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<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{Short description|Goddess in Hinduism, a form of Durga}}<br />
{{Other uses}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=November 2017}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}}<br />
{{Faith primary|date=February 2017}} <br />
{{Infobox deity<!--Wikipedia:WikiProject Hindu mythology--><br />
| name = Chandi<br />
| type = Hindu<br />
| image = Painting of goddess chandi.jpg<br />
| caption = <br />
| Devanagari = चण्डी<br />
| Sanskrit_transliteration = {{IAST|Caṇḍī}}<br />
| affiliation = [[Parvati]], [[Adi Parashakti]], [[Shakti]], [[Durga]], [[Brahman]]<br />
| mantra = ॐ ऐं ह्रीं क्लीं चामुण्डायै विच्चे<br/>{{IAST|oṁ aiṁ hrīṁ klīṁ cāmuṇḍāyai vicce}}<br />
| mount = Lion<br />
| consort = [[Shiva]]<br />
| god_of = The fiery destructive power of [[Shakti]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Chandi''' ([[Sanskrit]]: चण्डी, {{IAST|Caṇḍī}}) or '''Chandika''' ({{IAST|Caṇḍika}}) is a [[devi|Hindu deity]]. Chandika is another form of [[Parvati]]'s alter ego, similar to [[Durga]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kamakotimandali.com/srividya/durgalist.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=8 February 2019 |archive-date=21 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821094556/http://www.kamakotimandali.com/srividya/durgalist.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> She represents the power or [[Shakti]]. Chandika is a powerful form of [[Parvati]], who manifested to destroy evil.<br />
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==Etymology==<br />
{{IAST|Caṇḍī}} or {{IAST|Caṇḍika}} is the name by which the Supremely divine is referred to in Devi Mahatmya. Chandi represents the shakti or power of [[Brahman]]. The word ''Chanda'' hints at extraordinary traits and thus refers to the Brahman, who is extraordinary due to its complete independence with respect to time and space. The word Chandi also refers to the fiery power of anger of the Brahman.<ref name="saptashatI">{{cite web | url=http://www.kamakotimandali.com/blog/index.php?p=141&more=1&c=1&tb=1&pb=1 | title=Chandika name origin | access-date=4 June 2016}}</ref> [[Bhaskararaya]], a leading authority on matters concerning Devi worship, defines Chandi as 'the angry, terrible or passionate one'.<ref>Coburn, Thomas B., Encountering the Goddess: A Translation of the Devi-Mahatmya and a Study of Its Interpretation, p.134</ref> While scholars debate whether an old Goddess was Sanskritized or a suppressed Goddess was reclaimed, the fact remains that since the very early days, the Devi was worshiped in the subcontinent regardless of whether she appears as a supreme deity in Brahminic texts. Scholars who trace her tracks show that she was very much a part of an early theistic impulse as it was being crystallised in the Indic mind.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Bhattacharya Saxena|first= Neela|title=Gynocentric Thealogy of Tantric Hinduism: A Meditation Upon the Devi |encyclopedia=[[Oxford Reference]]|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2011|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199273881.003.0006}} {{ODNBsub}}</ref> C. Mackenzie Brown writes:<br />
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"Hymns to goddesses in the late portions of the great Mahabharata epic and in the Harivamsa (AD 100-300) reveal the increasing importance of female deities in Brahminical devotional life.… The re-emergence of the divine feminine in the Devi-Mahatmya was thus both the culmination of centuries-long trends and the inspirational starting point for new investigations into the nature of feminine transcendence."<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Mary McClintock Fulkerson|first=Sheila Briggs |title=The Oxford Handbook of Feminist Theology|encyclopedia=[[Oxford Reference]]|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2011|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199273881.001.0001}} {{ODNBsub}}</ref><br />
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When she does appear in ''[[Markandeya Purana]]'', in the section known as Chandi or The Devi Mahatmya, she proclaims her preeminence:<br />
