CatharineJorgens: reworked formatting additionally and fixed typos to improve readability

2026-03-05T13:42:35Z

reworked formatting additionally and fixed typos to improve readability

imported>Citation bot: Add: title. Changed bare reference to CS1/2. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by BrownHairedGirl | Linked from User:BrownHairedGirl/Articles_with_bare_links | #UCB_webform_linked 214/1690

2021-07-22T01:19:34Z

Add: title. Changed bare reference to CS1/2. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by BrownHairedGirl | Linked from User:BrownHairedGirl/Articles_with_bare_links | #UCB_webform_linked 214/1690

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:49, 22 July 2021
Line 77:		Line 77:

	===North-Western Provinces===		===North-Western Provinces===
	He was [[List of Lieutenant Governors of the North-Western Provinces\|Lieutenant-Governor of the North-Western Provinces]] from 1 June 1836 to 1 June 1838.<ref>http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_BrProvinces.htm</ref><ref name="books.google.com"/>		He was [[List of Lieutenant Governors of the North-Western Provinces\|Lieutenant-Governor of the North-Western Provinces]] from 1 June 1836 to 1 June 1838.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_BrProvinces.htm\|title=Provinces of British India}}</ref><ref name="books.google.com"/>

	In 1838 he retired from service with the East India Company and settled in England.<ref name="Caribbean Quarterly"/>		In 1838 he retired from service with the East India Company and settled in England.<ref name="Caribbean Quarterly"/>

>Mr Serjeant Buzfuz: /* Final years */ no need for bolding

2021-05-14T23:53:45Z

Final years: no need for bolding

New page

{{Short description|British colonial governor (1785–1846)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2012}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[The Right Honourable]]
| name = The Lord Metcalfe
| honorific-suffix = [[Order of the Bath|GCB]] [[His Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council|PC]]
| image = Charles Theophilus Metcalfe, 1st Baron Metcalfe by George Chinnery.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Portrait by [[George Chinnery]], early 1820s
| order1 = [[Governor General of Canada|Governor General of the Province of Canada]]
| term_start1 = 1843
| term_end1 = 1845
| monarch1 = [[Queen Victoria|Victoria]]
| predecessor1 = [[Charles Bagot|Sir Charles Bagot]]
| successor1 = [[Charles Cathcart, 2nd Earl Cathcart|The Earl Cathcart]]
| order2 = [[List of Governors of Jamaica|Governor of Jamaica]]
| term_start2 = 1839
| term_end2 = 1842
| monarch2 = Victoria
| predecessor2 = [[Sir Lionel Smith, 1st Baronet|Sir Lionel Smith, Bt]]
| successor2 = [[James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin|The Earl of Elgin]]
| order3 = [[List of Lieutenant-Governors of the North-Western Provinces|Lieutenant-Governor of the North-Western Provinces]]
| term_start3 = 1 June 1836
| term_end3 = 1 June 1838
| governor_general3 = [[George Eden, 1st Earl of Auckland|The Lord Auckland]]
| predecessor3 = Office created
| successor3 = [[Thomas Campbell Robertson]]
| order4 = [[Governor-General of India]] Acting 
| term_start4 = 20 March 1835
| term_end4 = 4 March 1836
| monarch4 = [[William IV of the United Kingdom|William IV]]
| predecessor4 = [[Lord William Bentinck]]
| successor4 = The Lord Auckland
| order5 = [[List of Governors of Agra Presidency|Governor of Agra]]
| term_start5 = 14 November 1834
| term_end5 = 20 March 1835
| governor_general5 = Lord William Bentinck
| predecessor5 = Office created
| successor5 = [[William Blunt]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1785|1|30}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[Company rule in India|British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1846|09|5|1785|01|30}}
| death_place = Malshanger, [[Oakley, Hampshire|Oakley]], [[Hampshire]]
| nationality =
| party =
| alma_mater =
| spouse =
}}
'''Charles Theophilus Metcalfe, 1st Baron Metcalfe''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|GCB|PC}} (30 January 1785 – 5 September 1846), known as '''Sir Charles Metcalfe, Bt''' between 1822 and 1845, was a [[United Kingdom|British]] colonial administrator. He held appointments including acting [[Governor-General of India]], [[Governor of Jamaica]] and [[Governor General of the Province of Canada]].<ref>[http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/indiaofficeselectpd/FullDisplay.aspx?RecordId=015-000011850 Half-length portrait of Sir Charles Theophilus Metcalfe (1785–1846), 3rd Baronet and 1st Baron Metcalfe, the second son of Sir Thomas Metcalfe], [[British Library]].</ref><ref>{{EB1911|wstitle = Metcalfe, Charles Theophilus Metcalfe, Baron|volume=18 }}</ref>

==Early life and background==
Metcalfe was born on 30 January 1785 in Lecture House, [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] then part of the [[Bengal Presidency]].

