Chandragupta Maurya - Revision history

Devanam at 09:18, 11 May 2026

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	\| issue = Emperor [[Bindusara Maurya]] , Justin (Kshenak)		\| issue = Emperor [[Bindusara Maurya]] , Justin (Kshenak)
	\| dynasty = [[Maurya Empire\|Maurya]]		\| dynasty = [[Maurya Empire\|Maurya]]
	\| religion = [[~~Hinduism~~]]{{sfn\|Sastri\|1988\|pp=163–164}}<ref name="India1960">{{citation\|last1=Majumdar\|first1=R. C.\|author-link1=R. C. Majumdar\|last2=Raychauduhuri\|first2=H. C.\|author-link2=H. C. Raychaudhuri\|last3=Datta\|first3=Kalikinkar\|title=An Advanced History of India \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MyIWMwEACAAJ\|year=1960\|publisher=Macmillan & Company Ltd; New York: St Martin's Press\|location=London\|quote=If the Jaina tradition is to be believed, Chandragupta was converted to the religion of Mahavira. He is said to have abdicated his throne and passed his last days at Sravana Belgola in Mysore. Greek evidence, however, suggests that the first Maurya did not give up the performance of sacrificial rites and was far from following the Jaina creed of ''Ahimsa'' or non-injury to animals. He took delight in hunting, a practice that was continued by his son and alluded to by his grandson in his eighth Rock Edict. It is, however, possible that in his last days he showed some predilection for Jainism ...}}</ref>		\| religion = [[Brahmanism]]{{sfn\|Sastri\|1988\|pp=163–164}}<ref name="India1960">{{citation\|last1=Majumdar\|first1=R. C.\|author-link1=R. C. Majumdar\|last2=Raychauduhuri\|first2=H. C.\|author-link2=H. C. Raychaudhuri\|last3=Datta\|first3=Kalikinkar\|title=An Advanced History of India \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MyIWMwEACAAJ\|year=1960\|publisher=Macmillan & Company Ltd; New York: St Martin's Press\|location=London\|quote=If the Jaina tradition is to be believed, Chandragupta was converted to the religion of Mahavira. He is said to have abdicated his throne and passed his last days at Sravana Belgola in Mysore. Greek evidence, however, suggests that the first Maurya did not give up the performance of sacrificial rites and was far from following the Jaina creed of ''Ahimsa'' or non-injury to animals. He took delight in hunting, a practice that was continued by his son and alluded to by his grandson in his eighth Rock Edict. It is, however, possible that in his last days he showed some predilection for Jainism ...}}</ref>
	<br /> [[Jainism]]<ref name="India1960" />		<br /> [[Jainism]]<ref name="India1960" />
	}}		}}

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	{{Infobox royalty		{{Infobox royalty
	\| title = [[Chakravartin\|Chakravartin Samraat]]<br>Maharajadhiraja<br>Mahāsammata		\| title = [[Chakravartin\|Chakravartin Samraat]]<br>Maharajadhiraja<br>Mahāsammata
	\| image = ~~Chandragupta Maurya and Bhadrabahu.png~~		\| image =
	\| image_size = 285		\| image_size = 285
	\| alt = Carving of Chandragupta Maurya		\| alt = Carving of Chandragupta Maurya
	\| caption = Medieval stone relief at Digambara pilgrimage site [[Shravanabelagola]], [[Karnataka]]. It has been interpreted as Bhadrabahu and Chandragupta Maurya,{{sfn\|Mookerji\|1988\|p=40}} but some disagree.{{sfn\|Dikshitar\|1993\|pp=264–266}}		\| caption =
	\| succession = 1st [[List of Mauryan rulers\|Mauryan Emperor]]		\| succession = 1st [[List of Mauryan rulers\|Mauryan Emperor]]
	\| reign = {{circa\|324 or 321\|297 BCE}}<ref name=britchandrag/>{{sfn\|Upinder Singh\|2016\|p=330}}		\| reign = {{circa\|324 or 321\|297 BCE}}<ref name=britchandrag/>{{sfn\|Upinder Singh\|2016\|p=330}}

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	-Chapter LXII ,Life of Alexander, Plutarch [https://books.google.co.in/books?id=TXtEAQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false]		-Chapter LXII ,Life of Alexander, Plutarch [https://books.google.co.in/books?id=TXtEAQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false]
	</blockquote>		</blockquote>
			[[File:035 The War over the Buddha's Relics (33813012975).jpg\|centre\|thumb\|The Mauryan army of Magadha included infantry, elephant corps, archers, cavalry, chariots, and Emperor Ashoka himself on his chariot leading from the right side. The sculptures carved at the Sanchi Stupa of Ashoka corroborate the accounts of Greek historians.]]

	During the 3rd century BCE, Pataliputra was one of the world's largest cities, with a population of about 150,000–400,000.<ref>{{cite book \|title=The Rise of Man in the Gardens of Sumeria: A Biography of L.A. Waddell \|first=Christine \|last=Preston \|publisher=Sussex Academic Press \|year=2009 \|page=49 \|isbn=9781845193157 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ujn2fPCwaUAC&pg=PA49 }}</ref>		During the 3rd century BCE, Pataliputra was one of the world's largest cities, with a population of about 150,000–400,000.<ref>{{cite book \|title=The Rise of Man in the Gardens of Sumeria: A Biography of L.A. Waddell \|first=Christine \|last=Preston \|publisher=Sussex Academic Press \|year=2009 \|page=49 \|isbn=9781845193157 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ujn2fPCwaUAC&pg=PA49 }}</ref>

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	Chandragupta sent 500 [[war elephant]]s to Seleucus, which played a key role in Seleucus' victory at the [[Battle of Ipsus]].<ref>''India, the Ancient Past'', Burjor Avari, p. 106-107</ref>{{sfn\|Majumdar\|2003\|p=105}}<ref>{{cite journal \| last1 = Tarn \| first1 = W. W. \| year = 1940 \| title = Two Notes on Seleucid History: 1. Seleucus' 500 Elephants, 2. Tarmita \| journal = The Journal of Hellenic Studies \| volume = 60 \| pages = 84–94 \| doi = 10.2307/626263 \| jstor = 626263 \| s2cid = 163980490 }}</ref> In addition to this treaty, Seleucus dispatched [[Megasthenes]] as an ambassador to Chandragupta's court, and later [[Antiochus I Soter\|Antiochos]] sent [[Deimakos]] to his son Bindusara at the Maurya court at Patna.{{sfn\|Mookerji\|1988\|p=38}}		Chandragupta sent 500 [[war elephant]]s to Seleucus, which played a key role in Seleucus' victory at the [[Battle of Ipsus]].<ref>''India, the Ancient Past'', Burjor Avari, p. 106-107</ref>{{sfn\|Majumdar\|2003\|p=105}}<ref>{{cite journal \| last1 = Tarn \| first1 = W. W. \| year = 1940 \| title = Two Notes on Seleucid History: 1. Seleucus' 500 Elephants, 2. Tarmita \| journal = The Journal of Hellenic Studies \| volume = 60 \| pages = 84–94 \| doi = 10.2307/626263 \| jstor = 626263 \| s2cid = 163980490 }}</ref> In addition to this treaty, Seleucus dispatched [[Megasthenes]] as an ambassador to Chandragupta's court, and later [[Antiochus I Soter\|Antiochos]] sent [[Deimakos]] to his son Bindusara at the Maurya court at Patna.{{sfn\|Mookerji\|1988\|p=38}}

	{{quote\|text=Always lying in wait for the neighboring nations, strong in arms and persuasive in council, he acquired Mesopotamia, [[Armenia]], '[[Seleucid]]' [[Cappadocia]], [[Persis]], [[Parthia]], [[Bactria]], [[Arabia]], [[Tapuria]], [[Sogdia]], [[Arachosia]], [[Hyrcania]], and other adjacent peoples that had been subdued by Alexander, as far as the river Indus, so that the boundaries of his empire were the most extensive in Asia after that of Alexander. The whole region from Phrygia to the Indus was subject to Seleucus~~. He~~ crossed the Indus and waged war with Sandrocottus [Maurya], king of ~~the~~ Indians, who dwelt on the banks of that stream, until they came to an understanding with each other and contracted a [[marriage]] relationship. Some of these exploits were performed before the death of Antigonus and some afterward.\|sign=<small>[[Appian]]</small>\|source=''History of Rome'', The Syrian Wars [~~http~~://www.livius.org/ap-~~ark~~/appian/~~appian_syriaca_11.html~~ 55]}}		{{quote\|text= " Seleucus crossed the Indus and waged war with Sandrocottus [Maurya], king of he Indians, who dwelt on the banks of that stream, until they came to an understanding with each other and contracted a marriage relationship. Some of these exploits were performed before the death of Antigonus and some afterward." \|sign=<small>[[Appian]]</small>\|source=''History of Rome'', The Syrian Wars [https://www.livius.org/sources/content/appian/appian-the-syrian-wars/appian-the-syrian-wars-11/ 55]}}

