Chiru language - Revision history

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← Older revision		Revision as of 06:30, 7 April 2022
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	\|fam2=(Central Tibeto-Burman)		\|fam2=(Central Tibeto-Burman)
	\|fam3=[[~~Northwestern Kuki-Chin~~ languages\|~~Northwestern language~~]]		\|fam3=[[Southern Naga languages\|Southern Naga]]
	\|fam4=		\|fam4=
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	'''Chiru''' (''Naga'') is a [[~~Kuki-Chin-~~Naga languages]] spoken mostly in [[Manipur]]. The Chiru population numbers approximately 8,599. It is ~~one of the least documented and a highly~~ endangered ~~language~~ spoken in three districts of Manipur: [[Senapati district\|Senapati]], [[Noney district\|Noney]] district of Manipur and [[Cachar district\|Cachar]] district of Assam. Chiru has been recognized as a Scheduled Tribe of Manipur by the government of India since 1956 under "The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Orders (Amendment) Act, Act No. 63 of 1956" Dated 25 September 1956. The total population of the native speakers of Chiru is only 8599 (Census of India: 2011). The native speakers have high proficiency in [[Meitei language\|Meitei]]. The language is neither used in schools nor in radio or mass media. Older people read and write in Manipuri written in [[Bengali (script)\|Bengali script]], but the younger generation prefers [[Roman Script\|Roman script]].		'''Chiru''' (''Naga'') is a [[Southern Naga languages\|Southern Naga]] language spoken mostly in [[Manipur]]. The Chiru population numbers approximately 8,599. It is an endangered spoken in three districts of Manipur: [[Senapati district\|Senapati]], [[Noney district\|Noney]] district of Manipur and [[Cachar district\|Cachar]] district of Assam. Chiru has been recognized as a Scheduled Tribe of Manipur by the government of India since 1956 under "The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Orders (Amendment) Act, Act No. 63 of 1956" Dated 25 September 1956. The total population of the native speakers of Chiru is only 8599 (Census of India: 2011). The native speakers have high proficiency in [[Meitei language\|Meitei]]. The language is neither used in schools nor in radio or mass media. Older people read and write in Manipuri written in [[Bengali (script)\|Bengali script]], but the younger generation prefers [[Roman Script\|Roman script]].

	The Chirus are one of the earliest inhabitants of [[Manipur]] and [[Assam]]. Cheitharol Kumbaba, the Royal Chronicles of Manipur mentioned that King Meidingu Chalamba defeated the Chirus in 1554. This proves that the Chirus had settled in Manipur long before this period. It was also mentioned in the Royal Chronicles of Manipur that an incidence of Meitei King's incursion on Nungsai Chiru Village occurred on 22nd day of Wakching (December–January) 1729 during the reign of Maharaja Garibniwaz (Cheitharol Kumbaba: 1989:90). In spite of the considerably long period of their settlement in the two states (Manipur and Assam), the population of Chiru native speakers is shockingly very low. The growth rate of their population was extremely steady. This might be due to high mortality rate and low birth rate in the previous centuries.		The Chirus are one of the earliest inhabitants of [[Manipur]] and [[Assam]]. Cheitharol Kumbaba, the Royal Chronicles of Manipur mentioned that King Meidingu Chalamba defeated the Chirus in 1554. This proves that the Chirus had settled in Manipur long before this period. It was also mentioned in the Royal Chronicles of Manipur that an incidence of Meitei King's incursion on Nungsai Chiru Village occurred on 22nd day of Wakching (December–January) 1729 during the reign of Maharaja Garibniwaz (Cheitharol Kumbaba: 1989:90). In spite of the considerably long period of their settlement in the two states (Manipur and Assam), the population of Chiru native speakers is shockingly very low. The growth rate of their population was extremely steady. This might be due to high mortality rate and low birth rate in the previous centuries.
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	**[[Thoubal district]]: Waithou Chiru		**[[Thoubal district]]: Waithou Chiru
	**[[Bishnupur district]]		**[[Bishnupur district]]
	*[[Assam]]: Budon Village [[Cachar district]] (a village near Jiribam)		*[[Assam]]: Budon Village, [[Cachar district]] (a village near Jiribam)
	*[[Nagaland]] (scattered)		*[[Nagaland]] (scattered)

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	{{Hill tribes of Northeast India}}		{{Hill tribes of Northeast India}}

	[[Category:~~Kukish~~ languages]]		[[Category:Southern Naga languages]]
	[[Category:Languages of Assam]]		[[Category:Languages of Assam]]
	[[Category:Languages of Manipur]]		[[Category:Languages of Manipur]]
	[[Category:Languages of Nagaland]]		[[Category:Languages of Nagaland]]

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{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Chiru
|altname=Rem
|nativename= Rem
|states= [[India]]
|region=scattered through [[Manipur]]
|ethnicity= [[Chiru Naga]]
|speakers=8,599
|date=2011
|ref=e18
|familycolor=Sino-Tibetan
|fam2=(Central Tibeto-Burman)
|fam3=[[Northwestern Kuki-Chin languages|Northwestern language]]
|fam4=
|iso3=cdf
|glotto=chir1283
|glottorefname=Chiru
}}