He was the second son of [[Sir Thomas Metcalfe, 1st Baronet|Thomas Metcalfe]] and Susannah Selina Sophia. His father first went to India in 1767 as a cadet in the [[British Army]], and at the time of Metcalfe's birth was serving as a major in the [[Bengal Army]]. He later became a [[Member of Parliament]], director of the [[British East India Company]] and was created a [[baronet]] on 21 December 1802.<ref>[http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/indiaofficeselectpd/FullDisplay.aspx?RecordId=015-000008945 Sir Thomas Theophilus Metcalfe, 1st Baronet (1745–1813).] [[British Library]].</ref><ref>[http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/indiaofficeselectpd/FullDisplay.aspx?RecordId=015-000014831 Prints & Drawings full record display for shelfmark P2204] [[British Library]].</ref> Thomas Metcalfe married Susannah in Calcutta in 1782. She was the daughter of merchant John Debonnaire, a trader at [[Fort St. George, India|Fort St. George]], [[Madras]], who subsequently settled at the [[Cape of Good Hope]]. It was her second marriage, her first being with Major John Smith in [[Madras]] from 1776 until his death. His parents returned to England shortly after the birth of their son.<ref>[http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/indiaofficeselectpd/FullDisplay.aspx?RecordId=015-000008942 Lady Susannah Selina Sophia Metcalfe (nee Debonnaire) (1756–1815)] [[British Library]].</ref><ref>[http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/indiaofficeselectpd/FullDisplay.aspx?RecordId=015-000008941 Lady Susannah Selina Sophia Metcalfe (1756–1815). Married.] [[British Library]].</ref>

Metcalfe's elder sister was Emily Theophila, later becoming the [[Viscountess Ashbrook]].<ref>[http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/indiaofficeselectpd/FullDisplay.aspx?RecordId=015-000011851 Emily Theophila, Viscountess Ashbrook (1791–1885)] [[British Library]].</ref> A younger brother, [[Sir Thomas Metcalfe, 4th Baronet|Thomas]], also went on to achieve distinction as a civil servant with the East India Company.

==Education==
Metcalfe spent four years at [[Eton College]] in [[Berkshire]], before arriving in Bengal on 1 January 1801, a month before his sixteenth birthday.<ref name="Caribbean Quarterly">Hall, D. G. "Sir Charles Metcalfe: Governor of Jamaica, Sept., 1839 to May, 1842". Caribbean Quarterly, vol. 3, no. 2, 1953, pp. 90–100. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/40652570. Accessed 14 February 2021.</ref> Thereafter He then studied Oriental languages as the first student at Lord Wellesley's [[Fort William College]].

==India==
===Early career===
[[File:Portrait of Akbar II with Sir Charles Theophilus Metcalf and court dignitaries.jpg|thumb|upright|150px|Portrait of Akbar II with Sir Charles Theophilus Metcalf [sic] and court dignitaries]]
At the age of nineteen, Metcalfe was appointed political assistant to [[Gerard Lake, 1st Viscount Lake|General Lake]], who was then conducting the final campaign of the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]] against [[Yashwantrao Holkar]].

In 1808 he was selected by [[Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Earl of Minto|Lord Minto]] for the responsible post of envoy to the court of [[Ranjit Singh]] at [[Lahore]]; here, on 25 April 1809, he concluded the important [[Treaty of Amritsar (1809)|Treaty of Amritsar]] securing the independence of the [[Sikh]] states between the [[Sutlej]] and the [[Jumna]].

His first tenure as Resident at [[Delhi]] began on 25 February 1811 for the East India Company, (from 1813 for British Government), and in 1819 he received from [[Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings|Lord Hastings]] the appointment of secretary in the secret and political department. From 1820 to 1825 Sir Charles (who succeeded his brother in the baronetcy in 1822) was resident at the court of the [[Nizam]], and afterwards was summoned in an emergency to his former post at Delhi.

