Chidambaram Subramaniam - Revision history

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	==Early life and education==		==Early life and education==
	Subramaniam was born in Senguttaipalayam a village near [[Pollachi]] in [[Coimbatore district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. .<ref name="C.Subramaniam"/>Subramaniam completed his early education in Pollachi before moving to Chennai where he did his [[Bachelor of Science\|B.Sc]] in Physics at the [[Presidency College, Chennai]] (affiliated to the [[University of Madras]]). Later he graduated with degree in law from [[Dr. Ambedkar Government Law College, Chennai\|Madras Law college]], [[Chennai]] (then affiliated to the same university). During his college days, he started ''Vanamalar Sangam'' and published a magazine called ''Pithan'' from [[Gobichettipalayam]] along with [[Periyasaamy Thooran]], [[K. M. Ramasami Gounder]], [[O. V. Alagesan]] and Justice Palanisami.<ref name="A visionary and a statesman">{{cite news\|title=A visionary and a statesman\|url=http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1505/15051130.htm\|access-date=28 October 2011\|newspaper=Frontline\|date=20 March 1998\|location=India}}</ref> His inspiration was his uncle [[Swami Chidbhavananda]].		Subramaniam was born in Senguttaipalayam a village near [[Pollachi]] in [[Coimbatore district]], [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="C.Subramaniam" /> Subramaniam completed his early education in Pollachi before moving to Chennai where he did his [[Bachelor of Science\|B.Sc]] in Physics at the [[Presidency College, Chennai]] (affiliated to the [[University of Madras]]). Later he graduated with degree in law from [[Dr. Ambedkar Government Law College, Chennai\|Madras Law college]], [[Chennai]] (then affiliated to the same university). During his college days, he started ''Vanamalar Sangam'' and published a magazine called ''Pithan'' from [[Gobichettipalayam]] along with [[Periyasaamy Thooran]], [[K. M. Ramasami Gounder]], [[O. V. Alagesan]] and Justice Palanisami.<ref name="A visionary and a statesman">{{cite news\|title=A visionary and a statesman\|url=http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1505/15051130.htm\|access-date=28 October 2011\|newspaper=Frontline\|date=20 March 1998\|location=India}}</ref> His inspiration was his uncle [[Swami Chidbhavananda]].

	==Political career==		==Political career==
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	===Green Revolution===		===Green Revolution===
	Along with [[M. S. Swaminathan]] and B. Sivaraman, Subramaniam was the architect of India's modern agricultural development policy, after the success of his programme which led to a record production of wheat in 1972 termed as the [[Indian Green Revolution]]. As Minister for Food and Agriculture, he introduced high-yielding varieties of seeds and more intensive application of fertilizers which paved the way for increased output of cereals and attainment of self-sufficiency in food-grains in the country. About his contribution, Dr. [[Norman E. Borlaug]], writes: ''The vision and influence of Mr. Subramaniam in bringing about agricultural change and in the very necessary political decisions needed to make the new approach effective, should never be under-emphasized. The groundwork for this advance (in the production of wheat) was solidly laid during that period (1964–67) when Mr. Subramaniam was the guiding political force instituting change.~~''<ref name="CS1"/>~~		Along with [[M. S. Swaminathan]] and [[B. Sivaraman]], Subramaniam was the architect of India's modern agricultural development policy, after the success of his programme which led to a record production of wheat in 1972 termed as the [[Indian Green Revolution]]. As Minister for Food and Agriculture, he introduced high-yielding varieties of seeds and more intensive application of fertilizers which paved the way for increased output of cereals and attainment of self-sufficiency in food-grains in the country. About his contribution, Dr. [[Norman E. Borlaug]], writes:<ref name="CS1"/>

			{{Blockquote\|text=The vision and influence of Mr. Subramaniam in bringing about agricultural change and in the very necessary political decisions needed to make the new approach effective, should never be under-emphasized. The groundwork for this advance (in the production of wheat) was solidly laid during that period (1964–67) when Mr. Subramaniam was the guiding political force instituting change.}}

