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>Ohsin: Undid revision 1025426096 by Srimant ROSHAN (talk)

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{{Short description|Indian lunar exploration program}}
{{Infobox space program
|name=Chandrayaan programme
|image=
|image_size=
|alt=
|caption=
|country=[[India]]
|organization=[[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO)
|purpose=[[Exploration of the Moon]]
|cost={{INRConvert|1364|c|lk=on}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/chandrayaan-2-mission-cheaper-than-hollywood-film-interstellar/articleshow/62990361.cms|title=Chandrayaan-2 mission cheaper than Hollywood film Interstellar - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=2019-08-27}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://164.100.158.235/question/annex/243/Au2222.pdf|title=Question No. 2222: Status of Chandrayaan Programme|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803171227/http://164.100.158.235/question/annex/243/Au2222.pdf|archive-date=2017-08-03|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|status=Active|duration=2008–present
|firstflight=[[Chandrayaan-1]], {{start-date|22 October 2008}}
|secondflight=[[Chandrayaan-2]], {{start-date|22 July 2019}}
|nextflight=[[Chandrayaan-3]], (In planning, expected to launch in 2024 with [[Japan]]'s [[JAXA]])
|launcher={{Hlist|[[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle|PSLV]]|[[GSLV Mark III]]}}}}

The '''Chandrayaan programme''' ({{audio|Chandrayaan.ogg|pronunciation}}), also known as the '''Indian Lunar Exploration Programme''' is an ongoing series of outer space missions by the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO). The programme incorporates lunar orbiter, impactor, soft lander and rover spacecraft. The name of the programme is from [[Sanskrit]] ''{{IAST|candrayāna}}'' ({{trans|'Moon-craft'}}).

==Programme structure==

The Chandrayaan (Indian Lunar Exploration Programme) programme is a multiple mission programme. {{As of this month}}, one orbiter with an impactor probe has been sent to the Moon, using ISRO's workhorse [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle|PSLV]] rocket. The second spacecraft consisting of orbiter, soft lander and rover was launched on 22 July 2019, by using a [[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III|GSLV Mk III]] rocket. In a podcast from AT, VSSC director [[S. Somanath]] stated that there will be a [[Chandrayaan-3]] and more follow up missions in Chandrayaan Program.<ref name = "AstrotalkUK">{{Cite web|title = Episode 90 – An update on ISRO's activities with S Somanath and R Umamaheshwaran|url = https://astrotalkuk.org/episode-90-an-update-on-isros-activities-with-s-somanath-and-r-umamaheshwaran/|date = October 24, 2019|access-date = October 30, 2019|publisher = AstrotalkUK}}</ref> Chandrayaan-3 mission is proposed for Q2 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A mix of young and middle-aged people will train for Gaganyaan|url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/current/2020/01/24/a-mix-of-young-and-middle-aged-people-will-train-for-gaganyaan.html|website=The Week|language=en|access-date=2020-05-04}}</ref>

===Phase I: Orbiter and Impactor===
'''[[Chandrayaan-1]]'''
[[File:CY1 2007 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Diagram of the Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft]]

Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] announced the Chandrayaan project on course in his Independence Day speech on 15 August 2003. The mission was a major boost to India's space program. The idea of an Indian scientific mission to the Moon was first mooted in 1999 during a meeting of the Indian Academy of Sciences. The Astronautical Society of India carried forward the idea in 2000. Soon after, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) set up the National Lunar Mission Task Force which concluded that ISRO has the technical expertise to carry out an Indian mission to the Moon. In April 2003 over 100 eminent Indian scientists in the fields of planetary and space sciences, Earth sciences, physics, chemistry, astronomy, astrophysics and engineering and communication sciences discussed and approved the Task Force recommendation to launch an Indian probe to the Moon. Six months later, in November, the Indian government gave the nod for the mission.

The first phase includes the launch of the first [[lunar orbit]]ers.

*[[Chandrayaan-1]], launched on 22 October 2008 aboard a [[PSLV|PSLV-XL]] rocket, was a big success for ISRO as the [[Moon Impact Probe]], a payload on board the Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft, discovered water on the Moon. Apart from discovering water the Chandrayaan-1 mission performed several other tasks such as mapping and atmospheric profiling of the Moon.