'''Chiru''' (''Naga'') is a [[Kuki-Chin-Naga languages]] spoken mostly in [[Manipur]]. The Chiru population numbers approximately 8,599. It is one of the least documented and a highly endangered language spoken in three districts of Manipur: [[Senapati district|Senapati]], [[Noney district|Noney]] district of Manipur and [[Cachar district|Cachar]] district of Assam. Chiru has been recognized as a Scheduled Tribe of Manipur by the government of India since 1956 under "The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Orders (Amendment) Act, Act No. 63 of 1956" Dated 25 September 1956. The total population of the native speakers of Chiru is only 8599 (Census of India: 2011). The native speakers have high proficiency in [[Meitei language|Meitei]]. The language is neither used in schools nor in radio or mass media. Older people read and write in Manipuri written in [[Bengali (script)|Bengali script]], but the younger generation prefers [[Roman Script|Roman script]].

The Chirus are one of the earliest inhabitants of [[Manipur]] and [[Assam]]. Cheitharol Kumbaba, the Royal Chronicles of Manipur mentioned that King Meidingu Chalamba defeated the Chirus in 1554. This proves that the Chirus had settled in Manipur long before this period. It was also mentioned in the Royal Chronicles of Manipur that an incidence of Meitei King's incursion on Nungsai Chiru Village occurred on 22nd day of Wakching (December–January) 1729 during the reign of Maharaja Garibniwaz (Cheitharol Kumbaba: 1989:90). In spite of the considerably long period of their settlement in the two states (Manipur and Assam), the population of Chiru native speakers is shockingly very low. The growth rate of their population was extremely steady. This might be due to high mortality rate and low birth rate in the previous centuries.

The domain of language use for Chiru is very limited. The usage of Chiru by Chiru native speakers is specifically confined only at home domain and within the community among the native speakers. The language proficiency of Chiru native speakers ranges from bilingual to multilingual. The native speakers in [[Manipur]] have high proficiency in [[Manipuri (Meiteilon Language)|Manipuri]] and those in [[Assam]] have high proficiency in [[Hmar languages|Hmar]], [[Manipuri (Meiteilon Language)|Manipuri]] and [[Sylheti language|Sylheti Bengali]]. Chiru speakers in Manipur generally speak [[Manipuri (Meiteilon Language)|Manipuri]], [[Hindi]] or [[English language|English]] while those of Assam speak [[Hmar languages|Hmar]], [[Sylheti language|Sylheti Bengali]], [[Manipuri (Meiteilon Language)|Manipuri]] or [[Hindi]] at the time of interaction with non-Chiru speakers. The Chiru native speakers in Manipur usually speak either [[Manipuri (Meiteilon Language)|Manipuri]] or [[Hindi]] in the market place, office etc. Moreover, they also speak Paior Thwhen they interact with, and speakers respectively. On the other hand, Chiru speakers of Assam speak [[Sylheti language|Sylheti Bengali]], [[Manipuri (Meiteilon Language)|Manipuri]] or [[Hmar languages|Hmar]] in the market places, offices or anywhere outside home domain. It is painful to mention that Chiru of Assam has not been recognized by the government of Assam. They are rather recognized as Hmar. Chiru is neither used in schools nor in radio or mass media. Older people read and write in Manipuri written in [[Bengali (script)|Bengali script]], but the younger generation prefers [[Roman Script|Roman script]]. Even the children normally become bilingual at the minimum age of 5 since they acquire the second language in schools.<ref>Awan, Mechek Sampar and . Mary Kim. 2018. "Nature and Extent of Endangerment in Chiru" A research paper presented in the 6th International Conference on Endangered and Lesser-Known Languages, Central Institute of Indian Languages, Mysuru.</ref>

==Geographical distribution==
Chiru is spoken in the following locations of [[Northeast India]] (''[[Ethnologue]]'').<ref>Awan, Mechek Sampar. 2014. Segmental Phonology of Chiru. Language in India ISSN 1930-2940 Vol 14:10</ref>
*[[Manipur]]
**[[Tamenglong district]]: Lamdangmei and Dolang villages
**[[Kangpokpi district]]: Kangchup, Thangzing, Sadu (Thangthilon), Bungte, Nungsai, Dolang Khunou, and Uran villages
**[[Churachandpur district]]: Charoi Khullen village
**[[Thoubal district]]: Waithou Chiru
**[[Bishnupur district]]
*[[Assam]]: Budon Village [[Cachar district]] (a village near Jiribam)
*[[Nagaland]] (scattered)

== See also ==
* [[Meitei language]]
* [[Barman language]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}
{{Kuki-Chin–Naga languages}}
{{Languages of Northeast India}}
{{Hill tribes of Northeast India}}

[[Category:Kukish languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Assam]]
[[Category:Languages of Manipur]]
[[Category:Languages of Nagaland]]