Chalisa famine - Revision history

Moshiurrahmanatik at 09:13, 29 March 2026

2026-03-29T09:13:54Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:43, 29 March 2026
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{short description\|Famine in North India in ~~1783-1784~~}}		{{short description\|Famine in North India in 1783–1784}}
	{{Infobox famine		{{Infobox famine
	\| name = Chalisa famine		\| name = Chalisa famine
	\| country = [[~~North~~ India]]		\| country = [[India]] and [[Pakistan]]

	\| period = ~~1783–84~~		\| period = 1783–1784
	\| total_deaths = up to 11 million		\| total_deaths = between 11 to 20 million

	\| death_rate =		\| death_rate =
	~~\| observations = [[drought]]~~
	\| preceded =		\| preceded =
	\| succeeded =		\| succeeded =
	}}		\|causes=[[drought]]}}
			[[File:India1765.jpg\|thumb\|right\|250px\|Map of India (1765) shows [[Awadh\|Oudh]], the [[Doab]] (the region in present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]] between the [[Ganges]] and [[Yamuna River\|Jumna]] rivers), [[Rohilkhand]], the [[History of Delhi#17th century to 19th century\|Delhi territories]], eastern [[Punjab region\|Punjab]], [[Rajputana]] and [[Kashmir]], all affected by the ''Chalisa'' famine.]]

			The '''Chalisa famine''' of 1783–1784 in the [[Indian subcontinent]] followed unusual [[El Niño]] events that began in 1780 and caused droughts throughout the region.<ref name=grove-elnino-80>{{Harvnb\|Grove\|2007\|p=80}}</ref> ''Chalisa'' (literally, "of the fortieth" in [[Hindustani language\|Hindustani]]) refers to the [[Vikram Samvat]] calendar year 1840 (1783).<ref>{{Harvnb\|Bayly\|2002\|p=503}}</ref> The famine affected many parts of [[North India]], especially the [[History of Delhi#17th century to 19th century\|Delhi territories]], present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], Eastern and Western [[Punjab region\|Punjab]], [[Rajputana]], and [[Kashmir]], then all ruled by different Indian rulers.<ref name=igi-III-502>{{Harvnb\|Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III\|1907\|p=502}}</ref> The ''Chalisa'' was preceded by a famine in the previous year, 1782–1783, in South India, including [[Chennai\|Madras City]] and surrounding areas (under [[British East India Company]] rule) and in the extended [[Kingdom of Mysore]] (under the rule of [[Hyder Ali\|Haider Ali]] and [[Tipu Sultan]]).

	The '''Chalisa famine''' of 1783–84 in the [[Indian subcontinent]] followed unusual [[El Niño]] events that began in 1780 and caused droughts throughout the region.<ref name=grove-elnino-80>{{Harvnb\|Grove\|2007\|p=80}}</ref> ''Chalisa'' (literally, "of the fortieth" in [[Hindustani language\|Hindustani]]) refers to the [[Vikram Samvat]] calendar year 1840 (1783).<ref>{{Harvnb\|Bayly\|2002\|p=503}}</ref> The famine affected many parts of [[North India]], especially the [[History of Delhi#17th century to 19th century\|Delhi territories]], present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], Eastern [[Punjab region\|Punjab]], [[Rajputana]], and [[Kashmir]], then all ruled by different Indian rulers.<ref name=igi-III-502>{{Harvnb\|Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III\|1907\|p=502}}</ref> The ''Chalisa'' was preceded by a famine in the previous year, 1782–83, in South India, including [[Chennai\|Madras City]] and surrounding areas (under [[British East India Company]] rule) and in the extended [[Kingdom of Mysore]] (under the rule of [[Hyder Ali\|Haider Ali]] and [[Tipu Sultan]]).		Together the two famines may have depopulated many regions of India, including, for example, 17 percent of the villages in the [[Sirkali]] region of present-day [[Tamil Nadu]],<ref name=grove-elnino-80/> 60 percent of the villages in the middle [[Doab]] of present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]],<ref>{{Harvnb\|Bayly\|2002\|p=90}}</ref> and over 30 per cent of the villages in the regions around Delhi.<ref>{{Harvnb\|Stokes\|1975\|pp=508–509}}</ref> It is thought that up to 11 million people may have died in the two famines.<ref name=grove-elnino-80/>

