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{{Short description|11th-century Indian poem by Bilhana}}
{{Italic title}}
The '''''Chaurisurata Panchashika''''' ({{Langx|sa|चौरीसुरतपञ्चाशिका|lit=Fifty verses by a thief|translit=Caurīsuratapañcāśikā}}),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lienhard |first=Siegfried |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E0aYeR67booC&dq=Caur%C4%ABsuratapa%C3%B1c%C4%81%C5%9Bik%C4%81&pg=PA95 |title=A History of Classical Poetry: Sanskrit, Pali, Prakrit |date=1984 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |isbn=978-3-447-02425-9 |pages=95 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=K. M. Kapadia |url=http://archive.org/details/marriagefamilyin0000kmka |title=Marriage and Family in India |date=1966 |publisher=Oxford University Press |others=Internet Archive |pages=144}}</ref> also rendered the '''''Chaura Panchashika''''', is a [[Sanskrit]] work of poetry by [[Bilhana]], composed in the 11th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eraly |first=Abraham |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=te1sqTzTxD8C&pg=PA644 |title=The First Spring: The Golden Age of India |date=2011 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-670-08478-4 |pages=644 |language=en}}</ref>

==Background==
According to legend, the [[Brahmin]] [[Bilhana]] fell in love with the daughter of King Madanabhirama, Princess Yaminipurnatilaka, and had a secretive love affair. They were discovered, and Bilhana was thrown into prison. While awaiting judgement, he wrote the ''Chaurisurata Panchashika'', a fifty-stanza love poem, not knowing whether he would be sent into exile or die on the gallows. It is unknown what fate Bilhana encountered.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Winternitz |first=Moriz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ql0BmInD1c4C&dq=bilhana+adyapi&pg=PA132 |title=A History of Indian Literature |date=1981 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-0056-4 |pages=132–133 |language=en}}</ref> Nevertheless, his poem was transmitted orally around India. There are several versions, including ones from South India which had a happy ending; the [[Kashmir]]i version does not specify what the outcome was. In one version, the poet recites these verses on the way to the scaffold, and the king, moved by the beauty of the work, pardons him and allows the couple to get married.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chaitanya |first=Krishna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qr2iZqOM3fsC&dq=chaurisurata+panchashika&pg=PA42 |title=History of Indian Painting: Rajasthani Traditions |date=May 1992 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-154-6 |pages=42 |language=en}}</ref>

== Description ==
Each verse of the poem is of four lines (quatrain), beginning with the word "''adyapi''", which means even now written in the first person, "in which the parted lover evokes his mistress's presence by recollecting her beauty and the pleasures of their love."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Tapti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rrF5DwAAQBAJ&dq=chaurapanchasika&pg=PT157 |title=Print and Publishing in Colonial Bengal: The Journey of Bidyasundar |date=2018-11-13 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-429-67351-1 |pages=157 |language=en}}</ref>

The first verse of the poem is as follows:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Puna Oriental Series |url=http://archive.org/details/lfhk_chaura-panchashika-of-bilhana-by-s.-n.-tadpatrikar-series-no.-86-puna-oriental-series |title=Chaura Panchashika Of Bilhana By S. N. Tadpatrikar Series No. 86 Puna Oriental Series |pages=1}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|text=Even now, I think of her of a bright colour like a garland of golden champaka, her face beaming like a full-blown lotus, with a thin line of hair (at the navel) just got up from sleep, her whole body showing the keen desire affected by passion of her like learning affected by intoxication.}}

==Editions and versions==
In the nineteenth century the Caurapañcāśikā was 'discovered' by Europeans. The first French edition, published in the ''[[Journal Asiatique]]'' of 1848, was based on one of the South Indian versions with a happy ending. Sir Edwin Arnold did very loose translation with Tennyson-like cadences (London 1896); [[Arthur Berriedale Keith|A. B. Keith]] provided a literal translation; Gertrude Cloris Schwebell, working from translations by S. N. Tadpatrikar, M. Ariel and Gerhard Gollwitzer, created a free verse rendering. However, the version best known to English readers is probably that by [[Barbara Stoler Miller]]; or the 'free interpretation' by [[Edward Powys Mathers]] (also known as E. Powys Mathers) entitled [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/bilhana/bil01.htm Black Marigolds]. There is a 2000 translation, possibly privately printed, by John T. Roberts. Also there is the [http://www.claysanskritlibrary.org/excerpts/CSLLoveBilhana.pdf Love Lyrics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510144010/http://www.claysanskritlibrary.org/excerpts/CSLLoveBilhana.pdf |date=2008-05-10 }} / by Amaru [and] Bhartṛhari; translated by Greg Bailey; & by Bilhaṇa; edited and translated by [[Richard Gombrich]] published by The Clay Sanskrit Library in 2005. Dawn Corrigan has done an adaptation/rendition of the Caurapañcāśikā [http://www.otisnebula.com/otisnebula/ON7_Dawn_Corrigan.html "Swan Song of the Thief"] a free interpretation in 2013. There is also a 2013 translation [https://www.scribd.com/doc/163159032/Sanskrit-erotic-poetry-Vol-2 The Caurapâñcâśikâ (The Love-Thief)] Poetic rendering into English 2013.

