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general fix details for consistency additionally and corrected details based on references

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	The '''~~chinkara~~''' (''Gazella bennettii''), also known as the '''Indian gazelle''', is a [[gazelle]] [[species]] native to [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Pakistan]] and [[India]].<ref name=iucn/>		The '''Chinkara''' (''Gazella bennettii''), also known as the '''Indian gazelle''', is a [[gazelle]] [[species]] native to [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Pakistan]] and [[India]].<ref name=iucn/>

	==Taxonomy==		==Taxonomy==

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External links

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	[[Category:Fauna of the Thar Desert]]		[[Category:Fauna of the Thar Desert]]
	[[Category:Fauna of Sindh]]		[[Category:Fauna of Sindh]]
			[[Category:Provincial symbols of Rajputana Praant (India)]]
	[[Category:Symbols of Rajasthan]]		[[Category:Symbols of Rajasthan]]

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New page

{{Short description|Species of mammal}}
{{About|the animal|India based automobile manufacturer|Chinkara Motors}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Chinkara
| image = Chinkara - Shreeram M V - Bikaner.jpg
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |title=''Gazella bennettii'' |author=IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group |page=e.T8978A50187762 |year=2017}}</ref>
| image_caption = Chinkara from [[Thar Desert]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| genus = Gazella
| species = bennettii<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Wozencraft |id=14200555 |pages=536 |heading=Species ''Gazella bennettii''}}</ref>
| authority = ([[William Henry Sykes|Sykes]], 1831)
| range_map = Range map of gazella bennettii.gif
| range_map_caption = Distribution map of chinkara
}}

The '''chinkara''' (''Gazella bennettii''), also known as the '''Indian gazelle''', is a [[gazelle]] [[species]] native to [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Pakistan]] and [[India]].<ref name=iucn/>

==Taxonomy==
The following six subspecies are considered valid:<ref name=msw3/>
* [[Deccan chinkara]] (''G. b. bennettii'') (Sykes 1831) – ranges from [[South India]], from the [[Ganges Valley]] (east to the borders of [[West Bengal]]) south at least to [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Deccan Plateau]];
* [[Gujarat chinkara]] ''(G. b. christii)'' ([[Edward Blyth|Blyth]], 1842) – ranges from the desert lowlands of Pakistan, western India, [[Rann of Kutch]], [[Kathiawar]], [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurastra region]] and as far east of [[Ahmedabad district]] in [[Gujarat]];
* [[Kennion gazelle]], eastern jebeer gazelle or Baluchistan gazelle (''G. b. fuscifrons'') ([[William Thomas Blanford|Blanford]], 1873) – occurs in eastern Iran, (southeast and along the [[Makran|Makran coast]], [[Sistan and Baluchestan Province|Sistan and Baluchistan]]) southern [[Afghanistan]], Pakistan, [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan Province]] to [[Sindh]] and northwestern India, [[Rajasthan]], also the darkest subspecies;
* [[Bushehr gazelle]] (''G. b. karamii'') ([[Colin Groves|Groves]], 1993) – ranges in northeastern Iran, restricted near [[Bushehr]], also the smallest subspecies;<ref name=Mallon>{{cite book |title=Antelopes: North Africa, the Middle East, and Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uFo03Nd2oj8C&pg=PA117|author=Mallon, D. P. |author2=Kingswood, S. C. |publisher=IUCN The World Conservation Union |page=117 |year=2001 |isbn = 9782831705941|access-date=17 December 2016}}</ref>
* [[Jebeer gazelle]], western jebeer gazelle or Shikari gazelle (''G. b. shikarii'') (Groves, 1993) – Lives in northeastern Iran, north and west-central districts ([[Khar Turan National Park|Touran]], west to [[Tehran Province|Tehran]] and southwest to [[Shiraz County]] and beyond), also the palest subspecies;<ref name=Mallon/>
* [[Salt Range gazelle]] (''G. b. salinarum'') (Groves, 2003) – ranges in Pakistan, [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] region and east as far as [[Delhi]], [[Punjab, India|Indian Punjab]], [[Haryana]] in northwest India, salt range;<ref name=Groves>{{cite book |title=Ungulate Taxonomy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v3uZtA1ZpTAC&pg=PA174 |author=Groves, C. |author2=Grubb, P. |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press|page=174|year=2011|isbn = 9781421400938|access-date=17 December 2016}}</ref>

==Characteristics==
[[File:GazellaFuscifrons.jpg|thumb|''G. b. fuscifrons'' of Balochistan]]
It stands at {{convert|65|cm|in|abbr=on}} tall and weighs about {{convert|23|kg|lb|abbr=on}}. It has a reddish-buff summer coat with smooth, glossy fur. In winter, the white belly and throat fur is in greater contrast. The sides of the face have dark chestnut stripes from the corner of the eye to the muzzle, bordered by white stripes. Its horns reach over {{convert|39|cm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref>Prater, S. H. (1971). The Book of Indian Animals. Oxford University Press, 2005 reprint.</ref>