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{{Cquote|I resemble in form Brahman<br />
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From me emanates the world<br />
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Which has the Spirit of Prakriti and Purusha<br />
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I am empty and not empty<br />
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I am delight and non-delight<br />
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I am knowledge and ignorance<br />
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I am Brahman and not Brahman|}}<br />
[[File:Chandika Devi temple at Kothi near Rekong Peo Himachal Pradesh India.jpg|thumb|Chandika Devi temple at Kothi, [[Himachal Pradesh]].]]<br />
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This text recounts the tale of male demons and their destruction by the Great Goddess and traces its lineage through the [[Devīsūkta]] or the Vac Sukta in The ''[[Rigveda]]'' and also connects with the Samkhya Prakriti to establish itself as a canonical text for the Shaktas.<ref>Beane 1977: 153</ref><ref>Mookerjee, Ajit (1988). Kali: The Feminine Force. New York: Destiny</ref><br />
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Chandi, the fiercest form of the Goddess, who is the main deity of the famous Devi Mahatmya, a great poem of seven hundred verses (also called Durga Saptasati or Chandi) which celebrates the destruction of demons. As Chandi or the destroyer of opposition, she can be invoked for removing obstacles to allow us to attain any of the four goals of life.<ref name="Chandi in scriptures">{{cite web | url=http://www.kamakotimandali.com/blog/index.php?p=102&more=1&c=1&tb=1&pb=1 | title=dasha mahavidya | access-date=4 June 2016}}</ref><br />
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The designation of Chandi or Chandika is used twenty-nine times in the Devi Mahatmya, which is agreed by many scholars to have had originated in [[Bengal]], the primary seat of the [[Shakta]] or Goddess tradition and [[tantra|tantric]] sadhana since ancient times. It is the most common epithet used for the Goddess. In Devi Mahatmya, Chandi, Chandika, Ambika and [[Durga]] have been used synonymously.<ref>Coburn, Thomas B., Devī Māhātmya.</ref><br />
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The basis for Chandi worship is found in Devi Bhagavata as well as in the Markandeya Purana, which contains the well known Saptashati. This narrates the three tales of Chandika fighting and destroying the evil forces in the forms of Madhu & Kaithabha, Mahishasura, Dhumralochana, Chanda & Munda, Rakthabeeja and Shumbha & Nishumbha. These stories are narrated in thirteen chapters in the form of seven hundred stanzas or half stanzas. Each of these is considered as an independent mantra by repeating which one attains profound benefits. In addition, the mantra prescribed for this is what is known as Navakshari, the nine lettered mantra that has its basis in the Atharva Shirsha Upanishad, known as the Devi Upanishad.<ref name="Chandi worship">{{cite web | url=http://www.kamakotimandali.com/blog/index.php?p=81&more=1&c=1&tb=1&pb=1 | title=Sri Vidya Upasana Tatva | access-date=4 June 2016}}</ref><br />
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Goddess Chandi is associated with the 9 lettered Navakshari Mantra. It is also called Navarna Mantra or Navavarna Mantra. It is one of the principal mantras in Shakti Worship apart from the Sri Vidhya Mantras. It is customary to chant this mantra when chanting the [[Devi Mahatmya]]. She is supposed to live in a place called Mahakal, which is close to [[Kailasa]]<ref name=Madan>{{cite book|title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada|last=Gopal|first=Madan|year= 1990| page= [https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/81 81]|editor=K.S. Gautam|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}</ref><br />
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Named after the goddess is the city of [[Chandigarh]] (literally: 'fort of Chandi'), the joint capital of the Indian states of Punjab and Haryana.<br />