	He appointed M. S. Swaminathan, who played a major role in green revolution and [[Verghese Kurien]] as the chairman of [[Amul\|National Dairy Development Board]] when he ushered the [[White Revolution (India)\|Indian White Revolution]]. Kurien says, ''that the key role played by Subramaniam in the whole thing (Operation Flood) is hardly mentioned.'' He founded the National Agro Foundation, Chennai and [[Bharathidasan Institute of Management]], Tiruchirappalli.<ref>{{cite news\|title=More light on personal facets of C. Subramaniam\|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article859941.ece\|access-date=28 October 2011\|newspaper=The Hindu\|date=31 October 2010\|location=Chennai, India\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101101122702/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article859941.ece\|archive-date=1 November 2010\|url-status=dead}}</ref>		He appointed M. S. Swaminathan, who played a major role in green revolution and [[Verghese Kurien]] as the chairman of [[Amul\|National Dairy Development Board]] when he ushered the [[White Revolution (India)\|Indian White Revolution]]. Kurien says, ''that the key role played by Subramaniam in the whole thing (Operation Flood) is hardly mentioned.'' He founded the National Agro Foundation, Chennai and [[Bharathidasan Institute of Management]], Tiruchirappalli.<ref>{{cite news\|title=More light on personal facets of C. Subramaniam\|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article859941.ece\|access-date=28 October 2011\|newspaper=The Hindu\|date=31 October 2010\|location=Chennai, India\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101101122702/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article859941.ece\|archive-date=1 November 2010\|url-status=dead}}</ref>
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	===Later years===		===Later years===
	He was appointed as the union [[Minister of Defence (India)\|Minister of Defence]] by [[Charan Singh]] in 1979. He became the [[Governor of Maharashtra]] in 1990. He resigned after his criticism of the style of functioning of the then Indian Prime Minister [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]].<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.fact-index.com/c/c_/c_subramaniam.html\|title=C Subramaniam resigns}}</ref> At his death, he was the last surviving cabinet minister who had served under [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], as well as the last surviving cabinet minister from the Shastri and Nanda cabinets.		He was appointed as the union [[Minister of Defence (India)\|Minister of Defence]] by [[Charan Singh]] in 1979. He became the [[Governor of Maharashtra]] in 1990. He resigned after his criticism of the style of functioning of the then Indian Prime Minister [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]].<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.fact-index.com/c/c_/c_subramaniam.html\|title=C Subramaniam resigns}}</ref>

			Subramaniam died on 7 November 2000 at the age of 90 in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite news\|last=Dugger\|first=Celia W.\|date=2000-11-10\|title=Chidambaram Subramaniam, India's 'Green' Rebel, 90, Dies\|language=en-US\|work=The New York Times\|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/11/10/world/chidambaram-subramaniam-india-s-green-rebel-90-dies.html\|access-date=2021-12-03\|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> At his death, he was the last surviving cabinet minister who had served under [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], as well as the last surviving cabinet minister from the Shastri and Nanda cabinets.

	==Awards==		==Awards==
	* [[Bharat Ratna]], India's highest civilian honor, 1998.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1998/feb/18cs.htm \|title=C.Subramaniam awarded Bharat Ratna \|date=18 February 1998 \|publisher=Rediff \|access-date=28 October 2011 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203092215/http://www.rediff.com/news/1998/feb/18cs.htm \|archive-date=3 February 2014 }}</ref>		* [[Bharat Ratna]], India's highest civilian honor, 1998<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1998/feb/18cs.htm \|title=C.Subramaniam awarded Bharat Ratna \|date=18 February 1998 \|publisher=Rediff \|access-date=28 October 2011 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203092215/http://www.rediff.com/news/1998/feb/18cs.htm \|archive-date=3 February 2014 }}</ref>
	* Y. B. Chavan National Integration Award<ref>{{cite news\|title=C Subramaniam passes away\|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2000/11/08/stories/14085505.htm\|access-date=28 October 2011\|newspaper=Business Line\|date=8 November 2000\|location=India}}</ref>		* Y. B. Chavan National Integration Award<ref>{{cite news\|title=C Subramaniam passes away\|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2000/11/08/stories/14085505.htm\|access-date=28 October 2011\|newspaper=Business Line\|date=8 November 2000\|location=India}}</ref>
	* U Thant peace award, 1996		* U Thant peace award, 1996
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	[[Category:Commerce and Industry Ministers of India]]		[[Category:Commerce and Industry Ministers of India]]
			[[Category:Union Ministers from Tamil Nadu]]
	[[Category:State funerals in India]]		[[Category:State funerals in India]]
	[[Category:Indian National Congress (U) politicians]]		[[Category:Indian National Congress (U) politicians]]
	[[Category:Members of the 1st Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]		[[Category:Members of the 1st Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]