== Appearances in modern literature ==
Several stanzas of E. Powys Mathers' "Black Marigolds" translation of Caurapâñcâśikâ appear in the novel [[Cannery Row (novel)|''Cannery Row'']] by [[John Steinbeck]]. Author [https://www.victor-robert-lee.com Victor Robert Lee] <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/11/interview-victor-robert-lee/|title=Interview: Victor Robert Lee|last=Diplomat|first=James Pach, The|work=The Diplomat|access-date=2018-06-06|language=en-US}}</ref> credits E. Powys Mathers' "Black Marigolds" as the source of the phrase [https://books.google.com/books?id=R4xrWxfC_DUC&q=%22savoring+of+th&pg=PT331 "savoring of the hot taste of life"]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R4xrWxfC_DUC&q=%22savoring+of+the+hot+taste+of+life%22&pg=PT331|title=Performance Anomalies: A Novel|last=Lee|first=Victor Robert|date=2013-01-15|publisher=Perimeter Six Press|isbn=9781938409202|language=en}}</ref> in his novel ''[http://www.nlb.gov.sg/biblio/200954751 Performance Anomalies]'', and uses Mathers' repetition of the phrase "Even now" from "Black Marigolds" as an element in lyrics spoken by Cono 7Q, the protagonist of [http://www.nlb.gov.sg/biblio/200954751 ''Performance Anomalies''.]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nlb.gov.sg/biblio/200954751|title=Performance anomalies /Victor Robert Lee. – National Library|website=www.nlb.gov.sg|access-date=2018-06-06}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*[https://www.scribd.com/doc/163159032/Sanskrit-erotic-poetry-Vol-2 The Caurapâñcâśikâ (The Love-Thief)] Poesy rendering into English 2013

==Translations==
*Tchorapantchçat, publié, traduit et commenté par M. Ariel. Les Cinquantes (Couplets) de TCHORA ou Histoire de Bilhana; ''Journal Asiatique'', Quatrième Serie, Tome XI, p. 469-534; Paris, 1848.
*Sir Edwin Arnold (London 1896)
*Pierre Rolland "les cinquante stances du voleur", Université de Provence, 1971
*[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/bilhana/bil01.htm Black Marigolds]: A free interpretation of the Caurapañcáziká. E. Powys Mathers, pp. 66–77 in [[Mark Van Doren]] (Ed.) An Anthology of World Poetry (Albert and Charles Boni, 1928). Also reissued as Black Marigolds and Coloured Stars. Edward Powys Mathers (Anvil Press Poetry, 2004)
*Caurapañcáziká, an Indian Love Lament of Bilhana Kavi, critically edited with translation and notes by S. N. Tadpatrikar, Poona, 1946. Poona Oriental Series No. 86.
*German Free Version of Gerhard Gollwitzer. Des Pandit Bilhana Fünfzig Strophen von Heimlicher Liebeslust, Karl Schustek Verlag, Hanau, 2 Aufl. 1964.
*Gertrude Clorius Schwebel, The Secret Delights of Love by the pundit Bilhana (from the Sanskrit). (The Peter Pauper Press, 1966).
*A. B. Keith, A History of Sanskrit Literature ([[Motilal Banarsidass]], 1993), 153-158
*Miller, Barbara Stoles. Phantasies of Love-thief: Caurapancasika Attributed to Bilhana (Columbia Univ. Press, 1971). And Bhartrihari and Bilhana (The Hermit and The Love–Thief) Penguin 1990.
*John T. Roberts, Caurapancasika, English and Sanskrit. The Thief, His Fifty Verses: Bilhana's Caurapancasika, The Northern Recension, with word by word grammatical notes and translations. (Papercraft Print, 2000). {{ISBN|0-9679677-1-6}} / 0967967716
*[http://www.claysanskritlibrary.org/excerpts/CSLLoveBilhana.pdf Love Lyrics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510144010/http://www.claysanskritlibrary.org/excerpts/CSLLoveBilhana.pdf |date=2008-05-10 }} by Amaru [and] Bhartṛhari; translated by Greg Bailey; & by Bilhaṇa; edited and translated by Richard Gombrich published by The Clay Sanskrit Library New York University Press : JJC Foundation 2005 2005.
*[http://www.otisnebula.com/otisnebula/ON7_Dawn_Corrigan.html "Swan Song of the Thief" An adaptation of Bilhana's Caurapâñcâśikâ by Dawn Corrigan] a free interpretation online magazine otisnebula.com 2013
*[https://www.scribd.com/doc/163159032/Sanskrit-erotic-poetry-Vol-2 The Caurapâñcâśikâ (The Love-Thief)] Poetic rendering into English 2013

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Caurapancasika}}
[[Category:Sanskrit poetry]]
[[Category:11th-century Indian books]]

Chaurisurata Panchashika - Revision history

Pickleballexpert: Adding a entry.