	Together the two famines may have depopulated many regions of India, including, for example, 17 ~~per cent~~ of the villages in the [[Sirkali]] region of present-day [[Tamil Nadu]],<ref name=grove-elnino-80/> 60 ~~per cent~~ of the villages in the middle [[Doab]] of present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]],<ref>{{Harvnb\|Bayly\|2002\|p=90}}</ref> and over 30 per cent of the villages in the regions around Delhi.<ref>{{Harvnb\|Stokes\|1975\|pp=508–509}}</ref> It is thought that up to 11 million people may have died in the two famines.<ref name=grove-elnino-80/>

	==See also==		==See also==
Line 29:		Line 28:

	==References==		==References==
	*{{Citation \| last = Bayly \| first = C. A. \| author-link=Christopher Bayly\|title = Rulers, Townsmen, and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion 1770–1870 \|year = 2002 \| publisher = Delhi: Oxford University Press. Pp. 530 \| isbn = 0-19-566345-4}}		*{{Citation \| last = Bayly \| first = C. A. \| author-link=Christopher Bayly\|title = Rulers, Townsmen, and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion 1770–1870 \|year = 2002 \| publisher = Delhi: Oxford University Press. Pp. 530 \| isbn = 0-19-566345-4}}
	*{{Citation \| last = Grove \| first = Richard H. \| title = The Great El Nino of 1789–93 and its Global Consequences: Reconstructing an Extreme Climate Event in World Environmental History \| journal = The Medieval History Journal \| year = 2007 \| volume = 10 \| issue = 1&2 \| pages = 75–98 \| doi = 10.1177/097194580701000203\| hdl = 1885/51009 \| hdl-access = free }}		*{{Citation \| last = Grove \| first = Richard H. \| title = The Great El Nino of 1789–93 and its Global Consequences: Reconstructing an Extreme Climate Event in World Environmental History \| journal = The Medieval History Journal \| year = 2007 \| volume = 10 \| issue = 1&2 \| pages = 75–98 \| doi = 10.1177/097194580701000203\| hdl = 1885/51009 \| hdl-access = free }}
	*{{Citation \| last = Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III		*{{Citation \| last = Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III
	\| title = The Indian Empire, Economic (Chapter X: Famine, pp. 475–502 \| publisher = Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. Pp. xxx, 1 map, 552. \| year = 1907}}		\| title = The Indian Empire, Economic (Chapter X: Famine, pp. 475–502 \| publisher = Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. Pp. xxx, 1 map, 552. \| year = 1907}}
	*{{Citation \| last = Stokes \| first = Eric \| author-link=Eric Stokes (historian)\|title = Agrarian Society and the Pax Britannica in Northern India in the Early Nineteenth Century \| year = 1975 \| journal = Modern Asian Studies \| volume = 9 \| issue = 4 \| pages = 505–528 \| jstor = 312079 \| doi=10.1017/s0026749x00012877}}		*{{Citation \| last = Stokes \| first = Eric \| author-link=Eric Stokes (historian)\|title = Agrarian Society and the Pax Britannica in Northern India in the Early Nineteenth Century \| year = 1975 \| journal = Modern Asian Studies \| volume = 9 \| issue = 4 \| pages = 505–528 \| jstor = 312079 \| doi=10.1017/s0026749x00012877\| s2cid = 145085255 }}