===Phase II: Soft landers and rovers===

[[File:Chandrayaan-2 lander and orbiter integrated module.jpg|thumb|Orbiter and lander in stacked configuration with the rover inside the lander|300x300px]]

;[[Chandrayaan-2]]
On 18 September 2008, the [[First Manmohan Singh Cabinet]] approved the mission.<ref name="Hindu3">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/article1341321.ece |title=Cabinet clears Chandrayaan-2 |work=The Hindu |first=P. |last=Sunderarajan |date=19 September 2008 |access-date=23 October 2008}}</ref><ref name="design_complete_1">{{cite news |url=http://www.domain-b.com/aero/space/spacemissions/20090817_chandrayaan-2_design.html |title=ISRO completes Chandrayaan-2 design |website=Domain-b.com |date=17 August 2009 |access-date=20 August 2009}}</ref> Although ISRO finalised the payload for Chandrayaan-2 per schedule,<ref name="payload">{{cite press release |url=http://www.isro.gov.in/update/30-aug-2010/payloads-chandrayaan-2-mission-finalised |title=Payloads for Chandrayaan-2 Mission Finalised |publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation |date=30 August 2010 |access-date=4 January 2010}}</ref> the mission was postponed in January 2013<ref name="postponed">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/chandrayaan2-india-to-go-it-alone/article4329844.ece |title=Chandrayaan-2: India to go it alone |work=The Hindu |first=R. |last=Ramachandran |date=22 January 2013}}</ref> and rescheduled to 2016 because Russia was unable to develop the lander on time.<ref name="delay">{{cite news |url=http://www.asianscientist.com/2012/02/topnews/india-chandrayaan-2-moon-mission-delayed-after-russian-probe-failure-lev-zelyony-2012/ |title=India's Chandrayaan-2 Moon Mission Likely Delayed After Russian Probe Failure |work=Asian Scientist |first=Srinivas |last=Laxman |date=6 February 2012 |access-date=5 April 2012}}</ref><ref name="ndtv20120909">{{cite news |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/indias-next-moon-mission-depends-on-russia-isro-chief-498868 |title=India's next moon mission depends on Russia: ISRO chief |work=[[NDTV]] |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |date=9 September 2012}}</ref> Roscosmos later withdrew in wake of the failure of the [[Fobos-Grunt]] mission to Mars, since the technical aspects connected with the Fobos-Grunt mission were also used in the lunar projects, which needed to be reviewed.<ref name="delay"/> When Russia cited its inability to provide the lander even by 2015, India decided to develop the lunar mission independently<ref name="postponed"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=98239 |title=Chandrayaan-2 would be a lone mission by India without Russian tie-up. |date=14 August 2013 |website=Press Information Bureau, Government of India }}</ref> and unused orbiter hardware was repurposed to be used for [[Mars Orbiter Mission]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-25|title=How ISRO modified a lunar orbiter into Mars orbiter Mangalyaan, India's 'Moon Man' recalls|url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/how-isro-modified-a-lunar-orbiter-into-mars-orbiter-mangalyaan-indias-moon-man-recalls-2320097.html|access-date=2020-10-25|website=Zee News|language=en}}</ref>

Chandrayaan-2 was launched on 22 July 2019<ref name="April launch">[https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/isro-set-for-april-launch-of-chandrayaan-2-after-missed-deadline/story-BjMmDmHQ5lqU5yijS8qfJN.html ISRO set for April launch of Chandrayaan-2 after missed deadline]. Vikram Gopal, ''Hindustan Times''. 11 January 2019.</ref> aboard a [[GSLV Mk III]] rocket. The spacecraft was successfully put into lunar orbit on August 20, 2019 <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/20-aug-2019/chandrayaan-2-update-lunar-orbit-insertion|title= Chandrayaan-2 update: Lunar Orbit Insertion |date= 20 August 2019}}</ref> but the lander was lost while attempting to land on 6 September 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/chandrayaan-2-lander-vikram-contact-lost-400-metres-moon-isro-1598004-2019-09-11|title= Chandrayaan 2 contact loss|date= 11 September 2019}}</ref> The orbiter is operational, collecting scientific data,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/chandrayaan-2-update-orbiter-experiments-vikram-lander-isro-chief-k-sivan-1603445-2019-09-26|title= Chandrayaan 2 orbiter operational|date= 26 September 2019}}</ref> and is expected to function for 7.5 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/orbiter-will-have-a-lifespan-of-7-5-years-its-possible-to-find-vikram-lander-from-orbiter-isro-chief/articleshow/71028078.cms|title= Chandrayaan 2 orbiter operational life|date= 7 September 2019}}</ref>

