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	'''Charlotte White''' (July 13, 1782 – December 25, 1863) was the first ~~unmarried~~ American woman missionary sent to a foreign country. She was sponsored by the [[American Baptist Missionary Union\|Baptist Board of Foreign Missions]] and arrived in British [[India]] in 1816.		{{Short description\|American missionary (1782–1863)}}
			'''Charlotte White''' (July 13, 1782 – December 25, 1863), also known as '''Charlotte Atlee''' and '''Charlotte Rowe''', was the first American woman appointed as a missionary and sent to a foreign country. She was sponsored by the [[American Baptist Missionary Union\|Baptist Board of Foreign Missions]] and arrived in British [[India]] in 1816. She married Joshua Rowe, an English missionary, and had three children while in India. The couple oversaw the management of several schools and a [[Hindi]]-speaking church. After Rowe's death in 1823, White continued her work without any financial assistance from missionary societies. She left India in 1826 for [[England]] and in 1829 returned to the United States where she worked as an educator.

	==Early life==		==Early life==

	Charlotte "Susanna" Hazen Atlee was born in [[Lancaster, Pennsylvania]], the daughter of Judge [[William Augustus Atlee]] and Esther Bowes Sayre. She married Nathaniel Hazen White in 1803. He died in 1804 and the couple's one child died in 1805. ~~Charlotte~~ White joined the First Baptist Church in [[Haverhill, Massachusetts]] in 1807.<ref>Barber, Edwin Atlee ''Genealogical Record of the Atlee Family'' Philadelphia: Wm. F. Fell & Co, 1884, pp. 80-81</ref>		Charlotte "Susanna" Hazen Atlee was born in 1782 in [[Lancaster, Pennsylvania]], the daughter of Judge [[William Augustus Atlee]] and Esther Bowes Sayre. Orphaned at age eleven, Charlotte Atlee was raised by her older sister, Elizabeth, in [[Massachusetts]]. She married Nathaniel Hazen White in 1803. He died in 1804 and the couple's one child died in 1805. White joined the First Baptist Church in [[Haverhill, Massachusetts]], in 1807.<ref>Barber, Edwin Atlee ''Genealogical Record of the Atlee Family'' Philadelphia: Wm. F. Fell & Co, 1884, pp. 80-81</ref><ref name="Cornelius">{{cite web \|last1=Cornelius \|first1=Earle \|title=Researcher finds that Lancaster native Charlotte Atlee Rowe was America's first female missionary \|url=https://lancasteronline.com/features/researcher-finds-that-lancaster-native-charlotte-atlee-rowe-was-america-s-first-female-missionary/article_fe0d10a0-6538-11ea-8a06-5b365d9e3ac8.html \|publisher=Lancaster Online \|access-date=29 November 2022}}</ref>

	==Missionary to India==		==Missionary to India==

	White~~'s application~~ to become a missionary with the newly founded Baptist Board of Foreign Missions was controversial as many members of the Board believed that only ordained males should be appointed missionaries. White was accepted as a missionary in a restricted appointment as a helper and companion for the wife of George Henry Hough, a missionary printer ~~being sent to India~~, ~~and with her assurance that~~ she ~~would be sustained~~ by ~~her own resources~~.<ref>Anderson, Gerald H. ''Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions'' Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdman's Publishing Co., 1991, p. 727; ''Proceedings of the Baptist Convention for Missionary Purposes'', Philadelphia, 1814, pp. 65, 112</ref>		In 1815, Charlotte White applied to become a missionary in [[Burma]] with the newly founded American [[Baptist Board for Foreign Missions]]. Her application was controversial as many members of the Board believed that only ordained males should be appointed missionaries. Wives of male missionaries were not appointed as missionaries. The Board told her it had no money to send her to Burma. She said that she would be sustained by her own resources. After a poll by the Board members, White was accepted as a missionary in a restricted appointment as a helper and companion for the wife of George Henry Hough, a missionary printer. On December 15, 1815, she departed the U.S. by ship to [[Calcutta]], [[India]].<ref>Anderson, Gerald H. ''Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions'' Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdman's Publishing Co., 1991, p. 727; ''Proceedings of the Baptist Convention for Missionary Purposes'', Philadelphia, 1814, pp. 65, 112</ref>{{sfn\|Cornelius}} One year later the Board decided that no more single female missionaries would be appointed.<ref name="Hillman">{{cite web \|last1=Hillman \|first1=kathy Robinson \|title=Charlotte Atlee Rowe: The Story of America's First Appointed Woman Missioanary \|url=https://www.baptiststandard.com/departments/reviews/books/review-charlotte-atlee-white-rowe/ \|website=Baptist Standard \|access-date=29 November 2022}}</ref>