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==Legends==<br />
Chandika is an avatar of Durga. The three principal forms of Durga worshipped are Mahagauri, Chandika and Aparajita. Of these, Chandika has two forms called Chandi and [[Chamunda]] who is created by the goddess Kaushiki for killing demons Chanda and Munda<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kamakotimandali.com/srividya/durgalist.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=8 February 2019 |archive-date=21 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821094556/http://www.kamakotimandali.com/srividya/durgalist.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>http://www.kamakotimandali.com/blog/index.php?p=1154&more=1&c=1&tb=1&pb=1</ref><br />
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She is known as the supreme goddess [[Mahishasuramardini]] or Durga who slayed the demon [[Mahishasura]]. She has been affiliated with and also considered as [[Katyayini]], [[Kaushiki]] or [[Ambika (goddess)|Ambika]] who killed Shumbha, Nishumbha and their fellow demons. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120903213010/http://stotraratna.awardspace.com/sruthi/katha/k7.pdf] "The great Goddess was born from the energies of the male divinities when the devas became impotent in the long-drawn-out battle with the [[asuras]]. All the energies of the Gods became united and became supernova, throwing out flames in all directions. Then that unique light, pervading the Three Worlds with its lustre, combined into one, and became a female form."<ref>Beane, Wendell Charles (1977). Myth, Cult and Symbols in Sakta Hinduism. Leiden: Brill.</ref><br />
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"[[Parvati]] projected an overwhelming omnipotence. The three-eyed goddess was adorned with the crescent moon. Her multiple arms held auspicious weapons and emblems, jewels and ornaments, garments and utensils, garlands and rosaries of beads, all offered by the gods. With her golden body blazing with the splendour of a thousand suns, seated on her lion vehicle, Chandi is one of the most spectacular of all personifications of Cosmic energy."<ref>Mookerjee, Ajit, Kali, The Feminine Force, p 49</ref><br />
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In other scriptures, Chandi is portrayed as "assisting" [[Kali]] in her battle with demon [[Raktabija]]. While Kali drank Raktabija's blood, which created new demons from his own blood on falling on the ground; Chandi would destroy the armies of demons created from his blood and finally killed Raktabija herself.<ref>Wilkins p.255-7</ref> In [[Skanda Purana]], this story is retold and another story of [[Mahakali]] ([[Parvati]]) killing demons Chanda and Munda is added.<ref>Wilkins p.260</ref><br />
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==Chandi Homa (Havan)==<br />
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Chandi Homa is one of the most popular Homas in [[Hindu]] religion. It is performed across India during various festivals, especially during the [[Navaratri]]. Chandi Homa is performed by reciting verses from the Durga Sapthasathi and offering oblations into the sacrificial fire. It could also be accompanied by the Navakshari Mantra. Kumari Puja, Suvasini Puja also form a part of the ritual.<ref>Brown, C. Mackenzie (1990). The Triumph of the Goddess: The Canonical Models and Theological Visions of the Devi-Bhagavata Purana. Albany: State University of New York Press</ref><br />
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==Iconography==<br />
[[File:Sandi Dewi (Chandi) Nat.jpg|thumb|A Burmese portrayal of Chandi (Sandi Dewi).]]<br />
The dhyana sloka preceding the Middle episode of Devi Mahatmya the iconographic details are given. The Goddess is described as having vermilion complexion, eighteen arms bearing string of beads, battle axe, mace, arrow, thunderbolt, lotus, bow, water-pot, cudgel, lance, sword, shield, conch, bell, wine-cup, trident, noose and the discus (sudarsana). She has a complexion of coral and is seated on a lotus.<ref>Sankaranarayanan. S., Devi Mahatmyam, P 148.</ref> In some temples the images of Maha Kali, Maha Lakshmi, and Maha Saraswati are kept separately. The Goddess is also portrayed as four armed in many temples.<br />