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	[[File:Chidambaram Subramaniam 2010 stamp of India.jpg\|thumb\|Subramaniam on a 2010 stamp of India]]		[[File:Chidambaram Subramaniam 2010 stamp of India.jpg\|thumb\|Subramaniam on a 2010 stamp of India]]
	A commemorative coin in his honour, was released by the Government of India in August 2010.<ref>{{cite news\|title=Yeoman services rendered by Subramaniam to nation recalled\|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article600536.ece\|access-date=28 October 2011\|newspaper=The Hindu\|date=28 August 2010\|location=India}}</ref> A commemorative postage stamp was also released in his honour in 2010.		A commemorative coin in his honour, was released by the Government of India in August 2010.<ref>{{cite news\|title=Yeoman services rendered by Subramaniam to nation recalled\|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article600536.ece\|access-date=28 October 2011\|newspaper=The Hindu\|date=28 August 2010\|location=India}}</ref> A commemorative postage stamp was also released in his honour in 2010.

			Shri Chidambaram Subramaniam Award - For Excellence in Charecter has been instituted by Bharatiya Vidya Bhavans which is awarded to its students annually.

	==References==		==References==
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	[[Category:Indian National Congress (U) politicians]]		[[Category:Indian National Congress (U) politicians]]
			[[Category:Members of the 1st Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]

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{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Chidambaram Subramaniam
| image = File:Chidambaram Subramaniam.jpg
| caption = C. Subramaniam at a felicitation function
| office1 = [[Minister of Agriculture (India)|Minister of Agriculture]]
| term_start1 = 1964
| term_end1 = 1966
| primeminister1 = [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]
| predecessor1 = [[Swaran Singh]]
| successor1 = [[Jagjivan Ram]]
| office2 = [[Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission]]
| term_start2 = 2 May 1971
| term_end2 = 22 July 1972
| primeminister2 = [[Indira Gandhi]]
| predecessor2 = [[D. R. Gadgil]]
| successor2 = [[Durga Prasad Dhar]]
| office3 = [[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of Finance]]
| term_start3 = 1975
| term_end3 = 1977
| primeminister3 = Indira Gandhi
| predecessor3 = [[Yashwantrao Chavan]]
| successor3 = [[Haribhai M. Patel]]
| office4 = [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]]
| term_start4 = 28 July 1979
| term_end4 = 14 January 1980
| primeminister4 = [[Charan Singh]]
| predecessor4 = [[Jagjivan Ram]]
| successor4 = [[Indira Gandhi]]
| office5 = [[List of Governors of Maharashtra|Governor of Maharashtra]]
| term_start5 = 15 February 1990
| term_end5 = 9 January 1993
| predecessor5 = [[Kasu Brahmananda Reddy]]
| successor5 = [[P. C. Alexander]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1910|01|30}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2000|11|07|1910|01|30}}
| party = [[Indian National Congress]] (urs)
| awards = [[Bharat Ratna]] (1998)
| alma_mater = [[University of Madras]]
}}