	An Indian [[Puranic]] source, the ''[[Pratisargaparvan\|Pratisarga Parva]]'' of the ''[[Bhavishya Purana]]'', described the marriage of Chandragupta with a Greek ("[[Yavana]]") princess, daughter of Seleucus,<ref name="Sagar">Foreign Influence on Ancient India, Krishna Chandra Sagar, Northern Book Centre, 1992, p.83 [https://books.google.com/books?id=0UA4rkm9MgkC&pg=PA83]</ref> before accurately detailing early Mauryan genealogy:		An Indian [[Puranic]] source, the ''[[Pratisargaparvan\|Pratisarga Parva]]'' of the ''[[Bhavishya Purana]]'', described the marriage of Chandragupta with a Greek ("[[Yavana]]") princess, daughter of Seleucus,<ref name="Sagar">Foreign Influence on Ancient India, Krishna Chandra Sagar, Northern Book Centre, 1992, p.83 [https://books.google.com/books?id=0UA4rkm9MgkC&pg=PA83]</ref> before accurately detailing early Mauryan genealogy:

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	Greek historians mentioned the result of [[Seleucid–Mauryan war]] where Seleucid Empire's eastern satrapies( [[Gedrosia]],[[Arachosia]], [[Aria]], and [[Paropamisadae]]) ceded to Mauryan Empire :		Greek historians mentioned the result of [[Seleucid–Mauryan war]] where Seleucid Empire's eastern satrapies( [[Gedrosia]],[[Arachosia]], [[Aria]], and [[Paropamisadae]]) ceded to Mauryan Empire :
	{{quote\|text= " Seleucus crossed the Indus and waged war with Sandrocottus [Maurya], king of he Indians, who dwelt on the banks of that stream, until they came to an understanding with each other and contracted a marriage relationship. Some of these exploits were performed before the death of Antigonus and some afterward." \|sign=<small>[[Appian]]</small>\|source=''History of Rome'', The Syrian Wars [https://www.livius.org/sources/content/appian/appian-the-syrian-wars/appian-the-syrian-wars-11/ 55]}}<blockquote>" The geographical position of the tribes is as follows: along the Indus are the Paropamisadae, above whom lies the Paropamisus mountain: then, towards the south, the Arachoti: then next, towards the south, the Gedroseni, with the other tribes that occupy the seaboard; and the Indus lies, latitudinally, alongside all these places; and of these places, in part, some that lie along the Indus are held by Indians, although they formerly belonged to the Persians. Alexander [III 'the Great' of Macedon] took these away from the Arians and established settlements of his own, but [[Seleucus Nicator]] gave them to [[Sandrocottus]] [Chandragupta], upon terms of intermarriage and of receiving in exchange five hundred elephants. "		<blockquote>" The geographical position of the tribes is as follows: along the Indus are the Paropamisadae, above whom lies the Paropamisus mountain: then, towards the south, the Arachoti: then next, towards the south, the Gedroseni, with the other tribes that occupy the seaboard; and the Indus lies, latitudinally, alongside all these places; and of these places, in part, some that lie along the Indus are held by Indians, although they formerly belonged to the Persians. Alexander [III 'the Great' of Macedon] took these away from the Arians and established settlements of his own, but [[Seleucus Nicator]] gave them to [[Sandrocottus]] [Chandragupta], upon terms of intermarriage and of receiving in exchange five hundred elephants. "

	— Strabo 15.2.9 [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/15B*.html#2.9]</blockquote>		— Strabo 15.2.9 [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/15B*.html#2.9]</blockquote>

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	\|-		\|-
	\| 315 BCE		\| 315 BCE
	\| '''Mauryan conquest of Northwest regions '''[[File:EasternSatrapsAfterAlexander.jpg\|thumb\|alt=Eastern Satraps\|Chandragupta had defeated the remaining [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)\|Macedonian]] [[satrap]]ies in the northwest of the [[Indian subcontinent]] by 317 BCE.]]		\| '''Mauryan conquest of Northwest regions '''
	\| [[Mauryan Empire]]		\| [[Mauryan Empire]]
	\| [[Macedonian Empire]]		\| [[Macedonian Empire]]
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	* Establishment of [[Megasthenes\|diplomatic relations]]		* Establishment of [[Megasthenes\|diplomatic relations]]
	\|}		\|}

	==Rule ==		==Rule ==
	After unifying much of India, Chandragupta and [[Chanakya]] passed a series of major economic and political reforms. Chandragupta established a [[Mantriparishad\|strong central administration]] from Pataliputra (now [[Patna]]).{{sfn\|Mookerji\|1988\|pp=13–18}} Chandragupta applied the statecraft and economic policies described in Chanakya's text ''[[Arthashastra]]''.{{sfn\|Boesche\|2003\|pp=7–18}}<ref>MV Krishna Rao (1958, Reprinted 1979), Studies in Kautilya, 2nd Edition, {{oclc\|551238868}}, {{ISBN\|978-8121502429}}, pages 13–14, 231–233</ref>{{sfn\|Olivelle\|2013\|pp=31–38}} There are varying accounts in the historic, legendary, and hagiographic literature of various Indian religions about Chandragupta's rule, but Allchin and Erdosy' are suspect; they state, "one cannot but be struck by the many close correspondences between the (Hindu) Arthashastra and the two other major sources the (Buddhist) Asokan inscriptions and (Greek) Megasthenes text".{{sfn\|Allchin\|Erdosy\|1995\|pp=187–194}}		After unifying much of India, Chandragupta and [[Chanakya]] passed a series of major economic and political reforms. Chandragupta established a [[Mantriparishad\|strong central administration]] from Pataliputra (now [[Patna]]).{{sfn\|Mookerji\|1988\|pp=13–18}} Chandragupta applied the statecraft and economic policies described in Chanakya's text ''[[Arthashastra]]''.{{sfn\|Boesche\|2003\|pp=7–18}}<ref>MV Krishna Rao (1958, Reprinted 1979), Studies in Kautilya, 2nd Edition, {{oclc\|551238868}}, {{ISBN\|978-8121502429}}, pages 13–14, 231–233</ref>{{sfn\|Olivelle\|2013\|pp=31–38}} There are varying accounts in the historic, legendary, and hagiographic literature of various Indian religions about Chandragupta's rule, but Allchin and Erdosy' are suspect; they state, "one cannot but be struck by the many close correspondences between the (Hindu) Arthashastra and the two other major sources the (Buddhist) Asokan inscriptions and (Greek) Megasthenes text".{{sfn\|Allchin\|Erdosy\|1995\|pp=187–194}}

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	== Early life ==		== Early life ==
			The Buddhist sources, written centuries later, claim that both Chandragupta and his grandson, the great patron of Buddhism called [[Ashoka]], were of noble lineage. Some texts link him to the same family of Sakyas from which the [[Buddha]] came, adding that his epithet ''Moriya'' (Sanskrit: Maurya, Mayura) comes from ''Mora'', which in Pali means peacock. Most Buddhist texts state that Chandragupta was a Kshatriya, the Hindu warrior class in Magadha and a student of Chanakya.{{sfn\|Mookerji\|1988\|pp=13-18}} The Buddhist texts are inconsistent, with some including legends about a city named "Moriya-nagara" where all buildings were made of bricks colored like the peacock's resplendent neck.{{sfn\|Mookerji\|1988\|pp=13-14}} The Jain sources, also written centuries later, claim Chandragupta to be the son of a village chief, a village known for raising peacocks.{{sfn\|Mookerji\|1988\|pp=13-14}}