	==Further reading==		==Further reading==
	*{{Citation \| last1 = Arnold \| first1 = David \| last2 = Moore \| first2 = R. I. \| title = Famine: Social Crisis and Historical Change (New Perspectives on the Past) \| year = 1991 \| publisher = Wiley-Blackwell. Pp. 164 \| isbn = 0-631-15119-2}}		*{{Citation \| last1 = Arnold \| first1 = David \| last2 = Moore \| first2 = R. I. \| title = Famine: Social Crisis and Historical Change (New Perspectives on the Past) \| year = 1991 \| publisher = Wiley-Blackwell. Pp. 164 \| isbn = 0-631-15119-2}}
	*{{Citation \| last = Dutt \| first = Romesh Chunder \| title = Open Letters to Lord Curzon on Famines and Land Assessments in India \| orig-year = 1900\| year = 2005 \| publisher = London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. Ltd (reprinted by Adamant Media Corporation) \| isbn = 1-4021-5115-2}}		*{{Citation \| last = Dutt \| first = Romesh Chunder \| title = Open Letters to Lord Curzon on Famines and Land Assessments in India \| orig-year = 1900\| year = 2005 \| publisher = London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. Ltd (reprinted by Adamant Media Corporation) \| isbn = 1-4021-5115-2}}
	*{{Citation \| last = Dyson \| first = Time ~~(ed.)~~ \| title = India's Historical Demography: Studies in Famine, Disease and Society \| year = 1989 \| publisher = Riverdale MD: The Riverdale Company. Pp. ix, 296}}		*{{Citation \| editor-last = Dyson \| editor-first = Time \| title = India's Historical Demography: Studies in Famine, Disease and Society \| year = 1989 \| publisher = Riverdale MD: The Riverdale Company. Pp. ix, 296}}
	*{{Citation \| last = Famine Commission \| year = 1880 \| title = Report of the Indian Famine Commission, Part I \| publisher = Calcutta}}		*{{Citation \| last = Famine Commission \| year = 1880 \| title = Report of the Indian Famine Commission, Part I \| publisher = Calcutta}}
	*{{Citation \| last = Ghose \| first = Ajit Kumar \| title = Food Supply and Starvation: A Study of Famines with Reference to the Indian Subcontinent \| year = 1982 \| journal = Oxford Economic Papers \|series=New Series \| volume = 34 \| issue = 2 \| pages = 368–389}}		*{{Citation \| last = Ghose \| first = Ajit Kumar \| title = Food Supply and Starvation: A Study of Famines with Reference to the Indian Subcontinent \| year = 1982 \| journal = Oxford Economic Papers \|series=New Series \| volume = 34 \| issue = 2 \| pages = 368–389\| doi = 10.1093/oxfordjournals.oep.a041557 \| pmid = 11620403 }}
	*{{Citation \| last = Government of India \| year = 1867 \| title = Report of the Commissioners Appointed to Enquire into the Famine in Bengal and Orissa in 1866, Volumes I, II \| publisher = Calcutta}}		*{{Citation \| last = Government of India \| year = 1867 \| title = Report of the Commissioners Appointed to Enquire into the Famine in Bengal and Orissa in 1866, Volumes I, II \| publisher = Calcutta}}

			{{Famine in India}}
	{{coord missing\|India}}		{{coord missing\|India}}

Line 50:		Line 50:
	[[Category:1784 in India]]		[[Category:1784 in India]]
	[[Category:1783 disasters]]		[[Category:1783 disasters]]
			[[Category:1780s natural disasters]]
	[[Category:1784 disasters]]		[[Category:1784 disasters]]
	[[Category:18th-century health disasters]]		[[Category:18th-century health disasters]]
	[[Category:18th-century famines]]		[[Category:18th-century famines]]
			[[Category:18th-century disasters in India]]
			[[Category:18th-century droughts]]

Delinker: Bot: Delinking broken file(s) using script (info)

2023-07-31T13:06:04Z

Bot: Delinking broken file(s) using script (info)

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:36, 31 July 2023
Line 12:		Line 12:
	\| succeeded =		\| succeeded =
	}}		}}
	[[File:India1765.jpg\|thumb\|right\|250px\|Map of India (1765) shows [[Awadh\|Oudh]], the [[Doab]] (the region in present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]] between the [[Ganges]] and [[Jumna]] rivers), [[Rohilkhand]], the [[History of Delhi#17th century to 19th century\|Delhi territories]], eastern [[Punjab region\|Punjab]], [[Rajputana]] and [[Kashmir]], all affected by the ''Chalisa'' famine.]]

	The '''Chalisa famine''' of 1783–84 in the [[Indian subcontinent]] followed unusual [[El Niño]] events that began in 1780 and caused droughts throughout the region.<ref name=grove-elnino-80>{{Harvnb\|Grove\|2007\|p=80}}</ref> ''Chalisa'' (literally, "of the fortieth" in [[Hindustani language\|Hindustani]]) refers to the [[Vikram Samvat]] calendar year 1840 (1783).<ref>{{Harvnb\|Bayly\|2002\|p=503}}</ref> The famine affected many parts of [[North India]], especially the [[History of Delhi#17th century to 19th century\|Delhi territories]], present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], Eastern [[Punjab region\|Punjab]], [[Rajputana]], and [[Kashmir]], then all ruled by different Indian rulers.<ref name=igi-III-502>{{Harvnb\|Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III\|1907\|p=502}}</ref> The ''Chalisa'' was preceded by a famine in the previous year, 1782–83, in South India, including [[Chennai\|Madras City]] and surrounding areas (under [[British East India Company]] rule) and in the extended [[Kingdom of Mysore]] (under the rule of [[Hyder Ali\|Haider Ali]] and [[Tipu Sultan]]).		The '''Chalisa famine''' of 1783–84 in the [[Indian subcontinent]] followed unusual [[El Niño]] events that began in 1780 and caused droughts throughout the region.<ref name=grove-elnino-80>{{Harvnb\|Grove\|2007\|p=80}}</ref> ''Chalisa'' (literally, "of the fortieth" in [[Hindustani language\|Hindustani]]) refers to the [[Vikram Samvat]] calendar year 1840 (1783).<ref>{{Harvnb\|Bayly\|2002\|p=503}}</ref> The famine affected many parts of [[North India]], especially the [[History of Delhi#17th century to 19th century\|Delhi territories]], present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], Eastern [[Punjab region\|Punjab]], [[Rajputana]], and [[Kashmir]], then all ruled by different Indian rulers.<ref name=igi-III-502>{{Harvnb\|Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III\|1907\|p=502}}</ref> The ''Chalisa'' was preceded by a famine in the previous year, 1782–83, in South India, including [[Chennai\|Madras City]] and surrounding areas (under [[British East India Company]] rule) and in the extended [[Kingdom of Mysore]] (under the rule of [[Hyder Ali\|Haider Ali]] and [[Tipu Sultan]]).

