>

===Hazaribagh Plateau===
The Hazaribagh plateau is often subdivided into two parts – the ''higher plateau'' and the ''lower plateau''. Here the higher plateau is referred to as Hazaribagh plateau and the lower plateau as Koderma plateau. The Hazaribagh plateau on which [[Hazaribagh|Hazaribagh town]] is built is about {{convert|40|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} east by west and {{convert|15|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} north by south with an average elevation of {{convert|2000|ft|m|order=flip|abbr=on}}. The north-eastern and southern faces are mostly abrupt; but to the west it narrows and descends slowly in the neighbourhood of Simaria and Jabra where it curves to the south and connects with the Ranchi Plateau through Tori pargana.<ref name=lister>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ROvfeX34PAC&q=Hazaribagh+plateau&pg=PA44 |title=Hazaribagh By Edward Lister |isbn=9781115792776 |access-date=2010-05-02 |last1=Lister |first1=Edward |date=October 2009 }}</ref> It is generally separated from the Ranchi plateau by the Damodar trough.<ref name=overview/>

The western portion of Hazaribagh plateau constitutes a broad watershed between the [[Damodar River|Damodar]] drainage on the south and the [[Lilajan River|Lilajan]] and [[Mohana River|Mohana]] rivers on the north. The highest hills in this area are called after the villages of Kasiatu, Hesatu and Hudu, and rise fronting the south {{convert|600|ft|m|order=flip|abbr=on}} above the general level of the plateau. Further east along the southern face a long spur projects right up to the Damodar river where it ends in Aswa Pahar, elevation {{convert|2465|ft|m|order=flip}}. At the south-eastern corner of the plateau is Jilinga Hill at {{convert|3057|ft|m|order=flip}}. Mahabar Jarimo at {{convert|2185|ft|m|order=flip|abbr=on}} and Barsot at {{convert|2180|ft|m|order=flip|abbr=on}} stand in isolation to the east, and on the north-west edge of the plateau Sendraili at {{convert|2210|ft|m|order=flip|abbr=on}} and [[Mahuda]] at {{convert|2409|ft|m|order=flip|abbr=on}} are the most prominent features. Isolated on the plateau, in the neighbourhood of Hazaribagh town are four hills of which the highest Chendwar rises to {{convert|2810|ft|m|order=flip|abbr=on}}. On all sides it has an exceedingly abrupt scarp, modified only on the south-east. In the south it falls almost sheer in a swoop of {{convert|2200|ft|m|order=flip|abbr=on}} to the bed of [[Bokaro River]], below Jilinga Hill. Seen from the north the edge of this plateau has the appearance of a range of hills,<ref name=lister/> at the foot of which (on the Koderma plateau) runs the [[Grand Trunk Road]] and [[National Highway 2 (India, old numbering)|NH 2]] (new [[National Highway 19 (India)|NH19]]).

===Koderma Plateau===
The Koderma plateau is also referred to as the Hazaribagh lower plateau<ref name=lister/><ref>{{cite web |url = http://nrdms.gov.in/acquifer_geometry.asp |title = Natural Resources Data Management System |publisher = Ministry of Science and Technology, Govt. of India |access-date = 2010-05-02 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100925044956/http://nrdms.gov.in/acquifer_geometry.asp |archive-date = 2010-09-25 |url-status = dead }}</ref> or as the Chauparan-Koderma-Girighi sub-plateau.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.jharkhandforest.com/files/Hazaribagh_Introduction.pdf |title = Forest Resources Survey, Hazaribagh 2004 |access-date = 2010-05-02 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141028111157/http://www.jharkhandforest.com/files/Hazaribagh_Introduction.pdf |archive-date = 2014-10-28 }}</ref>

The northern face of the Koderma plateau, elevated above the plains of Bihar, has the appearance of a range of hills, but in reality it is the edge of a plateau, {{convert|800|ft|m|order=flip}} from the level of the Gaya plain. Eastward this northern edge forms a well-defined watershed between heads of the tributaries of [[Gaya district|Gaya]] and those of the [[Barakar River]], which traverses the [[Koderma district|Koderma]] and [[Giridih district|Giridih]] districts in an easterly direction. The slope of this plateau to the east is uniform and gentle and is continued past the river, which bears to the south-east, into the Santhal Parganas and gradually disappears in the lower plains of Bengal. The western boundary of the plateau is formed by the deep bed of the [[Lilajan River]].The southern boundary consists of the face of the higher plateau, as far as its eastern extremity, where for some distance a low and undistinguished watershed runs eastward to the western spurs of [[Parasnath Hills]]. The drainage to the south of this low line passes by the [[Jamunia River]] to the Damodar.<ref name=lister/>