	One medieval commentator states Chandragupta to be the son of one of the Nanda's wives with the name Mura.{{sfn\|Mookerji\|1988\|pp=7–9}} Other sources describe Mura as a concubine of the king.<ref name=":1">{{cite book \|title=The Cambridge History of India \|year=1968 \|editor=Edward James Rapson \|volume=4 \|page=470 \|quote="His surname Maurya is explained by Indian authorities as mean 'son of Mura,' who is described as a concubine of the king. \|editor2=Wolseley Haig \|editor3=Richard Burn \|editor4=Henry Dodwell \|editor5=Mortimer Wheeler}}</ref> Another Sanskrit dramatic text [[Mudrarakshasa]] uses the terms ''Vrishala'' and ''Kula-Hina'' (meaning - "not descending from a recognized clan or family.") to describe Chandragupta.{{sfn\|Mookerji\|1988\|pp=9–11}} The word ''Vrishala'' has two meanings: one is the ''son of a [[Shudra]]''; the other means the ''best of kings''. A later commentator used the former interpretation to posit that Chandragupta had a Shudra background. However, historian [[Radha Kumud Mukherjee]] opposed this theory, and stated that the word should be interpreted as "the best of kings".{{sfn\|Mookerji\|1988\|pp=9–11}} The same drama also refers to Chandragupta as someone of humble origin, like Justin.{{sfn\|Mookerji\|1988\|pp=9–11}} According to the 11th-century texts of the Kashmiri Hindu tradition – [[Kathasaritsagara]] and ''Brihat-Katha-Manjari'' – the Nanda lineage was very short. Chandragupta was a son of Purva-Nanda, the older Nanda based in Ayodhya. {{sfn\|Mookerji\|1988\|p=13}}{{sfn\|Mookerji\|1988\|pp=15-18}}{{refn\|note\|According to Kaushik Roy, Chandragupta Maurya was a [[Shudra]] lineage, king.{{sfn\|Roy\|2012\|pp=61-62}}}} The common theme in the Hindu sources is that Chandragupta came from a humble background and with Chanakya, he emerged as a dharmic king loved by his subjects.{{sfn\|Mookerji\|1988\|pp=7–13}}		One medieval commentator states Chandragupta to be the son of one of the Nanda's wives with the name Mura.{{sfn\|Mookerji\|1988\|pp=7–9}} Other sources describe Mura as a concubine of the king.<ref name=":1">{{cite book \|title=The Cambridge History of India \|year=1968 \|editor=Edward James Rapson \|volume=4 \|page=470 \|quote="His surname Maurya is explained by Indian authorities as mean 'son of Mura,' who is described as a concubine of the king. \|editor2=Wolseley Haig \|editor3=Richard Burn \|editor4=Henry Dodwell \|editor5=Mortimer Wheeler}}</ref> Another Sanskrit dramatic text [[Mudrarakshasa]] uses the terms ''Vrishala'' and ''Kula-Hina'' (meaning - "not descending from a recognized clan or family.") to describe Chandragupta.{{sfn\|Mookerji\|1988\|pp=9–11}} The word ''Vrishala'' has two meanings: one is the ''son of a [[Shudra]]''; the other means the ''best of kings''. A later commentator used the former interpretation to posit that Chandragupta had a Shudra background. However, historian [[Radha Kumud Mukherjee]] opposed this theory, and stated that the word should be interpreted as "the best of kings".{{sfn\|Mookerji\|1988\|pp=9–11}} The same drama also refers to Chandragupta as someone of humble origin, like Justin.{{sfn\|Mookerji\|1988\|pp=9–11}} According to the 11th-century texts of the Kashmiri Hindu tradition – [[Kathasaritsagara]] and ''Brihat-Katha-Manjari'' – the Nanda lineage was very short. Chandragupta was a son of Purva-Nanda, the older Nanda based in Ayodhya. {{sfn\|Mookerji\|1988\|p=13}}{{sfn\|Mookerji\|1988\|pp=15-18}}{{refn\|note\|According to Kaushik Roy, Chandragupta Maurya was a [[Shudra]] lineage, king.{{sfn\|Roy\|2012\|pp=61-62}}}} The common theme in the Hindu sources is that Chandragupta came from a humble background and with Chanakya, he emerged as a dharmic king loved by his subjects.{{sfn\|Mookerji\|1988\|pp=7–13}}

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	According to Appian, [[Seleucus I Nicator]], one of Alexander's Macedonian generals who in 312 BCE established the [[Seleucid Kingdom]] with its capital at Babylon, brought Persia and [[Bactria]] under his own authority, putting his eastern front facing the empire of Chandragupta.{{sfn\|Mookerji\|1988\|pp=2-3, 35-38}}{{sfn\|Appian\|p=55}} Seleucus and Chandragupta waged war until they came to an understanding with each other. Seleucus married off his daughter, Berenice, to Chandragupta to forge an alliance.{{sfn\|Appian\|p=55}}		According to Appian, [[Seleucus I Nicator]], one of Alexander's Macedonian generals who in 312 BCE established the [[Seleucid Kingdom]] with its capital at Babylon, brought Persia and [[Bactria]] under his own authority, putting his eastern front facing the empire of Chandragupta.{{sfn\|Mookerji\|1988\|pp=2-3, 35-38}}{{sfn\|Appian\|p=55}} Seleucus and Chandragupta waged war until they came to an understanding with each other. Seleucus married off his daughter, Berenice, to Chandragupta to forge an alliance.{{sfn\|Appian\|p=55}}

			According to Strabo, Chandragupta engaged in a marital alliance with [[Seleucus I Nicator\|Seleucus]] to formalise the peace treaty:{{sfn\|Mookerji\|1988\|p=37}}
			[[File:Chandra Gupta Maurya entertains his bride from Babylon.jpg\|thumb\|alt=Marriage\|"Chandra Gupta Maurya entertains his bride from Babylon": a conjectural interpretation of the "marriage agreement" between the Seleucids and Chandragupta Maurya, related by [[Appian]]<ref>''History of Rome'', The Syrian Wars [http://www.livius.org/ap-ark/appian/appian_syriaca_11.html 55] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071103154609/http://www.livius.org/ap-ark/appian/appian_syriaca_11.html \|date=3 November 2007 }}</ref>]]
			{{quote\|The Indians occupy in part some of the countries situated along the Indus, which formerly belonged to the Persians: Alexander deprived the Ariani of them, and established there settlements of his own. But [[Seleucus Nicator]] gave them to [[Sandrocottus]] in consequence of a marriage contract ([[Epigamia]], Greek: Ἐπιγαμία), and received in return five hundred elephants.\|[[Strabo]] 15.2.1(9)<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239&query=head%3D%23120\|title=Strabo 15.2.1(9)}}</ref>}}