'''Chidambaram Subramaniam''' (commonly known as '''CS''') (30 January 1910 – 7 November 2000), was an Indian politician and independence activist. He served as [[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of Finance]] and [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]] in the union cabinet. He later served as the [[Governor of Maharashtra]]. As the [[Minister of Agriculture (India)|Minister for Food and Agriculture]], he ushered the [[Indian Green Revolution]], an era of self-sufficiency in food production along with [[M. S. Swaminathan]], B. Sivaraman and [[Norman E. Borlaug]].<ref name="CS1">{{cite web|url=http://rajbhavan.maharashtra.gov.in/previous/subramaniambiodata.htm |title=C. Subramaniam, bio data |publisher=Rajbhavan, Maharashra state, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130407175423/http://rajbhavan.maharashtra.gov.in/previous/subramaniambiodata.htm |archive-date=7 April 2013 }}</ref> He was awarded [[Bharat Ratna]], Indian's highest civilian award, in 1998, for his role in ushering Green Revolution.

==Early life and education==
Subramaniam was born in Senguttaipalayam a village near [[Pollachi]] in [[Coimbatore district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. .<ref name="C.Subramaniam"/>Subramaniam completed his early education in Pollachi before moving to Chennai where he did his [[Bachelor of Science|B.Sc]] in Physics at the [[Presidency College, Chennai]] (affiliated to the [[University of Madras]]). Later he graduated with degree in law from [[Dr. Ambedkar Government Law College, Chennai|Madras Law college]], [[Chennai]] (then affiliated to the same university). During his college days, he started ''Vanamalar Sangam'' and published a magazine called ''Pithan'' from [[Gobichettipalayam]] along with [[Periyasaamy Thooran]], [[K. M. Ramasami Gounder]], [[O. V. Alagesan]] and Justice Palanisami.<ref name="A visionary and a statesman">{{cite news|title=A visionary and a statesman|url=http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1505/15051130.htm|access-date=28 October 2011|newspaper=Frontline|date=20 March 1998|location=India}}</ref> His inspiration was his uncle [[Swami Chidbhavananda]].

==Political career==

===Early years===
Subramaniam was an active member of the [[Civil disobedience movement]] against the British during his college days. He was imprisoned during the [[Quit India Movement]] in 1942.<ref name="C.Subramaniam"/> He was later elected to the [[Constituent Assembly]] and had a hand in the framing of the [[Constitution of India]]. He was a minister of Education, Law and Finance for [[Madras State]] from 1952 to 1962 under chief ministers [[C. Rajagopalachari|Rajaji]] and [[K. Kamaraj]]. He was the Leader of the House in the Madras Legislative Assembly for the entire duration. He was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]] in 1962 and was the Minister for Steel and Mines. Subsequently, he served as the [[Minister of Agriculture (India)|Minister for Food and Agriculture]]. He also worked as the [[Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission]] from 2 May 1971 to 22 July 1972.

===Green Revolution===
Along with [[M. S. Swaminathan]] and B. Sivaraman, Subramaniam was the architect of India's modern agricultural development policy, after the success of his programme which led to a record production of wheat in 1972 termed as the [[Indian Green Revolution]]. As Minister for Food and Agriculture, he introduced high-yielding varieties of seeds and more intensive application of fertilizers which paved the way for increased output of cereals and attainment of self-sufficiency in food-grains in the country. About his contribution, Dr. [[Norman E. Borlaug]], writes: ''The vision and influence of Mr. Subramaniam in bringing about agricultural change and in the very necessary political decisions needed to make the new approach effective, should never be under-emphasized. The groundwork for this advance (in the production of wheat) was solidly laid during that period (1964–67) when Mr. Subramaniam was the guiding political force instituting change.''<ref name="CS1"/>

He appointed M. S. Swaminathan, who played a major role in green revolution and [[Verghese Kurien]] as the chairman of [[Amul|National Dairy Development Board]] when he ushered the [[White Revolution (India)|Indian White Revolution]]. Kurien says, ''that the key role played by Subramaniam in the whole thing (Operation Flood) is hardly mentioned.'' He founded the National Agro Foundation, Chennai and [[Bharathidasan Institute of Management]], Tiruchirappalli.<ref>{{cite news|title=More light on personal facets of C. Subramaniam|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article859941.ece|access-date=28 October 2011|newspaper=The Hindu|date=31 October 2010|location=Chennai, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101101122702/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article859941.ece|archive-date=1 November 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Finance ministry and emergency===
When the [[Indian National Congress]] split in 1969, he became the interim president of [[Congress (I)]] started by [[Indira Gandhi]]. Later, he was appointed as [[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of Finance]] in the union cabinet by Indira Gandhi. He advised her to devalue [[Indian rupee]] and was the [[finance minister]] during the [[Indian Emergency|emergency]] in 1976.<ref name="A visionary and a statesman"/> After the emergency, he parted ways with Indira and joined the breakaway Congress faction led by [[Devraj Urs]] and [[Kasu Brahmananda Reddy]].