;[[Chandrayaan-3]]

In November 2019, ISRO officials stated that a new lunar lander mission was being studied for launch in November 2020. This new proposal is called [[Chandrayaan-2#Mission repeat: Chandrayaan-3|Chandrayaan-3]] and it would be a re-attempt to demonstrate the landing capabilities needed for the [[Lunar Polar Exploration Mission]] proposed in partnership with Japan for 2024.<ref name='Wire_Nov2019'>[https://thewire.in/space/isro-chandrayaan-3-lunar-lander-rover-gaganyaan https://thewire.in/space/isro-chandrayaan-3-lunar-lander-rover-gaganyaan ISRO Will Embark on Chandrayaan 3 by November 2020 for Another Landing Attempt]. ''The Wire''. 14 November 2019.</ref> This spacecraft configuration would not include launching an orbiter and would have a lander, rover, and a propulsion module with mission costing {{INR}} 250 crore with additional launch costs of {{INR}} 365 crore for [[GSLV Mk III]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-to-cost-rs-615-crore-launch-could-stretch-to-2021/articleshow/73055941.cms|title=Chandrayaan-3 to cost Rs 615 crore, launch could stretch to 2021 |date=January 2, 2020|first=Chethan|last=Kumar|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-01-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-second-bid-to-land-on-moon-by-november-2020/articleshow/72047390.cms|title= 2nd Lunar landing effort by ISRO|date= 14 November 2019}}</ref> Third mission would land in the same area as the second one.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-50965778|title=Chandrayaan-3: India plans third Moon mission|date=1 January 2020|website=BBC News}}</ref>

===Phase III: On site sampling===
{{Main|Lunar Polar Exploration Mission}}
The next mission will be [[Lunar Polar Exploration Mission]], suggested to be launched in 2024.<ref name="JPN_20190730">{{Cite web|url=https://the-japan-news.com/news/article/0005907013|title=Japan, India to team up in race to discover water on moon|last=Shimbun|first=The Yomiuri|date=2019-07-30|website=The Japan News|language=en|access-date=2019-07-30}}</ref><ref name='Trak 2019'>[https://trak.in/tags/business/2019/05/20/after-mars-isro-to-set-a-date-with-venus-sun-7-interplanetary-missions-planned-for-space-exploration/ After Mars, ISRO to Set a Date with Venus.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716152024/https://trak.in/tags/business/2019/05/20/after-mars-isro-to-set-a-date-with-venus-sun-7-interplanetary-missions-planned-for-space-exploration/ |date=2019-07-16 }} ''Trak''. Malvika Gurung. 20 May 2019.</ref><ref name='I Times'>[https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/after-reaching-mars-india-s-date-with-venus-in-2023-confirmed-says-isro-367469.html After Reaching Mars, India's Date With Venus In 2023 Confirmed, Says ISRO.] U. Tejonmayam, ''India Times''. 18 May 2019.</ref> India is collaborating with Japan in this mission but the mission is not yet defined. Most likely it will be a lander-rover mission to perform on site sampling and analysis of collected lunar material<ref name="India-Japan Lunar mission">https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/india-japan-working-on-lunar-sample-return-mission/article20533828.ece "The Hindu". 17 November 2017.</ref><ref name="AstroTalk_82">{{Cite web|url=https://astrotalkuk.org/episode-82-jaxa-and-international-collaboration-with-professor-fujimoto-masaki/|title=Episode 82: Jaxa and International Collaboration with Professor Fujimoto Masaki|date=2019-01-04|website=AstrotalkUK|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-06-21}}</ref> and demonstrate lunar night survival technologies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/copuos/2019/copuos2019tech16E.pdf|title=JAXA's Lunar Exploration Activities|last=Sasaki|first=Hiroshi|date=17 June 2019|website=UNOOSA|page=8|access-date=9 July 2019}}</ref>

==See also==
* {{annotated link|Indian Space Research Organization}}
* {{annotated link|Exploration of the Moon}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian space programme}}
{{Indian spacecraft}}
{{Moon spacecraft}}
{{Orbital launches in 2008}}

{{Use Indian English|date=October 2014}}

[[Category:Missions to the Moon]]
[[Category:Indian lunar exploration programme]]
[[Category:ISRO programs]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in India]]

Chandrayaan programme - Revision history

Ghazal Builders: quick adjust details to improve readability also per standard format

>Ohsin: Undid revision 1025426096 by Srimant ROSHAN (talk)