	R. C. Majumdar and D. D. Kosambi note that Seleucus appeared to have fared poorly after ceding large territories west of the Indus to Chandragupta. The Maurya Empire added [[Arachosia]] ([[Kandahar]]), [[Gedrosia]] ([[Balochistan (Pakistan)\|Balochistan]]), and [[Paropamisadae]] ([[Gandhara]]).{{sfn\|Mookerji\|1988\|pp=36–37, 105}}<ref>{{cite journal \| last1 = Walter Eugene \| first1 = Clark \| year = 1919 \| title = The Importance of Hellenism from the Point of View of Indic-Philology \| journal = Classical Philology \| volume = 14 \| issue = 4\| pages = 297–313 \| doi = 10.1086/360246 \| s2cid = 161613588 }}</ref>{{efn\|According to Grainger, Seleucus "must ... have held Aria" (Herat), and furthermore, his "son [[Antiochus I Soter\|Antiochos]] was active there fifteen years later". (Grainger, John D. 1990, 2014. ''Seleukos Nikator: Constructing a Hellenistic Kingdom''. Routledge. p. 109).}} According to Strabo, [[Seleucus Nicator]] gave these regions to Chandragupta along with a marriage treaty, and in return received five hundred elephants.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239&query=head%3D%23120\|title=Strabo 15.2.1(9)\|access-date=14 July 2017\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203225004/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239&query=head%3D%23120\|archive-date=3 February 2009\|url-status=live}}</ref> The details of the engagement treaty are not known.{{sfn\|Barua\|2005\|pp=13-15}} However, since the extensive sources available on Seleucus never mention an Indian princess, it is thought that the marital alliance went the other way, with Chandragupta himself or his son Bindusara marrying a Seleucid princess, in accordance with contemporary Greek practices to form dynastic alliances. An Indian [[Puranic]] source, the [[Pratisargaparvan\|Pratisarga Parva]] of the [[Bhavishya Purana]], described the marriage of Chandragupta with a Greek ("[[Yavana]]") princess, daughter of Seleucus.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Sagar \|first=Chandra \|title=Foreign Influence on Ancient India \|publisher=Northern Book Centre \|year=1992 \|page=83}}</ref> [[Mahavamsa\|The Mahavamsa]] also states that, seven months after the war ended, Seleucus gave one of his daughters, Berenice (known in Pali as ''Suvarnnaksi'') in marriage to Chandragupta.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Paranavithana \|first=Senarat \|title=The Greeks and the Mauryans \|publisher=Lake House Investments \|date=January 1971 \|isbn=9780842607933 \|language=English}}</ref>		R. C. Majumdar and D. D. Kosambi note that Seleucus appeared to have fared poorly after ceding large territories west of the Indus to Chandragupta. The Maurya Empire added [[Arachosia]] ([[Kandahar]]), [[Gedrosia]] ([[Balochistan (Pakistan)\|Balochistan]]), and [[Paropamisadae]] ([[Gandhara]]).{{sfn\|Mookerji\|1988\|pp=36–37, 105}}<ref>{{cite journal \| last1 = Walter Eugene \| first1 = Clark \| year = 1919 \| title = The Importance of Hellenism from the Point of View of Indic-Philology \| journal = Classical Philology \| volume = 14 \| issue = 4\| pages = 297–313 \| doi = 10.1086/360246 \| s2cid = 161613588 }}</ref>{{efn\|According to Grainger, Seleucus "must ... have held Aria" (Herat), and furthermore, his "son [[Antiochus I Soter\|Antiochos]] was active there fifteen years later". (Grainger, John D. 1990, 2014. ''Seleukos Nikator: Constructing a Hellenistic Kingdom''. Routledge. p. 109).}} According to Strabo, [[Seleucus Nicator]] gave these regions to Chandragupta along with a marriage treaty, and in return received five hundred elephants.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239&query=head%3D%23120\|title=Strabo 15.2.1(9)\|access-date=14 July 2017\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203225004/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239&query=head%3D%23120\|archive-date=3 February 2009\|url-status=live}}</ref> The details of the engagement treaty are not known.{{sfn\|Barua\|2005\|pp=13-15}} However, since the extensive sources available on Seleucus never mention an Indian princess, it is thought that the marital alliance went the other way, with Chandragupta himself or his son Bindusara marrying a Seleucid princess, in accordance with contemporary Greek practices to form dynastic alliances. An Indian [[Puranic]] source, the [[Pratisargaparvan\|Pratisarga Parva]] of the [[Bhavishya Purana]], described the marriage of Chandragupta with a Greek ("[[Yavana]]") princess, daughter of Seleucus.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Sagar \|first=Chandra \|title=Foreign Influence on Ancient India \|publisher=Northern Book Centre \|year=1992 \|page=83}}</ref> [[Mahavamsa\|The Mahavamsa]] also states that, seven months after the war ended, Seleucus gave one of his daughters, Berenice (known in Pali as ''Suvarnnaksi'') in marriage to Chandragupta.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Paranavithana \|first=Senarat \|title=The Greeks and the Mauryans \|publisher=Lake House Investments \|date=January 1971 \|isbn=9780842607933 \|language=English}}</ref>

	Chandragupta sent 500 [[war elephant]]s to Seleucus, which played a key role in Seleucus' victory at the [[Battle of Ipsus]].<ref>''India, the Ancient Past'', Burjor Avari, p. 106-107</ref>{{sfn\|Majumdar\|2003\|p=105}}<ref>{{cite journal \| last1 = Tarn \| first1 = W. W. \| year = 1940 \| title = Two Notes on Seleucid History: 1. Seleucus' 500 Elephants, 2. Tarmita \| journal = The Journal of Hellenic Studies \| volume = 60 \| pages = 84–94 \| doi = 10.2307/626263 \| jstor = 626263 \| s2cid = 163980490 }}</ref> In addition to this treaty, Seleucus dispatched [[Megasthenes]] as an ambassador to Chandragupta's court, and later [[Antiochus I Soter\|Antiochos]] sent [[Deimakos]] to his son Bindusara at the Maurya court at Patna.{{sfn\|Mookerji\|1988\|p=38}}		Chandragupta sent 500 [[war elephant]]s to Seleucus, which played a key role in Seleucus' victory at the [[Battle of Ipsus]].<ref>''India, the Ancient Past'', Burjor Avari, p. 106-107</ref>{{sfn\|Majumdar\|2003\|p=105}}<ref>{{cite journal \| last1 = Tarn \| first1 = W. W. \| year = 1940 \| title = Two Notes on Seleucid History: 1. Seleucus' 500 Elephants, 2. Tarmita \| journal = The Journal of Hellenic Studies \| volume = 60 \| pages = 84–94 \| doi = 10.2307/626263 \| jstor = 626263 \| s2cid = 163980490 }}</ref> In addition to this treaty, Seleucus dispatched [[Megasthenes]] as an ambassador to Chandragupta's court, and later [[Antiochus I Soter\|Antiochos]] sent [[Deimakos]] to his son Bindusara at the Maurya court at Patna.{{sfn\|Mookerji\|1988\|p=38}}

			{{quote\|text=Always lying in wait for the neighboring nations, strong in arms and persuasive in council, he acquired Mesopotamia, [[Armenia]], '[[Seleucid]]' [[Cappadocia]], [[Persis]], [[Parthia]], [[Bactria]], [[Arabia]], [[Tapuria]], [[Sogdia]], [[Arachosia]], [[Hyrcania]], and other adjacent peoples that had been subdued by Alexander, as far as the river Indus, so that the boundaries of his empire were the most extensive in Asia after that of Alexander. The whole region from Phrygia to the Indus was subject to Seleucus. He crossed the Indus and waged war with Sandrocottus [Maurya], king of the Indians, who dwelt on the banks of that stream, until they came to an understanding with each other and contracted a [[marriage]] relationship. Some of these exploits were performed before the death of Antigonus and some afterward.\|sign=<small>[[Appian]]</small>\|source=''History of Rome'', The Syrian Wars [http://www.livius.org/ap-ark/appian/appian_syriaca_11.html 55]}}

			An Indian [[Puranic]] source, the ''[[Pratisargaparvan\|Pratisarga Parva]]'' of the ''[[Bhavishya Purana]]'', described the marriage of Chandragupta with a Greek ("[[Yavana]]") princess, daughter of Seleucus,<ref name="Sagar">Foreign Influence on Ancient India, Krishna Chandra Sagar, Northern Book Centre, 1992, p.83 [https://books.google.com/books?id=0UA4rkm9MgkC&pg=PA83]</ref> before accurately detailing early Mauryan genealogy:

			{{quote\|"Chandragupta married with a daughter of [[Seleucus I Nicator\|Suluva]] (Seleucus), the [[Yavana]] king of [[Persian Empire\|Pausasa]] (Persia).<ref>The country is transliterated as "Pausasa" in the online translation: [http://mandhataglobal.com/wp-content/custom/articles/Puranas.pdf Pratisarga Parva p.18] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423144009/http://mandhataglobal.com/wp-content/custom/articles/Puranas.pdf \|date=23 April 2016 }} and in Encyclopaedia of Indian Traditions and Cultural Heritage, Anmol Publications, 2009, p.18; and "Paursa" in the original Sanskrit of the first two verses given in Foreign Influence on Ancient India, Krishna Chandra Sagar, Northern Book Centre, 1992, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0UA4rkm9MgkC&pg=PA83 p.83]:</ref> Thus, he mixed the Buddhists and the Yavanas. He ruled for 60 years. From him, [[Bindusara]] was born and ruled for the same number of years as his father. His son was [[Ashoka]]."\|''[[Pratisarga Parva]]''<ref>Translation given in: Encyclopaedia of Indian Traditions and Cultural Heritage, Anmol Publications, 2009, p.18. Also online translation: [http://mandhataglobal.com/wp-content/custom/articles/Puranas.pdf Pratisarga Parva p.18] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423144009/http://mandhataglobal.com/wp-content/custom/articles/Puranas.pdf \|date=23 April 2016 }}.</ref><ref>Original Sanskrit of the first two verses given in Foreign Influence on Ancient India, Krishna Chandra Sagar, Northern Book Centre, 1992, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0UA4rkm9MgkC&pg=PA83 p.83]: "Chandragupta Sutah Paursadhipateh Sutam. Suluvasya Tathodwahya Yavani Baudhtatapar".</ref><ref name="Sagar"/>}}