	White remained only ~~briefly~~ with the Houghs ~~on arrival in [[Calcutta, India]]~~, marrying a widower with three sons, Joshua Rowe (1781-1823), a missionary with the English [[Baptist Missionary Society]],(BMS) ~~shortly after her arrival in 1816~~. ~~Charlotte~~, now Mrs. Rowe, ~~transferred~~ to the BMS ~~and the couple managed missionary schools in~~ Digah, near [[Patna, India]]. Charlotte wrote a [[Hindustani language]] spelling book for children. In ~~1823~~, a letter ~~from Charlotte was published, without her permission, accusing four~~ prominent missionaries at [[Serampore ~~College~~]] of expropriating property belonging to the Baptist Missionary Society.<ref>''The Reformer'', Vol. 4, April 2, 1823, pp. 73-79</ref>		On arrival in Calcutta in 1816, White remained only two months with the Houghs, marrying a widower with three sons, Joshua Rowe (1781-1823), a missionary with the English [[Baptist Missionary Society]] (BMS). White, now Mrs. Rowe, requested to become a missionary with the BMS, but was turned down. She accompanied her husband to Digah near [[Patna, India]]. In Digah, Mr. and Mrs. Rowe managed 10 schools and a Hindi-speaking church. Charlotte wrote a [[Hindustani language]] spelling book for children. In December 1821, ''The Reformer'' published an anonymous letter claiming that the prominent missionaries called the [[Serampore Trio]] ([[William Carey (missionary)\|William Carey]], [[William Ward (missionary)\|William Ward]], and [[Joshua Marshman]]) were expropriating property belonging to the Baptist Missionary Society for their own profit. In April 1823, ''The Reformer'' revealed Charlotte Rowe to be the author of the letter.<ref>''The Reformer'', Vol. 3, December 1, 1821, [https://archive.org/details/sim_reformer-and-christian_1821-12_2_24/mode/2up?view=theater], pp. 283-284; and Vol. 4, April 2, 1823, [https://archive.org/details/sim_reformer-and-christian_1823-04_4_40/page/78/mode/2up?view=theater], pp. 73-79</ref>{{sfn\|Cornelius}} The "Serampore Schism" between the BMS and the Serampore missionaries lasted more than a decade.<ref name="Laird">{{cite journal \|last1=Laird \|first1=M. A. \|title=The Contribution of the Serampore Missionaries to Education in Bengal, 1793-1837 \|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies \|date=1968 \|volume=31 \|issue=1 \|pages=92–112 \|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/612005 \|access-date=29 November 2022}}</ref>

	Joshua and Charlotte Rowe had three children. Rowe died in 1823. Charlotte remained in India ~~until 1826 before returning~~ to the United States with her children, Charlotte (1818-1852), Esther (1818-1851), and Judson (1823-?).<ref>Brackney, William H ''The A to Z of Baptists'' Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2009, p. 605; ''Missionary Herald'', 1827, p. 293</ref>		Joshua and Charlotte Rowe had three children. Joshua Rowe died in 1823. Charlotte remained in Digah for three more years supervising the schools and church, receiving no salary or financial assistance from any missionary organization. Short of funds, in 1826 she left India for England with her three children. Rowe's three sons from a previous marriage remained in India. She again petitioned the British BMS to appoint her as a missionary so she could return to India with financial assistance. She was turned down, although provided money to return to the United States. In 1829 she returned to the U.S. with her children, twins Charlotte (1818-1852) and Esther (1818-1851) and son Judson (1823-?).<ref>Brackney, William H ''The A to Z of Baptists'' Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2009, p. 605; ''Missionary Herald'', 1827, p. 293</ref>{{sfn\|Cornelius}}

	==Later life==		==Later life==

	~~White~~ taught English, music, and drawing in ~~an academy at~~ [[Lowndesboro, Alabama]] ~~in the 1830s~~.<ref>Anderson, p. 727</ref> She died December 25, 1863 in [[Philadelphia]].<ref>"Charlotte H. ~~Howe~~, https://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv=1&dbid=2535&h=344170&tid=&pid=&usePUB=true&_phsrc=nRu413&_phstart=successSource, accessed 2 Feb 2018</ref>		In the United States, Charlotte Rowe founded a girls school in [[Philadelphia]] and wrote articles with the pseudonym of "Honesta" for a newspaper. In the 1830s, she taught English, music, and drawing in a girls' school in [[Lowndesboro, Alabama]]. By 1850 she had moved back to her birthplace of Lancaster where she worked as Principal of Strasburg Female Seminary.<ref>Anderson, p. 727</ref> She died December 25, 1863, in [[Philadelphia]]. She was buried in the family plot in Lancaster.<ref>"Charlotte H. Rowe, https://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv=1&dbid=2535&h=344170&tid=&pid=&usePUB=true&_phsrc=nRu413&_phstart=successSource, accessed 2 Feb 2018</ref>{{sfn\|Cornelius}}
			As of 2021, her grave was unmarked.{{sfn\|Hillman}}

			In 2021, Reid S. Trulson published the first and only biography of White entitled, ''Charlotte Atlee White Rowe: The Story of America's First Appointed Woman Missionary.''