===Later years===
He was appointed as the union [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]] by [[Charan Singh]] in 1979. He became the [[Governor of Maharashtra]] in 1990. He resigned after his criticism of the style of functioning of the then Indian Prime Minister [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.fact-index.com/c/c_/c_subramaniam.html|title=C Subramaniam resigns}}</ref> At his death, he was the last surviving cabinet minister who had served under [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], as well as the last surviving cabinet minister from the Shastri and Nanda cabinets.

==Awards==
* [[Bharat Ratna]], India's highest civilian honor, 1998.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1998/feb/18cs.htm |title=C.Subramaniam awarded Bharat Ratna |date=18 February 1998 |publisher=Rediff |access-date=28 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203092215/http://www.rediff.com/news/1998/feb/18cs.htm |archive-date=3 February 2014 }}</ref>
* Y. B. Chavan National Integration Award<ref>{{cite news|title=C Subramaniam passes away|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2000/11/08/stories/14085505.htm|access-date=28 October 2011|newspaper=Business Line|date=8 November 2000|location=India}}</ref>
* U Thant peace award, 1996
* Norman Borlaug award, 1996<ref name="C.Subramaniam">{{cite news|title=CS ushered in Green Revolution |url=http://hindu.com/thehindu/2000/11/08/stories/01080009.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125062656/http://hindu.com/thehindu/2000/11/08/stories/01080009.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 January 2013|access-date=28 October 2011|date=8 November 2000|newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |location=India}}</ref>
* Anuvrat award, 1988<ref name="CS1"/>

==Publications==
* ''The New Strategy in Indian Agriculture''
* ''Some Countries which I visited Round The World''
* ''The India of My Dreams''

==Legacy==
[[File:Chidambaram Subramaniam 2010 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|Subramaniam on a 2010 stamp of India]]
A commemorative coin in his honour, was released by the Government of India in August 2010.<ref>{{cite news|title=Yeoman services rendered by Subramaniam to nation recalled|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article600536.ece|access-date=28 October 2011|newspaper=The Hindu|date=28 August 2010|location=India}}</ref> A commemorative postage stamp was also released in his honour in 2010.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Chidambaram Subramaniam}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110908131852/http://www.nationalagro.org.in/aboutus.php About us – National Agro Foundation]
*[[Bharathidasan Institute of Management|Genesis – Bharathidasan Institute of Management]]

{{S-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{Succession box|
before=[[Swaran Singh]]|
title=[[Minister of Agriculture (India)|Minister of Agriculture]]|
years= 1964–1966|
after=[[Jagjivan Ram]]
}}
{{Succession box|
before=[[D. R. Gadgil]]|
title=[[Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission]]|
years= 1971–1972|
after=[[Durga Prasad Dhar]]
}}
{{Succession box|
before=[[Yashwantrao Chavan]]|
title=[[Finance Minister of India]]|
years= 1975–1977|
after=[[H. M. Patel]]
}}
{{Succession box|
before=[[Jagjivan Ram]]|
title=[[Defence Minister of India]]|
years= 1979–1980|
after=[[Indira Gandhi]]
}}
{{Succession box|
before=[[Kasu Brahmananda Reddy]]|
title=[[Governor of Maharashtra]]|
years= 1990–1993|
after=[[P. C. Alexander]]
}}
{{S-end}}

{{Ministry of Finance (India)}}
{{Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)}}
{{Bharat Ratna}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Subramaniam, Chidambaram}}
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