	===Southern conquest===		===Southern conquest===
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	[[File:MauryanCoin.JPG\|thumb\|left\|alt=Coins\|Silver punch mark coin of the [[Maurya empire]], with symbols of wheel and elephant (3rd century BCE)]]		[[File:MauryanCoin.JPG\|thumb\|left\|alt=Coins\|Silver punch mark coin of the [[Maurya empire]], with symbols of wheel and elephant (3rd century BCE)]]
	The empire built a [[Maurya Empire#Economy\|strong economy]] from a solid infrastructure such as irrigation, temples, mines, and roads.{{sfn\|Allchin\|Erdosy\|1995\|pp=187–195}}{{sfn\|Roy\|2012\|pp=62–63}} Ancient epigraphical evidence suggests Chandragupta, under counsel from Chanakya, started and completed many irrigation reservoirs and networks across the Indian subcontinent to ensure food supplies for the civilian population and the army, a practice continued by his dynastic successors.{{sfn\|Allchin\|Erdosy\|1995\|pp=187–194}} Regional prosperity in agriculture was one of the required duties of his state officials.{{sfn\|Allchin\|Erdosy\|1995\|pp=192–194}}		The empire built a [[Maurya Empire#Economy\|strong economy]] from a solid infrastructure such as irrigation, temples, mines, and roads.{{sfn\|Allchin\|Erdosy\|1995\|pp=187–195}}{{sfn\|Roy\|2012\|pp=62–63}} Ancient epigraphical evidence suggests Chandragupta, under counsel from Chanakya, started and completed many irrigation reservoirs and networks across the Indian subcontinent to ensure food supplies for the civilian population and the army, a practice continued by his dynastic successors.{{sfn\|Allchin\|Erdosy\|1995\|pp=187–194}} Regional prosperity in agriculture was one of the required duties of his state officials.{{sfn\|Allchin\|Erdosy\|1995\|pp=192–194}}
	Chandragupta's state also started mines, centers to produce goods, and networks for trading these goods. His rule developed land routes for goods transportation within the Indian subcontinent, disfavoring water transport. Chandragupta expanded "roads suitable for carts", preferring these over those narrow tracts that allowed only pack animals.{{sfn\|F. R. Allchin\|George Erdosy\|1995\|pp=194-195}}		Chandragupta's state also started mines, centers to produce goods, and networks for trading these goods. His rule developed land routes for goods transportation within the Indian subcontinent, disfavoring water transport. Chandragupta expanded "roads suitable for carts", preferring these over those narrow tracts that allowed only pack animals.{{sfn\|F. R. Allchin\|George Erdosy\|1995\|pp=194-195}}

	[[File:Didarganj_Yakshi_statue_in_the_Bihar_Museum.jpg\|thumb\|upright=0.8\|alt=Statue\|3rd century BCE [[Didarganj Yakshi]], discovered in 1917 buried in the banks of the Ganges.<ref name=tapati51>{{cite book\|author=Tapati Guha-Thakurta\|editor=Partha Chatterjee and Anjan Ghosh\|title=History and the Present\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-1eCdLyrpV8C \|year=2006\|publisher=Anthem\|isbn=978-1-84331-224-6\|pages=51–53, 58–59}}</ref><ref name=varadpande32>{{cite book\|author=Manohar Laxman Varadpande\|title=Woman in Indian Sculpture\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IsE5KAja3jAC \|year=2006\|publisher=Abhinav Publications\|isbn=978-81-7017-474-5\|pages=32–34 with Figure 11}}</ref>]]
	~~According to Kaushik Roy, the Maurya dynasty rulers, beginning with Chandragupta, were "great road builders".{{sfn\|Roy\|2012\|pp=62-63~~}}

	The strongest evidence of infrastructure development is found in the [[Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman]] in Gujarat, dated to about 150 CE. It states, among other things, that Rudradaman repaired and enlarged the reservoir and irrigation conduit infrastructure built by Chandragupta and enhanced by Asoka.{{sfn\|Allchin\|Erdosy\|1995\|p=189}} Chandragupta's empire also built mines, manufacturing centres, and networks for trading goods. His rule developed land routes to transport goods across the Indian subcontinent. Chandragupta expanded "roads suitable for carts" as he preferred those over narrow tracks suitable for only pack animals.{{sfn\|Allchin\|Erdosy\|1995\|pp=194–195}}		The strongest evidence of infrastructure development is found in the [[Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman]] in Gujarat, dated to about 150 CE. It states, among other things, that Rudradaman repaired and enlarged the reservoir and irrigation conduit infrastructure built by Chandragupta and enhanced by Asoka.{{sfn\|Allchin\|Erdosy\|1995\|p=189}} Chandragupta's empire also built mines, manufacturing centres, and networks for trading goods. His rule developed land routes to transport goods across the Indian subcontinent. Chandragupta expanded "roads suitable for carts" as he preferred those over narrow tracks suitable for only pack animals.{{sfn\|Allchin\|Erdosy\|1995\|pp=194–195}}
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	The evidence of arts and architecture during Chandragupta's time is mostly limited to texts such as those by Megasthenes and Kautilya. The edict inscriptions and carvings on monumental pillars are attributed to his grandson Ashoka. The texts imply the existence of cities, public works, and prosperous architecture but the historicity of these is in question.{{sfn\|Harrison\|2009\|pp=234–235}}		The evidence of arts and architecture during Chandragupta's time is mostly limited to texts such as those by Megasthenes and Kautilya. The edict inscriptions and carvings on monumental pillars are attributed to his grandson Ashoka. The texts imply the existence of cities, public works, and prosperous architecture but the historicity of these is in question.{{sfn\|Harrison\|2009\|pp=234–235}}

	Archeological discoveries in the modern age, such as those [[Didarganj Yakshi]] discovered in 1917 buried beneath the banks of the Ganges suggest exceptional artisanal accomplishment.{{sfn\|Guha-Thakurta\|2006\|pp=51–53, 58–59}}{{sfn\|Varadpande\|2006\|pp=32–34 with Figure 11}} The site was dated to third century BCE by ~~many~~ scholars{{sfn\|Guha-Thakurta\|2006\|pp=51–53, 58–59}}{{sfn\|Varadpande\|2006\|pp=32–34 with Figure 11}} but later dates such as the [[Kushan]] era (1st-4th century CE) have also been proposed. The competing theories state that the art linked to Chandragupta Maurya's dynasty was learnt from the Greeks and West Asia in the years Alexander the Great waged war; or that these artifacts belong to an older indigenous Indian tradition.{{sfn\|Guha-Thakurta\|2006\|pp=58–61}} Frederick Asher ~~of the University of Minnesota says "we cannot pretend to have definitive answers; and perhaps, as with most art, we must recognize that there is no single answer or explanation"~~.{{sfn\|Asher\|2015\|pp=421–423}}		[[File:Didarganj_Yakshi_statue_in_the_Bihar_Museum.jpg\|thumb\|upright=0.8\|alt=Statue\|3rd century BCE [[Didarganj Yakshi]], discovered in 1917 buried in the banks of the Ganges.<ref name=tapati51>{{cite book\|author=Tapati Guha-Thakurta\|editor=Partha Chatterjee and Anjan Ghosh\|title=History and the Present\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-1eCdLyrpV8C \|year=2006\|publisher=Anthem\|isbn=978-1-84331-224-6\|pages=51–53, 58–59}}</ref><ref name=varadpande32>{{cite book\|author=Manohar Laxman Varadpande\|title=Woman in Indian Sculpture\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IsE5KAja3jAC \|year=2006\|publisher=Abhinav Publications\|isbn=978-81-7017-474-5\|pages=32–34 with Figure 11}}</ref>]]

			Archeological discoveries in the modern age, such as those [[Didarganj Yakshi]] discovered in 1917 buried beneath the banks of the Ganges suggest exceptional artisanal accomplishment.{{sfn\|Guha-Thakurta\|2006\|pp=51–53, 58–59}}{{sfn\|Varadpande\|2006\|pp=32–34 with Figure 11}} The site was dated to third century BCE by almost all scholars{{sfn\|Guha-Thakurta\|2006\|pp=51–53, 58–59}}{{sfn\|Varadpande\|2006\|pp=32–34 with Figure 11}} but Frederick Asher questioned it.{{sfn\|Asher\|2015\|pp=421–423}}

	==Succession, renunciation, and death (Sallekhana)==		==Succession, renunciation, and death (Sallekhana)==