===Agra===
[[File:Charles T. Metcalfe.jpg|thumb|150px|upright|Baron Metcalfe, Charles Theophilus, 1846.]]
On 14 November 1834 he was posted as [[List of Governors of Agra|Governor]] of the [[Presidency of Agra]] where he served for over four months till 20 March 1835.<ref name="books.google.com">[https://books.google.com/books?id=b2NPAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA118 The India list and India Office list for 1905 By Great Britain, India Office #130]</ref>

===Acting Governor-General===
In 1827 he obtained a seat in the supreme council, and in March 1835, after he had acted as the first governor of the proposed new presidency of [[Agra]], he provisionally succeeded [[Lord William Bentinck]] as the [[List of Governors of Bengal#List of Governors-General Governors (1758–1947)|Governor-General of Bengal]] (1835–36). During his brief tenure of office (it lasted for only one year) he carried out several important measures, including that for the liberation of the press, which, while almost universally popular, complicated his relations with the directors at home to such an extent that he resigned the service of the Company in 1838. In 1835 he was also appointed a [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]] (GCB).<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=19310 |date=25 September 1835 |page=1791}}</ref>

===North-Western Provinces===
He was [[List of Lieutenant Governors of the North-Western Provinces|Lieutenant-Governor of the North-Western Provinces]] from 1 June 1836 to 1 June 1838.<ref>http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_BrProvinces.htm</ref><ref name="books.google.com"/>

In 1838 he retired from service with the East India Company and settled in England.<ref name="Caribbean Quarterly"/>

==Jamaica==
[[File:Metcalfe kingston.jpg|thumb|150px|upright| Monument of Charles Metcalfe in [[St. William Grant|St. William Grant Park]] in [[Kingston, Jamaica]]]]
In 1839 he accepted an appointment by the [[Second Melbourne ministry]] to the governorship of [[Jamaica]], where labour difficulties created by the recent passing of the Negro Emancipation Act called for a high degree of tact and ability. Metcalfe's administration was successful in addressing the complaints of both labourers and their employers and bringing a greater sense of unity amongst the different factions. Ill health hastened his resignation and on 24 May 1842 he left Jamaica for England.<ref name="Caribbean Quarterly"/>

==Canada==
Six months afterwards he was appointed by the [[Robert Peel|Peel]] ministry to the post of [[Governor General of the Province of Canada]] with instructions to resist further development of [[responsible government]]. A clash soon emerged between Metcalfe and the leaders of the [[Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada|legislative assembly]], [[Robert Baldwin]] and [[Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine]]. Despite suffering from worsening cancer, he fought to preserve the prerogatives of [[the Crown]] and the governor's control over the administration and [[patronage]]. He nonetheless had to make some concessions to win support, and the most notable of these was persuading the [[Colonial Office]] to grant amnesty to the [[Rebellions of 1837|rebels of 1837-38]], and to abandon forced anglicization of the French-speaking population.

==Final years==
Metcalfe's success in Canada carrying out the policy of the home government was rewarded with a [[peerage]] shortly after his return to England, with the title Baron Metcalfe, of [[Fernhill_Park,_Berkshire|Fern Hill]] in the [[County of Berkshire]] in 1845.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=20433 |date=17 January 1845 |page=137}}</ref> But his success did not endure and [[responsible government]] would be conceded by his successor [[James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin]]. Metcalfe died of skin cancer at Malshanger in [[Oakley, Hampshire|Oakley]], near [[Basingstoke]], on 5 September 1846.<ref name="Caribbean Quarterly"/> His residence was however at Fernhill Park in [[Winkfield]], near [[Windsor, Berkshire|Windsor]] and it was in the [[Church of England parish church|parish church]] there that he was buried.

==Personal life==
When in Lahore, Metcalfe began a relationship with a [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] [[Sikh]] woman who bore him three sons.<ref>Sita Anantha Raman 2009 ''Women in India: a social and cultural history, volume 2.'' Praeger, p. 87.</ref> Metcalfe was open about this relationship, and sent all three sons to England to be educated.<ref name="Caribbean Quarterly"/> One of his sons, [[James Metcalfe (Bengal Army officer)|James Metcalfe]], became a [[Lieutenant-Colonel]] in the [[Bengal Army]].