===Damodar trough===
The Damodar basin forms a trough between the Ranchi and Hazaribagh plateaux resulting from enormous fractures at their present edges, which caused the land between to sink to a great depth and incidentally preserved from denudation by the Karanpura, Ramgarh and Bokaro coalfields. The northern boundary of the Damodar valley is steep as far as the south eastern corner of the Hazaribagh plateau. On the south of the trough the Damodar keeps close to the edge of the Ranchi plateau till it has passed Ramgarh, after which a turn to the north-east leaves on the right hand a wide and level valley on which the [[Subarnarekha River|Subarnarekha]] begins to intrude, south of Gola till the Singhpur Hills divert it to the south. Further to the east the Damodar River passes tamely into the Manbhum sector of lowest step of the Chota Nagpur plateau.<ref name=lister/>

===Palamu===
The [[Palamu division]] generally lies at a lower height than the surrounding areas of Chota Nagpur Plateau. On the east the Ranchi plateau intrudes into the division and the southern part of the division merges with the Pat region. On the west are the Surguja highlands of Chhattishgarh and Sonbhadra district of Uttar Pradesh. The [[Son River]] touches the north-western corner of the division and then forms the state boundary for about {{convert|45|mi|km|order=flip}}. The general system of the area is a series of parallel ranges of hills running east and west through which the [[North Koel River]] passes. The hills in the south are the highest in the area, and the picturesque and isolated cup-like Chhechhari valley is surrounded by lofty hills on every side. [[Lodh Falls]] drops from a height of {{convert|150|m}} from these hills, making it the highest waterfall on the Chota Nagpur Plateau. [[Netarhat]] and Pakripat plateaux are physiographically part of the Pat region.<ref>Sir John Houlton, p. 159</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.palamu.nic.in/gazette/general_gazette.doc|title = Gazetteer of Palamu District|access-date = 2010-05-04|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110721172839/http://www.palamu.nic.in/gazette/general_gazette.doc|archive-date = 2011-07-21|url-status = dead}}</ref>

===Manbhum-Singhbhum===
[[File:Joy chandi pahar.jpg|thumb|270px|Joychandi Pahar in [[Purulia district]] in [[West Bengal]]]]
In the lowest step of the Chota Nagpur Plateau, the Manbhum area covers the present [[Purulia district]] in [[West Bengal]], and [[Dhanbad district]] and parts of [[Bokaro district]] in Jharkhand, and the Singhbhum area broadly covers [[Kolhan division]] of Jharkhand. The Manbhum area has a general elevation of about {{convert|1000|ft|m|order=flip}} and it consists of undulating land with scattered hills – Baghmundi and Ajodhya range, Panchakot and the hills around Jhalda are the prominent ones.<ref>Sir John Houlton, p. 170</ref> Adjacent [[Geography of Bankura district|Bankura district]] of West Bengal has been described as the “connecting link between the plains of Bengal on the east and Chota Nagpur plateau on the west.”<ref>O’Malley, L.S.S., ICS, ''Bankura'', Bengal District Gazetteers, pp. 1-20, 1995 reprint, Government of West Bengal</ref> The same could be said of the [[Asansol subdivision|Asansol]] and [[Durgapur subdivision|Durgapur]] subdivisions of [[Bardhaman district]].

The Singhbhum area contains much more hilly and broken country. The whole of the western part is a mass of hill ranges rising to {{convert|3000|ft|m|order=flip}} in the south-west. Jamshedpur sits on an open plateau, {{convert|400|to|800|ft|m|order=flip}} above mean sea level, with a higher plateau to the south of it. The eastern part is mostly hilly, though near the borders of West Bengal it flattens out into an alluvial plain.<ref>Sir John Houlton, p. 165</ref> In the Singhbhum area, there are hills alternating with valleys, steep mountains, deep forests on the mountain slopes, and, in the river basins, some stretches of comparatively level or undulating country. The centre of the area consists of an upland plateau enclosed by hill ranges. This strip, extending from the Subarnarekha River on the east to the Angarbira range to the west of Chaibasa, is a very fertile area. [[Saranda forest]] is reputed to have the best Sal forests in Asia.<ref name=forest>{{cite web |url = http://www.jharkhandforest.com/files/Chaibasa_Introduction.pdf |title = The West Singhbhum District |access-date = 2010-04-20 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110713104524/http://www.jharkhandforest.com/files/Chaibasa_Introduction.pdf |archive-date = 2011-07-13 }}
</ref>