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:27, 18 February 2024
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	Chandragupta sent 500 [[war elephant]]s to Seleucus, which played a key role in Seleucus' victory at the [[Battle of Ipsus]].<ref>''India, the Ancient Past'', Burjor Avari, p. 106-107</ref>{{sfn\|Majumdar\|2003\|p=105}}<ref>{{cite journal \| last1 = Tarn \| first1 = W. W. \| year = 1940 \| title = Two Notes on Seleucid History: 1. Seleucus' 500 Elephants, 2. Tarmita \| journal = The Journal of Hellenic Studies \| volume = 60 \| pages = 84–94 \| doi = 10.2307/626263 \| jstor = 626263 \| s2cid = 163980490 }}</ref> In addition to this treaty, Seleucus dispatched [[Megasthenes]] as an ambassador to Chandragupta's court, and later [[Antiochus I Soter\|Antiochos]] sent [[Deimakos]] to his son Bindusara at the Maurya court at Patna.{{sfn\|Mookerji\|1988\|p=38}}		Chandragupta sent 500 [[war elephant]]s to Seleucus, which played a key role in Seleucus' victory at the [[Battle of Ipsus]].<ref>''India, the Ancient Past'', Burjor Avari, p. 106-107</ref>{{sfn\|Majumdar\|2003\|p=105}}<ref>{{cite journal \| last1 = Tarn \| first1 = W. W. \| year = 1940 \| title = Two Notes on Seleucid History: 1. Seleucus' 500 Elephants, 2. Tarmita \| journal = The Journal of Hellenic Studies \| volume = 60 \| pages = 84–94 \| doi = 10.2307/626263 \| jstor = 626263 \| s2cid = 163980490 }}</ref> In addition to this treaty, Seleucus dispatched [[Megasthenes]] as an ambassador to Chandragupta's court, and later [[Antiochus I Soter\|Antiochos]] sent [[Deimakos]] to his son Bindusara at the Maurya court at Patna.{{sfn\|Mookerji\|1988\|p=38}}

	{{quote\|text=Always lying in wait for the neighboring nations, strong in arms and persuasive in council, he acquired Mesopotamia, [[Armenia]], '[[Seleucid]]' [[Cappadocia]], [[Persis]], [[Parthia]], [[Bactria]], [[Arabia]], [[Tapuria]], [[Sogdia]], [[Arachosia]], [[Hyrcania]], and other adjacent peoples that had been subdued by Alexander, as far as the river Indus, so that the boundaries of his empire were the most extensive in Asia after that of Alexander. The whole region from Phrygia to the Indus was subject to Seleucus~~. He~~ crossed the Indus and waged war with Sandrocottus [Maurya], king of ~~the~~ Indians, who dwelt on the banks of that stream, until they came to an understanding with each other and contracted a [[marriage]] relationship. Some of these exploits were performed before the death of Antigonus and some afterward.\|sign=<small>[[Appian]]</small>\|source=''History of Rome'', The Syrian Wars [~~http~~://www.livius.org/ap-~~ark~~/appian/~~appian_syriaca_11.html~~ 55]}}		{{quote\|text= " Seleucus crossed the Indus and waged war with Sandrocottus [Maurya], king of he Indians, who dwelt on the banks of that stream, until they came to an understanding with each other and contracted a marriage relationship. Some of these exploits were performed before the death of Antigonus and some afterward." \|sign=<small>[[Appian]]</small>\|source=''History of Rome'', The Syrian Wars [https://www.livius.org/sources/content/appian/appian-the-syrian-wars/appian-the-syrian-wars-11/ 55]}}

	An Indian [[Puranic]] source, the ''[[Pratisargaparvan\|Pratisarga Parva]]'' of the ''[[Bhavishya Purana]]'', described the marriage of Chandragupta with a Greek ("[[Yavana]]") princess, daughter of Seleucus,<ref name="Sagar">Foreign Influence on Ancient India, Krishna Chandra Sagar, Northern Book Centre, 1992, p.83 [https://books.google.com/books?id=0UA4rkm9MgkC&pg=PA83]</ref> before accurately detailing early Mauryan genealogy:		An Indian [[Puranic]] source, the ''[[Pratisargaparvan\|Pratisarga Parva]]'' of the ''[[Bhavishya Purana]]'', described the marriage of Chandragupta with a Greek ("[[Yavana]]") princess, daughter of Seleucus,<ref name="Sagar">Foreign Influence on Ancient India, Krishna Chandra Sagar, Northern Book Centre, 1992, p.83 [https://books.google.com/books?id=0UA4rkm9MgkC&pg=PA83]</ref> before accurately detailing early Mauryan genealogy:

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:28, 18 February 2024
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	According to Appian, [[Seleucus I Nicator]], one of Alexander's Macedonian generals who in 312 BCE established the [[Seleucid Kingdom]] with its capital at Babylon, brought Persia and [[Bactria]] under his own authority, putting his eastern front facing the empire of Chandragupta.{{sfn\|Mookerji\|1988\|pp=2-3, 35-38}}{{sfn\|Appian\|p=55}} Seleucus and Chandragupta waged war until they came to an understanding with each other. Seleucus married off his daughter, Berenice, to Chandragupta to forge an alliance.{{sfn\|Appian\|p=55}}		According to Appian, [[Seleucus I Nicator]], one of Alexander's Macedonian generals who in 312 BCE established the [[Seleucid Kingdom]] with its capital at Babylon, brought Persia and [[Bactria]] under his own authority, putting his eastern front facing the empire of Chandragupta.{{sfn\|Mookerji\|1988\|pp=2-3, 35-38}}{{sfn\|Appian\|p=55}} Seleucus and Chandragupta waged war until they came to an understanding with each other. Seleucus married off his daughter, Berenice, to Chandragupta to forge an alliance.{{sfn\|Appian\|p=55}}

			According to Strabo, Chandragupta engaged in a marital alliance with [[Seleucus I Nicator\|Seleucus]] to formalise the peace treaty:{{sfn\|Mookerji\|1988\|p=37}}
			[[File:Chandra Gupta Maurya entertains his bride from Babylon.jpg\|thumb\|alt=Marriage\|"Chandra Gupta Maurya entertains his bride from Babylon": a conjectural interpretation of the "marriage agreement" between the Seleucids and Chandragupta Maurya, related by [[Appian]]<ref>''History of Rome'', The Syrian Wars [http://www.livius.org/ap-ark/appian/appian_syriaca_11.html 55] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071103154609/http://www.livius.org/ap-ark/appian/appian_syriaca_11.html \|date=3 November 2007 }}</ref>]]
			{{quote\|The Indians occupy in part some of the countries situated along the Indus, which formerly belonged to the Persians: Alexander deprived the Ariani of them, and established there settlements of his own. But [[Seleucus Nicator]] gave them to [[Sandrocottus]] in consequence of a marriage contract ([[Epigamia]], Greek: Ἐπιγαμία), and received in return five hundred elephants.\|[[Strabo]] 15.2.1(9)<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239&query=head%3D%23120\|title=Strabo 15.2.1(9)}}</ref>}}