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As Purnachandi, she is visualised as both the essence as well as transcendence i.e. the [[Brahman]]; who is beyond Laghu Chandika, who is of the combined form of [[Parvati]], [[Lakshmi]] and [[Saraswati]] as represented in Durga Saptashati of Markandeya Purana. As Purnachandi, she sports with her sixteen hands, sword, arrow, spear, shakti, chakra, mace, rosary, khartal, phalaka, karmuka, nagapasha, axe, damaru, skull, boon gesture and protection gesture.<ref name="Chandi forms">{{cite web | url=http://www.kamakotimandali.com/blog/index.php?p=1004&more=1&c=1&tb=1&pb=1 | title=Purna Chandi | access-date=4 June 2016}}</ref><br />
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==In folklore of Bengal==<br />
Chandi is one of the most popular folk deities in [[Bengal]], and a number of poems and literary compositions in Bengali called ''Chandi Mangala Kavyas'' were written from 13th century to early 19th century. These had the effect of merging the local folk and tribal goddesses with mainstream<br />
Hinduism. The ''Mangal kavyas'' often associate Chandi with goddess [[Kali]] or Kalika<ref>McDaniel(2004) p.21</ref> and recognise her as a consort of [[Shiva]] and mother of [[Ganesha]] and [[Kartikeya]], which are characteristics of goddesses like [[Parvati]] and [[Durga]].<ref>McDaniel(2004) pp. 149-150</ref> The concept of Chandi as the supreme Goddess also underwent a change. The worship of the goddess became heterogeneous in nature.<br />
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Chandi is associated with good fortune. Her auspicious forms like ''Mangal Chandi'', ''Sankat Mangal Chandi'', ''Rana Chandi'' bestow joy, riches, children, good hunting and victory in battles while other forms like ''[[Oladevi|Olai Chandi]]'' cure diseases like cholera, plague and cattle diseases.<ref>McDaniel(2002) pp. 9-11</ref><br />
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These are almost all village and tribal Goddesses with the name of the village or tribe being added onto the name Chandi. The most important of these Goddesses is Mongol Chandi who is worshipped in the entire state and also in Assam. Here the word "Mongol" means auspicious or benign.<ref>Manna, Sibendu, Mother Goddess, {{IAST|Chaṇḍī}}, pp. 100-110</ref><br />
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==See also==<br />
* [[Chandi di Var]] (in Sikhism)<br />
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==Notes==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
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==References==<br />
{{Refbegin|2}}<br />
* Coburn, Thomas B., "Devī Māhātmya, The Crystallization of the Goddess Tradition", South Asia Books, 2002. ({{ISBN|81-208-0557-7}})<br />
* Manna, Sibendu, Mother Goddess, {{IAST|Chaṇḍī}}, Punthi Pustak, Calcutta, India, 1993. ({{ISBN|81-85094-60-8}})<br />
* Mookerjee, Ajit, Kali, The Feminine Force, Destiny Books, Rochester, Vermont, 1988, ({{ISBN|0-89281-212-5}})<br />
* Sankaranarayanan, S., Glory of the Divine Mother (Devī Māhātmyam), Nesma Books, India, 2001. ({{ISBN|81-87936-00-2}})<br />
* McDaniel, June, ''Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls: Popular Goddess Worship in West '', Published 2004, Oxford University Press - US, 368 pages, {{ISBN|0-19-516790-2}}<br />
* McDaniel, June, ''Making Virtuous Daughters and Wives: An Introduction to Women's Brata Rituals in Benegal Folk Religion'', Published 2002, SUNY Press, 144 pages, {{ISBN|0-7914-5565-3}}<br />
* Wilkins, William Joseph, ''Hindu Mythology, Vedic and Puranic'', Published 2004, Kessinger Publishing, 428 pages, {{ISBN|0-7661-8881-7}} (First edition: Published 1882; Thacker, Spink & co.)<br />
{{Refend}}<br />
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{{Shaktism}}<br />
{{Shaivism}} <br />
{{Hindu Culture and Epics}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
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[[Category:Hindu goddesses]]<br />
[[Category:Mother goddesses]]<br />
[[Category:Shaktism]]<br />
[[Category:War goddesses]]<br />
[[Category:Forms of Parvati]]</div>>InternetArchiveBot