	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist\|2}}

			==Relevant literature==
			* Trulson, Reid S. 2025. ''Charlotte Rowe's Journal.'' Macon, GA: Mercer University Press.

	{{DEFAULTSORT:White, Charlotte}}		{{DEFAULTSORT:White, Charlotte}}
	[[Category:Baptist missionaries from the United States]]		[[Category:Baptist missionaries from the United States]]
	[[Category:Baptist missionaries in India]]		[[Category:Baptist missionaries in India]]
			[[Category:American missionaries in India]]
	[[Category:1782 births]]		[[Category:1782 births]]
	[[Category:1863 deaths]]		[[Category:1863 deaths]]
			[[Category:People from Lancaster County, Pennsylvania]]
	[[Category:Female Christian missionaries]]		[[Category:Female Christian missionaries]]
	[[Category:~~Missionary~~ educators]]		[[Category:American missionary educators]]
	~~[[Category:American expatriates in India~~]]
	[[Category:19th-century Baptists]]		[[Category:19th-century Baptists]]

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'''Charlotte White''' (July 13, 1782 – December 25, 1863) was the first unmarried American woman missionary sent to a foreign country. She was sponsored by the [[American Baptist Missionary Union|Baptist Board of Foreign Missions]] and arrived in British [[India]] in 1816.

==Early life==

Charlotte "Susanna" Hazen Atlee was born in [[Lancaster, Pennsylvania]], the daughter of Judge [[William Augustus Atlee]] and Esther Bowes Sayre. She married Nathaniel Hazen White in 1803. He died in 1804 and the couple's one child died in 1805. Charlotte White joined the First Baptist Church in [[Haverhill, Massachusetts]] in 1807.<ref>Barber, Edwin Atlee ''Genealogical Record of the Atlee Family'' Philadelphia: Wm. F. Fell & Co, 1884, pp. 80-81</ref>

==Missionary to India==

White's application to become a missionary with the newly founded Baptist Board of Foreign Missions was controversial as many members of the Board believed that only ordained males should be appointed missionaries. White was accepted as a missionary in a restricted appointment as a helper and companion for the wife of George Henry Hough, a missionary printer being sent to India, and with her assurance that she would be sustained by her own resources.<ref>Anderson, Gerald H. ''Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions'' Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdman's Publishing Co., 1991, p. 727; ''Proceedings of the Baptist Convention for Missionary Purposes'', Philadelphia, 1814, pp. 65, 112</ref>

White remained only briefly with the Houghs on arrival in [[Calcutta, India]], marrying a widower with three sons, Joshua Rowe (1781-1823), a missionary with the English [[Baptist Missionary Society]],(BMS) shortly after her arrival in 1816. Charlotte, now Mrs. Rowe, transferred to the BMS and the couple managed missionary schools in Digah, near [[Patna, India]]. Charlotte wrote a [[Hindustani language]] spelling book for children. In 1823, a letter from Charlotte was published, without her permission, accusing four prominent missionaries at [[Serampore College]] of expropriating property belonging to the Baptist Missionary Society.<ref>''The Reformer'', Vol. 4, April 2, 1823, pp. 73-79</ref>

Joshua and Charlotte Rowe had three children. Rowe died in 1823. Charlotte remained in India until 1826 before returning to the United States with her children, Charlotte (1818-1852), Esther (1818-1851), and Judson (1823-?).<ref>Brackney, William H ''The A to Z of Baptists'' Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2009, p. 605; ''Missionary Herald'', 1827, p. 293</ref>

==Later life==

White taught English, music, and drawing in an academy at [[Lowndesboro, Alabama]] in the 1830s.<ref>Anderson, p. 727</ref> She died December 25, 1863 in [[Philadelphia]].<ref>"Charlotte H. Howe, https://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv=1&dbid=2535&h=344170&tid=&pid=&usePUB=true&_phsrc=nRu413&_phstart=successSource, accessed 2 Feb 2018</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:White, Charlotte}}
[[Category:Baptist missionaries from the United States]]
[[Category:Baptist missionaries in India]]
[[Category:1782 births]]
[[Category:1863 deaths]]
[[Category:Female Christian missionaries]]
[[Category:Missionary educators]]
[[Category:American expatriates in India]]
[[Category:19th-century Baptists]]

Charlotte White - Revision history

Bhoirake: minor edit

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