	R. C. Majumdar and D. D. Kosambi note that Seleucus appeared to have fared poorly after ceding large territories west of the Indus to Chandragupta. The Maurya Empire added [[Arachosia]] ([[Kandahar]]), [[Gedrosia]] ([[Balochistan (Pakistan)\|Balochistan]]), and [[Paropamisadae]] ([[Gandhara]]).{{sfn\|Mookerji\|1988\|pp=36–37, 105}}<ref>{{cite journal \| last1 = Walter Eugene \| first1 = Clark \| year = 1919 \| title = The Importance of Hellenism from the Point of View of Indic-Philology \| journal = Classical Philology \| volume = 14 \| issue = 4\| pages = 297–313 \| doi = 10.1086/360246 \| s2cid = 161613588 }}</ref>{{efn\|According to Grainger, Seleucus "must ... have held Aria" (Herat), and furthermore, his "son [[Antiochus I Soter\|Antiochos]] was active there fifteen years later". (Grainger, John D. 1990, 2014. ''Seleukos Nikator: Constructing a Hellenistic Kingdom''. Routledge. p. 109).}} According to Strabo, [[Seleucus Nicator]] gave these regions to Chandragupta along with a marriage treaty, and in return received five hundred elephants.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239&query=head%3D%23120\|title=Strabo 15.2.1(9)\|access-date=14 July 2017\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203225004/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239&query=head%3D%23120\|archive-date=3 February 2009\|url-status=live}}</ref> The details of the engagement treaty are not known.{{sfn\|Barua\|2005\|pp=13-15}} However, since the extensive sources available on Seleucus never mention an Indian princess, it is thought that the marital alliance went the other way, with Chandragupta himself or his son Bindusara marrying a Seleucid princess, in accordance with contemporary Greek practices to form dynastic alliances. An Indian [[Puranic]] source, the [[Pratisargaparvan\|Pratisarga Parva]] of the [[Bhavishya Purana]], described the marriage of Chandragupta with a Greek ("[[Yavana]]") princess, daughter of Seleucus.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Sagar \|first=Chandra \|title=Foreign Influence on Ancient India \|publisher=Northern Book Centre \|year=1992 \|page=83}}</ref> [[Mahavamsa\|The Mahavamsa]] also states that, seven months after the war ended, Seleucus gave one of his daughters, Berenice (known in Pali as ''Suvarnnaksi'') in marriage to Chandragupta.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Paranavithana \|first=Senarat \|title=The Greeks and the Mauryans \|publisher=Lake House Investments \|date=January 1971 \|isbn=9780842607933 \|language=English}}</ref>		R. C. Majumdar and D. D. Kosambi note that Seleucus appeared to have fared poorly after ceding large territories west of the Indus to Chandragupta. The Maurya Empire added [[Arachosia]] ([[Kandahar]]), [[Gedrosia]] ([[Balochistan (Pakistan)\|Balochistan]]), and [[Paropamisadae]] ([[Gandhara]]).{{sfn\|Mookerji\|1988\|pp=36–37, 105}}<ref>{{cite journal \| last1 = Walter Eugene \| first1 = Clark \| year = 1919 \| title = The Importance of Hellenism from the Point of View of Indic-Philology \| journal = Classical Philology \| volume = 14 \| issue = 4\| pages = 297–313 \| doi = 10.1086/360246 \| s2cid = 161613588 }}</ref>{{efn\|According to Grainger, Seleucus "must ... have held Aria" (Herat), and furthermore, his "son [[Antiochus I Soter\|Antiochos]] was active there fifteen years later". (Grainger, John D. 1990, 2014. ''Seleukos Nikator: Constructing a Hellenistic Kingdom''. Routledge. p. 109).}} According to Strabo, [[Seleucus Nicator]] gave these regions to Chandragupta along with a marriage treaty, and in return received five hundred elephants.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239&query=head%3D%23120\|title=Strabo 15.2.1(9)\|access-date=14 July 2017\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203225004/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239&query=head%3D%23120\|archive-date=3 February 2009\|url-status=live}}</ref> The details of the engagement treaty are not known.{{sfn\|Barua\|2005\|pp=13-15}} However, since the extensive sources available on Seleucus never mention an Indian princess, it is thought that the marital alliance went the other way, with Chandragupta himself or his son Bindusara marrying a Seleucid princess, in accordance with contemporary Greek practices to form dynastic alliances. An Indian [[Puranic]] source, the [[Pratisargaparvan\|Pratisarga Parva]] of the [[Bhavishya Purana]], described the marriage of Chandragupta with a Greek ("[[Yavana]]") princess, daughter of Seleucus.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Sagar \|first=Chandra \|title=Foreign Influence on Ancient India \|publisher=Northern Book Centre \|year=1992 \|page=83}}</ref> [[Mahavamsa\|The Mahavamsa]] also states that, seven months after the war ended, Seleucus gave one of his daughters, Berenice (known in Pali as ''Suvarnnaksi'') in marriage to Chandragupta.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Paranavithana \|first=Senarat \|title=The Greeks and the Mauryans \|publisher=Lake House Investments \|date=January 1971 \|isbn=9780842607933 \|language=English}}</ref>

	Chandragupta sent 500 [[war elephant]]s to Seleucus, which played a key role in Seleucus' victory at the [[Battle of Ipsus]].<ref>''India, the Ancient Past'', Burjor Avari, p. 106-107</ref>{{sfn\|Majumdar\|2003\|p=105}}<ref>{{cite journal \| last1 = Tarn \| first1 = W. W. \| year = 1940 \| title = Two Notes on Seleucid History: 1. Seleucus' 500 Elephants, 2. Tarmita \| journal = The Journal of Hellenic Studies \| volume = 60 \| pages = 84–94 \| doi = 10.2307/626263 \| jstor = 626263 \| s2cid = 163980490 }}</ref> In addition to this treaty, Seleucus dispatched [[Megasthenes]] as an ambassador to Chandragupta's court, and later [[Antiochus I Soter\|Antiochos]] sent [[Deimakos]] to his son Bindusara at the Maurya court at Patna.{{sfn\|Mookerji\|1988\|p=38}}		Chandragupta sent 500 [[war elephant]]s to Seleucus, which played a key role in Seleucus' victory at the [[Battle of Ipsus]].<ref>''India, the Ancient Past'', Burjor Avari, p. 106-107</ref>{{sfn\|Majumdar\|2003\|p=105}}<ref>{{cite journal \| last1 = Tarn \| first1 = W. W. \| year = 1940 \| title = Two Notes on Seleucid History: 1. Seleucus' 500 Elephants, 2. Tarmita \| journal = The Journal of Hellenic Studies \| volume = 60 \| pages = 84–94 \| doi = 10.2307/626263 \| jstor = 626263 \| s2cid = 163980490 }}</ref> In addition to this treaty, Seleucus dispatched [[Megasthenes]] as an ambassador to Chandragupta's court, and later [[Antiochus I Soter\|Antiochos]] sent [[Deimakos]] to his son Bindusara at the Maurya court at Patna.{{sfn\|Mookerji\|1988\|p=38}}

			{{quote\|text=Always lying in wait for the neighboring nations, strong in arms and persuasive in council, he acquired Mesopotamia, [[Armenia]], '[[Seleucid]]' [[Cappadocia]], [[Persis]], [[Parthia]], [[Bactria]], [[Arabia]], [[Tapuria]], [[Sogdia]], [[Arachosia]], [[Hyrcania]], and other adjacent peoples that had been subdued by Alexander, as far as the river Indus, so that the boundaries of his empire were the most extensive in Asia after that of Alexander. The whole region from Phrygia to the Indus was subject to Seleucus. He crossed the Indus and waged war with Sandrocottus [Maurya], king of the Indians, who dwelt on the banks of that stream, until they came to an understanding with each other and contracted a [[marriage]] relationship. Some of these exploits were performed before the death of Antigonus and some afterward.\|sign=<small>[[Appian]]</small>\|source=''History of Rome'', The Syrian Wars [http://www.livius.org/ap-ark/appian/appian_syriaca_11.html 55]}}

			An Indian [[Puranic]] source, the ''[[Pratisargaparvan\|Pratisarga Parva]]'' of the ''[[Bhavishya Purana]]'', described the marriage of Chandragupta with a Greek ("[[Yavana]]") princess, daughter of Seleucus,<ref name="Sagar">Foreign Influence on Ancient India, Krishna Chandra Sagar, Northern Book Centre, 1992, p.83 [https://books.google.com/books?id=0UA4rkm9MgkC&pg=PA83]</ref> before accurately detailing early Mauryan genealogy:

			{{quote\|"Chandragupta married with a daughter of [[Seleucus I Nicator\|Suluva]] (Seleucus), the [[Yavana]] king of [[Persian Empire\|Pausasa]] (Persia).<ref>The country is transliterated as "Pausasa" in the online translation: [http://mandhataglobal.com/wp-content/custom/articles/Puranas.pdf Pratisarga Parva p.18] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423144009/http://mandhataglobal.com/wp-content/custom/articles/Puranas.pdf \|date=23 April 2016 }} and in Encyclopaedia of Indian Traditions and Cultural Heritage, Anmol Publications, 2009, p.18; and "Paursa" in the original Sanskrit of the first two verses given in Foreign Influence on Ancient India, Krishna Chandra Sagar, Northern Book Centre, 1992, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0UA4rkm9MgkC&pg=PA83 p.83]:</ref> Thus, he mixed the Buddhists and the Yavanas. He ruled for 60 years. From him, [[Bindusara]] was born and ruled for the same number of years as his father. His son was [[Ashoka]]."\|''[[Pratisarga Parva]]''<ref>Translation given in: Encyclopaedia of Indian Traditions and Cultural Heritage, Anmol Publications, 2009, p.18. Also online translation: [http://mandhataglobal.com/wp-content/custom/articles/Puranas.pdf Pratisarga Parva p.18] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423144009/http://mandhataglobal.com/wp-content/custom/articles/Puranas.pdf \|date=23 April 2016 }}.</ref><ref>Original Sanskrit of the first two verses given in Foreign Influence on Ancient India, Krishna Chandra Sagar, Northern Book Centre, 1992, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0UA4rkm9MgkC&pg=PA83 p.83]: "Chandragupta Sutah Paursadhipateh Sutam. Suluvasya Tathodwahya Yavani Baudhtatapar".</ref><ref name="Sagar"/>}}