==Honorific eponyms==
;Geographic locations
* {{flagicon|Ontario}} [[Ontario]]: [[Metcalfe, Ontario|Metcalfe]]
* {{flagicon|Victoria}} [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]]: [[Metcalfe, Victoria|Metcalfe]]

==Further reading==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090826004135/http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~adgedge/Research/Metcalfe,%20John/english%20metcalfe/pafg06.htm Genealogy of Metcalfes]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
*[[J. W. Kaye]], ''Life and Correspondence of Charles Lord Metcalfe'' (London, 1854)
* E. Thompson, ''The life of Charles, Lord Metcalfe'' (London, 1937).
*{{cite DNB|wstitle=Metcalfe, Charles Theophilus |volume=37}}
*{{cite ODNB|first=C. A.|last=Bayly|title = Metcalfe, Charles Theophilus, Baron Metcalfe (1785–1846)|id = 18617}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Charles Theophilus Metcalfe}}
*[http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=3561 Biography at the ''Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online'']

{{s-start}}
{{s-gov}}
{{s-new|creation}}
{{s-ttl| title=[[Governor of Agra]] | years=1834–1835}}
{{s-aft| after=[[William Blunt|W. Blunt]]}}
{{succession box | title=[[Governor-General of India]], ''acting'' | before=[[Lord William Bentinck]] | after=[[George Eden, 1st Earl of Auckland|The Lord Auckland]] | years=1835–1836}}
{{s-bef | before=A. Ross | as=[[Governor of Agra]]}}
{{s-ttl | title=[[Lieutenant Governor of the North-Western Provinces]] | years=1836–1838}}
{{s-vac | next=Sir [[George Frederick Edmonstone]]}}
{{succession box | title=[[Governor of Jamaica]] | before=Sir [[Lionel Smith, 1st Baronet|Lionel Smith]] | after=[[James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin|The Earl of Elgin and Kincardine]] | years=1839–1842}}
{{succession box|
before=[[Charles Bagot|Sir Charles Bagot]]|
title=[[Governor General of Canada|Governor General of the Province of Canada]]|
years=1843–1845|
after=[[Charles Cathcart, 2nd Earl Cathcart|The Earl Cathcart]]
}}
{{s-aca}}
{{succession box |
before=[[Charles Bagot|Sir Charles Bagot]]|
title=[[Chancellor (education)|Chancellor]] of [[University of Toronto|King's College]]|
years=1843–1845|
after=[[Charles Cathcart, 2nd Earl Cathcart|The Earl Cathcart]]|
}}
{{s-reg|uk-bt}}
{{succession box | title=[[Metcalfe Baronets|Baronet]] '''(of Chilton) | years='''1822–1846 | before= Theophilus John Metcalfe | after=[[Sir Thomas Metcalfe, 4th Baronet|Thomas Theophilus Metcalfe]]}}
{{s-reg|uk}}
{{s-new|creation}}
{{s-ttl| title=[[Metcalfe Baronets|Baron Metcalfe]] | years= 1845–1846 }}
{{s-non|reason=Extinct}}
{{s-end}}
{{GovsGenProvCanada}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Metcalfe, Charles Metcalfe, 1st Baron}}
[[Category:1785 births]]
[[Category:1846 deaths]]
[[Category:People educated at Eton College]]
[[Category:Governors-General of the Province of Canada]]
[[Category:Governors-General of India]]
[[Category:Governors of Agra]]
[[Category:Lieutenant-Governors of the North-Western Provinces]]
[[Category:Governors of Jamaica]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:People from Winkfield]]
[[Category:People of British India]]
[[Category:British East India Company people]]
[[Category:Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Peers of the United Kingdom created by Queen Victoria]]

Charles Metcalfe, 1st Baron Metcalfe - Revision history

CatharineJorgens: reworked formatting additionally and fixed typos to improve readability

imported>Citation bot: Add: title. Changed bare reference to CS1/2. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by BrownHairedGirl | Linked from User:BrownHairedGirl/Articles_with_bare_links | #UCB_webform_linked 214/1690

>Mr Serjeant Buzfuz: /* Final years */ no need for bolding