==Distribution and habitat ==
Chinkara live in arid plains and hills, [[desert]]s, dry scrub and light forests. They inhabit more than 80 [[Protected areas of India|protected areas]] in India. In Pakistan, they range up to elevations of {{convert|1500|m|ft|abbr=on}}. In Iran, they inhabit the [[Kavir National Park]].<ref name=Mallon2001>Mallon, D. P. and S. C. Kingswood (eds.) (2001). Antelopes. Part 4: North Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. Global Survey and Regional Action Plans, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.</ref>

In 2001, the Indian chinkara population was estimated at 100,000 with 80,000 living in the [[Thar Desert]]. The population in Pakistan is scattered, and has been severely reduced by hunting. Also in Iran, the population is fragmented. In Afghanistan, chinkaras are probably very rare.<ref name=Mallon2001/>

==Ecology==
[[File:Chinkara Desert NP Jaisalmer.jpg|thumb|A male chinkara at [[Desert National Park]], Rajasthan, India]]
Chinkaras are shy and avoid human habitation. They can go without water for long periods and can get sufficient fluids from plants and dew droplets that get deposited on the plant surface in the night. Although most are seen alone, they can sometimes be spotted in groups of up to four animals.
They share their habitat with several other herbivores, such as [[nilgai]], [[blackbuck]], [[chausingha]], [[wild goat]], and [[wild boar]].{{citation needed|date=December 2014}}

Chinkaras mate once a year. Males compete for access to females.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}}

Chinkaras are preyed upon by [[leopard]]s, [[Bengal tiger]]s, [[Asiatic lion]]s and [[dhole]]s. The chinkara was a common prey of the [[Asiatic cheetah]] in India alongside [[blackbuck]]s. Outside protected areas they may be attacked by [[pariah dog]]s, and both [[Indian wolf|wolves]] and [[golden jackal]]s are also known to hunt them.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Gazella_bennettii/|title=Gazella bennettii-Indian Gazelle|last=McCart|first=Dylan|website=Animal Diversity Web|access-date=June 25, 2019}}</ref>

== Conservation ==
The chinkara occurs in over 80 protected areas in India.<ref name="mallon">{{cite book |last1=Mallon |first1=D.P.|last2=Kingswood|first2=S.C.|last3=East|first3=R.D.|title=Antelopes: Global Survey and Regional Action Plans |year=2001 |publisher=[[IUCN]]|location=Gland, Switzerland|isbn=9782831705941|page=185}}</ref> In January 2016, the [[Government of Karnataka|Karnataka government]] issued a notification to establish a sanctuary especially for chinkara in the [[Yadahalli, Bilagi|Yadahalli]] village in the [[Bagalkot district]] of the state. This region shelters a major population of chinkara.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Prabhu|first1=N.|title=State gets first chinkara sanctuary |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/state-gets-first-chinkara-sanctuary/article8052269.ece|access-date=12 March 2016|work=[[The Hindu]] |year=2016}}</ref> The Karnataka Government also notified the Bukkapatna Chinkara Wildlife Sanctuary in Tumakuru district in May 2019.<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/karnataka-chinkara-sanctuary-at-tumakuru-notified/articleshow/69379884.cms</ref> The chinkara is protected in nine areas of Iran and five of Pakistan.<ref name=iucn/>

==Threats==
The chinkara is threatened by extensive hunting for meat and [[Trophy hunting|trophies]] in Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan. Other threats include habitat loss due to agricultural and industrial expansion. The status in these countries is unclear. Around 1,300 individuals occur in Iran. However, the situation in India is not so grim; in 2001, populations were estimated at over one million in the country, of which nearly 80,000 occur in the [[Thar desert]], with a stable population trend. Since 2003, it has been listed as [[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]] on the [[IUCN Red List]].<ref name=iucn/>

In 1993, a controversy erupted when the [[Government of Gujarat|Gujarat government]] issued a decree to [[Denotification of land|denotify]] the [[Narayan Sarovar Sanctuary]], that contains a small population of chinkara, to allow mining of [[lignite]], [[limestone]], [[bentonite]] and [[bauxite]] inside the sanctuary. This was, however, rejected by the Gujarat High Court, and the sanctuary was restored to its earlier limits.<ref name="mallon"/><ref>{{cite news|last1=Kumar|first1=S.|title=Mining digs deep into India's wildlife refuges|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg14719921.500-mining-digs-deep-into-indias-wildlife-refuges/|access-date=12 March 2016|work=[[New Scientist]]|year=1995}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons and category|Gazella bennettii|Gazella bennettii}}
{{Wikispecies|Gazella bennettii}}

{{Artiodactyla|R.5}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q430619}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chinkara}}
[[Category:Gazella]]
[[Category:Mammals described in 1831]]
[[Category:Herbivorous mammals]]
[[Category:Fauna of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Mammals of India]]
[[Category:Mammals of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Mammals of the Middle East]]
[[Category:Fauna of the Thar Desert]]
[[Category:Fauna of Sindh]]
[[Category:Symbols of Rajasthan]]

Chinkara - Revision history

85.255.235.102: general fix details for consistency additionally and corrected details based on references

172.69.79.160 at 16:41, 22 December 2022

162.158.74.11: /* External links */

>Hockeycatcat: Reverting edit(s) by 217.70.163.66 (talk) to rev. 1020391140 by ShortDescBot: Reverting good faith edits (RW 16.1)