==Climate==
The Chota Nagpur Plateau has an attractive climate. For five to six months of the year, from October onward the days are sunny and bracing. The mean temperature in December is {{convert|73|F|C|order=flip}}. The nights are cool and temperatures in winter may drop below freezing point in many places. In April and May the day temperature may cross {{convert|100|F|C|order=flip}} but it is very dry and not sultry as in the adjacent plains. The rainy season (June to September) is pleasant.<ref>Sir John Houlton, p. 126</ref> The Chota Nagpur Plateau receives an annual average rainfall of around {{convert|1400|mm|in}}, which is less than the rainforested areas of much of India and almost all of it in the [[monsoon]] months between June and August.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://envfor.nic.in/divisions/cltech/Damodar/1.1.htm | title = Damodar Valley | access-date = 2008-05-25 | work = About the Region – Damodar Basin | publisher = Ministry of Environments and Forests | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927182506/http://envfor.nic.in/divisions/cltech/Damodar/1.1.htm | archive-date = 2007-09-27 }}</ref>

==Ecology==
[[File:Sal (Shorea robusta)- new leaves with flower buds at Jayanti, Duars W Picture 120.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Sal tree]]s (''Shorea robusta'') are found in forests of Chota Nagpur Plateau]]
The ''Chota Nagpur dry deciduous forests'', a [[tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests]] [[ecoregion]], encompasses the plateau. The ecoregion has an area of {{convert|122100|km2|mi2}}, covering most of Jharkhand state and adjacent portions of Odisha, West Bengal, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh.

The ecoregion is drier than surrounding ones, including the [[Eastern Highlands moist deciduous forests]] that covers the [[Eastern Ghats]] and [[Satpura Range]] to the south, and the [[Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests]] in the lowlands to the east and north.

The plateau is covered with a variety of various habitats of which [[Shorea robusta|Sal]] forest is predominant. The plateau is home to the [[Palamau Tiger Reserve]] and other large blocks of natural habitat which are among the few remaining refuges left in India for large populations of [[tiger]] and [[Asian elephant]]s.<ref name=ecoregion/>

Forests range from dry to wet and reach up to {{convert|25|m|ft}} tall. The plateau is also swampy in some places and in other parts is covered with bamboo grasslands and shrubs such as ''[[Holarrhena]]'' and ''[[Dodonaea]]''. The flora of the plateau is distinct from the wetter parts of India that surround it and includes a number of endemic plants such as ''[[Aglaia haslettiana]]'' and endangered plant species including ''[[Madhuca longifolia]]'' and ''[[Butea monosperma]].''

Tigers, Asian elephants, [[four-horned antelope]] (''Tetracerus quadricornis''), [[blackbuck]] (''Antilope cervicapra''), [[chinkara]] (''Gazella bennettii''), [[dhole]] wild dog (''Cuon alpinus'') and [[sloth bear]] (''Melursus ursinus'') are some of the animals found here while birds include the threatened [[lesser florican]] (''Eupodotis indica''), [[Indian grey hornbill]] and other hornbills.

More than half of the natural forest on the plateau has been cleared for grazing land and the scale of the mining operations on the plateau is disturbing to the movement and therefore the survival of wildlife including elephants and tigers.