	===Southern conquest===		===Southern conquest===
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	[[File:MauryanCoin.JPG\|thumb\|left\|alt=Coins\|Silver punch mark coin of the [[Maurya empire]], with symbols of wheel and elephant (3rd century BCE)]]		[[File:MauryanCoin.JPG\|thumb\|left\|alt=Coins\|Silver punch mark coin of the [[Maurya empire]], with symbols of wheel and elephant (3rd century BCE)]]
	The empire built a [[Maurya Empire#Economy\|strong economy]] from a solid infrastructure such as irrigation, temples, mines, and roads.{{sfn\|Allchin\|Erdosy\|1995\|pp=187–195}}{{sfn\|Roy\|2012\|pp=62–63}} Ancient epigraphical evidence suggests Chandragupta, under counsel from Chanakya, started and completed many irrigation reservoirs and networks across the Indian subcontinent to ensure food supplies for the civilian population and the army, a practice continued by his dynastic successors.{{sfn\|Allchin\|Erdosy\|1995\|pp=187–194}} Regional prosperity in agriculture was one of the required duties of his state officials.{{sfn\|Allchin\|Erdosy\|1995\|pp=192–194}}		The empire built a [[Maurya Empire#Economy\|strong economy]] from a solid infrastructure such as irrigation, temples, mines, and roads.{{sfn\|Allchin\|Erdosy\|1995\|pp=187–195}}{{sfn\|Roy\|2012\|pp=62–63}} Ancient epigraphical evidence suggests Chandragupta, under counsel from Chanakya, started and completed many irrigation reservoirs and networks across the Indian subcontinent to ensure food supplies for the civilian population and the army, a practice continued by his dynastic successors.{{sfn\|Allchin\|Erdosy\|1995\|pp=187–194}} Regional prosperity in agriculture was one of the required duties of his state officials.{{sfn\|Allchin\|Erdosy\|1995\|pp=192–194}}
	Chandragupta's state also started mines, centers to produce goods, and networks for trading these goods. His rule developed land routes for goods transportation within the Indian subcontinent, disfavoring water transport. Chandragupta expanded "roads suitable for carts", preferring these over those narrow tracts that allowed only pack animals.{{sfn\|F. R. Allchin\|George Erdosy\|1995\|pp=194-195}}		Chandragupta's state also started mines, centers to produce goods, and networks for trading these goods. His rule developed land routes for goods transportation within the Indian subcontinent, disfavoring water transport. Chandragupta expanded "roads suitable for carts", preferring these over those narrow tracts that allowed only pack animals.{{sfn\|F. R. Allchin\|George Erdosy\|1995\|pp=194-195}}

	[[File:Didarganj_Yakshi_statue_in_the_Bihar_Museum.jpg\|thumb\|upright=0.8\|alt=Statue\|3rd century BCE [[Didarganj Yakshi]], discovered in 1917 buried in the banks of the Ganges.<ref name=tapati51>{{cite book\|author=Tapati Guha-Thakurta\|editor=Partha Chatterjee and Anjan Ghosh\|title=History and the Present\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-1eCdLyrpV8C \|year=2006\|publisher=Anthem\|isbn=978-1-84331-224-6\|pages=51–53, 58–59}}</ref><ref name=varadpande32>{{cite book\|author=Manohar Laxman Varadpande\|title=Woman in Indian Sculpture\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IsE5KAja3jAC \|year=2006\|publisher=Abhinav Publications\|isbn=978-81-7017-474-5\|pages=32–34 with Figure 11}}</ref>]]
	~~According to Kaushik Roy, the Maurya dynasty rulers, beginning with Chandragupta, were "great road builders".{{sfn\|Roy\|2012\|pp=62-63~~}}

	The strongest evidence of infrastructure development is found in the [[Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman]] in Gujarat, dated to about 150 CE. It states, among other things, that Rudradaman repaired and enlarged the reservoir and irrigation conduit infrastructure built by Chandragupta and enhanced by Asoka.{{sfn\|Allchin\|Erdosy\|1995\|p=189}} Chandragupta's empire also built mines, manufacturing centres, and networks for trading goods. His rule developed land routes to transport goods across the Indian subcontinent. Chandragupta expanded "roads suitable for carts" as he preferred those over narrow tracks suitable for only pack animals.{{sfn\|Allchin\|Erdosy\|1995\|pp=194–195}}		The strongest evidence of infrastructure development is found in the [[Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman]] in Gujarat, dated to about 150 CE. It states, among other things, that Rudradaman repaired and enlarged the reservoir and irrigation conduit infrastructure built by Chandragupta and enhanced by Asoka.{{sfn\|Allchin\|Erdosy\|1995\|p=189}} Chandragupta's empire also built mines, manufacturing centres, and networks for trading goods. His rule developed land routes to transport goods across the Indian subcontinent. Chandragupta expanded "roads suitable for carts" as he preferred those over narrow tracks suitable for only pack animals.{{sfn\|Allchin\|Erdosy\|1995\|pp=194–195}}
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	The evidence of arts and architecture during Chandragupta's time is mostly limited to texts such as those by Megasthenes and Kautilya. The edict inscriptions and carvings on monumental pillars are attributed to his grandson Ashoka. The texts imply the existence of cities, public works, and prosperous architecture but the historicity of these is in question.{{sfn\|Harrison\|2009\|pp=234–235}}		The evidence of arts and architecture during Chandragupta's time is mostly limited to texts such as those by Megasthenes and Kautilya. The edict inscriptions and carvings on monumental pillars are attributed to his grandson Ashoka. The texts imply the existence of cities, public works, and prosperous architecture but the historicity of these is in question.{{sfn\|Harrison\|2009\|pp=234–235}}

	Archeological discoveries in the modern age, such as those [[Didarganj Yakshi]] discovered in 1917 buried beneath the banks of the Ganges suggest exceptional artisanal accomplishment.{{sfn\|Guha-Thakurta\|2006\|pp=51–53, 58–59}}{{sfn\|Varadpande\|2006\|pp=32–34 with Figure 11}} The site was dated to third century BCE by ~~many~~ scholars{{sfn\|Guha-Thakurta\|2006\|pp=51–53, 58–59}}{{sfn\|Varadpande\|2006\|pp=32–34 with Figure 11}} but later dates such as the [[Kushan]] era (1st-4th century CE) have also been proposed. The competing theories state that the art linked to Chandragupta Maurya's dynasty was learnt from the Greeks and West Asia in the years Alexander the Great waged war; or that these artifacts belong to an older indigenous Indian tradition.{{sfn\|Guha-Thakurta\|2006\|pp=58–61}} Frederick Asher ~~of the University of Minnesota says "we cannot pretend to have definitive answers; and perhaps, as with most art, we must recognize that there is no single answer or explanation"~~.{{sfn\|Asher\|2015\|pp=421–423}}		[[File:Didarganj_Yakshi_statue_in_the_Bihar_Museum.jpg\|thumb\|upright=0.8\|alt=Statue\|3rd century BCE [[Didarganj Yakshi]], discovered in 1917 buried in the banks of the Ganges.<ref name=tapati51>{{cite book\|author=Tapati Guha-Thakurta\|editor=Partha Chatterjee and Anjan Ghosh\|title=History and the Present\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-1eCdLyrpV8C \|year=2006\|publisher=Anthem\|isbn=978-1-84331-224-6\|pages=51–53, 58–59}}</ref><ref name=varadpande32>{{cite book\|author=Manohar Laxman Varadpande\|title=Woman in Indian Sculpture\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IsE5KAja3jAC \|year=2006\|publisher=Abhinav Publications\|isbn=978-81-7017-474-5\|pages=32–34 with Figure 11}}</ref>]]

			Archeological discoveries in the modern age, such as those [[Didarganj Yakshi]] discovered in 1917 buried beneath the banks of the Ganges suggest exceptional artisanal accomplishment.{{sfn\|Guha-Thakurta\|2006\|pp=51–53, 58–59}}{{sfn\|Varadpande\|2006\|pp=32–34 with Figure 11}} The site was dated to third century BCE by almost all scholars{{sfn\|Guha-Thakurta\|2006\|pp=51–53, 58–59}}{{sfn\|Varadpande\|2006\|pp=32–34 with Figure 11}} but Frederick Asher questioned it.{{sfn\|Asher\|2015\|pp=421–423}}

	==Succession, renunciation, and death (Sallekhana)==		==Succession, renunciation, and death (Sallekhana)==