===Protected areas===
About 6 percent of the ecoregion's area is within protected areas, comprising {{convert|6720|km2|mi2}} in 1997. The largest are [[Palamau Tiger Reserve]] and [[Sanjay National Park]].<ref>Wikramanayake, Eric; Eric Dinerstein; Colby J. Loucks; et al. (2002). ''Terrestrial Ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: a Conservation Assessment.'' Island Press; [[Washington, DC]]. pp. 321-322</ref>

* [[Bhimbandh Wildlife Sanctuary]], Bihar (680 km2)
* [[Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary]], Jharkhand (630 km2)
* [[Gautam Buddha Wildlife Sanctuary]], Bihar (110 km2)
* [[Hazaribag Wildlife Sanctuary]], Jharkhand (450 km2)
* [[Koderma Wildlife Sanctuary]], Jharkhand (180 km2)
* [[Lawalong Wildlife Sanctuary]], Jharkhand (410 km2)
* [[Palamau tiger Reserve]], Jharkhand (1,330 km2)
* [[Ramnabagan Wildlife Sanctuary]], West Bengal (150 km2)
* [[Sanjay National Park]], Madhya Pradesh (1,020 km2, a portion of which is in the [[Narmada Valley dry deciduous forests]] ecoregion)
* [[Semarsot Wildlife Sanctuary]], Chhattisgarh (470 km2)
* [[Simlipal National Park]], Odisha (420 km2)
* [[Saptasajya Wildlife Sanctuary]], Odisha (20 km2)
* [[Tamor Pingla Wildlife Sanctuary]], Chhattisgarh (600 km2)
* [[Topchanchi Wildlife Sanctuary]], Jharkhand (40 km2)

==Mineral resources==
Chota Nagpur plateau is a store house of mineral resources such as [[mica]], [[bauxite]], [[copper]], [[limestone]], [[iron ore]] and [[coal]].<ref name=yashplasingh/> The Damodar valley is rich in coal and it is considered as the prime centre of [[Coke (fuel)|coking coal]] in the country. Massive coal deposits are found in the central basin spreading over {{convert|2883|km2|mi2}}. The important coalfields in the basin are [[Jharia]], [[Raniganj Coalfield|Raniganj]], [[West Bokaro Coalfield|West Bokaro]], [[East Bokaro Coalfield|East Bokaro]], [[Ramgarh Coalfield|Ramgarh]], [[South Karanpura Coalfield|South Karanpura]] and [[North Karanpura Coalfield|North Karanpura]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://envfor.nic.in/divisions/cltech/Damodar/2.4.htm |title=Mineral Resources and Coal Mining |access-date=2010-05-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815182912/http://envfor.nic.in/divisions/cltech/Damodar/2.4.htm |archive-date=2011-08-15 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Chota Nagpur Division]]
* [[Ecoregions of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
* Gupta, Satya Prakash. ''Tribes of Chotanagpur Plateau: An Ethno-Nutritional & Pharmacological Cross-Section''. Land and people of tribal Bihar series, no. 3. [Patna]: Govt. of Bihar, Welfare Dept, 1974.
* Icke-Schwalbe, Lydia. ''Die Munda und Oraon in Chota Nagpur - Geschichte, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft, Abhandlungen und Berichte des Staatlichen [[Museum für Völkerkunde Dresden]], Band 40; Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1983
* Mukhopadhyay, Subhash Chandra. ''Geomorphology of the Subarnarekha Basin: The Chota Nagpur Plateau, Eastern India''. [Burdwan]: University of Burdwan, 1980.
* Sinha, Birendra K. Light at the End of the Tunnel: A Journey Towards Fulfilment in the Chotanagpur Plateau : a Study in Dynamics of Social-Economic-Cultural-Administrative-Political Growth. [S.l: s.n, 1991.
* Sinha, V. N. P. Chota Nagpur Plateau: A Study in Settlement Geography. New Delhi: K.B. Publications, 1976.
* Chakrabarti D.K. (1994c). Archaeology of the Chhotanagpur plateau and the Bengal basin. In: J.M. Kenoyer (ed.), From Sumer to Meluhha: Contributions to the Archaeology of South and West Asia in Memory of George F. Dales Jr, Wisconsin Archaeological Report, Volume 3, pp. 253–259. Madison: Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin
* Goswami Prodipto (2020). Untold Story of Chota Nagpur: Its Journey with the Colonial Army 1767-1947. Chennai Notion: Press, 2020

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}
* {{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Chota Nagpur |volume=6 |page=272 |short=1}}

{{Ecoregions of India}}
{{GeoSouthAsia}}
{{Damodar Valley}}
{{Plateaus of India}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Chota Nagpur dry deciduous forests|.]]
[[Category:Plateaus of India]]
[[Category:Landforms of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Landforms of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Landforms of Odisha]]
[[Category:Ecoregions of India]]
[[Category:Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests]]
[[Category:Natural regions]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Jamshedpur]]

Chota Nagpur Plateau - Revision history

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