>BenKuykendall: added Category:18th-century famines using HotCat

2021-06-28T03:32:11Z

added Category:18th-century famines using HotCat

New page

{{short description|Famine in North India in 1783-1784}}
{{Infobox famine
| name = Chalisa famine
| country = [[North India]]

| period = 1783–84
| total_deaths = up to 11 million

| death_rate =
| observations = [[drought]]
| preceded =
| succeeded =
}}
[[File:India1765.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Map of India (1765) shows [[Awadh|Oudh]], the [[Doab]] (the region in present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]] between the [[Ganges]] and [[Jumna]] rivers), [[Rohilkhand]], the [[History of Delhi#17th century to 19th century|Delhi territories]], eastern [[Punjab region|Punjab]], [[Rajputana]] and [[Kashmir]], all affected by the ''Chalisa'' famine.]]

The '''Chalisa famine''' of 1783–84 in the [[Indian subcontinent]] followed unusual [[El Niño]] events that began in 1780 and caused droughts throughout the region.<ref name=grove-elnino-80>{{Harvnb|Grove|2007|p=80}}</ref> ''Chalisa'' (literally, "of the fortieth" in [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]) refers to the [[Vikram Samvat]] calendar year 1840 (1783).<ref>{{Harvnb|Bayly|2002|p=503}}</ref> The famine affected many parts of [[North India]], especially the [[History of Delhi#17th century to 19th century|Delhi territories]], present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], Eastern [[Punjab region|Punjab]], [[Rajputana]], and [[Kashmir]], then all ruled by different Indian rulers.<ref name=igi-III-502>{{Harvnb|Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III|1907|p=502}}</ref> The ''Chalisa'' was preceded by a famine in the previous year, 1782–83, in South India, including [[Chennai|Madras City]] and surrounding areas (under [[British East India Company]] rule) and in the extended [[Kingdom of Mysore]] (under the rule of [[Hyder Ali|Haider Ali]] and [[Tipu Sultan]]).

Together the two famines may have depopulated many regions of India, including, for example, 17 per cent of the villages in the [[Sirkali]] region of present-day [[Tamil Nadu]],<ref name=grove-elnino-80/> 60 per cent of the villages in the middle [[Doab]] of present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]],<ref>{{Harvnb|Bayly|2002|p=90}}</ref> and over 30 per cent of the villages in the regions around Delhi.<ref>{{Harvnb|Stokes|1975|pp=508–509}}</ref> It is thought that up to 11 million people may have died in the two famines.<ref name=grove-elnino-80/>

==See also==
*[[Timeline of major famines in India during British rule (1765 to 1947)]]
*[[Famines, Epidemics, and Public Health in the British Raj]]
*[[Company rule in India]]
*[[Famine in India]]
*[[Drought in India]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
*{{Citation | last = Bayly | first = C. A. | author-link=Christopher Bayly|title = Rulers, Townsmen, and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion 1770–1870 |year = 2002 | publisher = Delhi: Oxford University Press. Pp. 530 | isbn = 0-19-566345-4}}
*{{Citation | last = Grove | first = Richard H. | title = The Great El Nino of 1789–93 and its Global Consequences: Reconstructing an Extreme Climate Event in World Environmental History | journal = The Medieval History Journal | year = 2007 | volume = 10 | issue = 1&2 | pages = 75–98 | doi = 10.1177/097194580701000203| hdl = 1885/51009 | hdl-access = free }}
*{{Citation | last = Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III
| title = The Indian Empire, Economic (Chapter X: Famine, pp. 475–502 | publisher = Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. Pp. xxx, 1 map, 552. | year = 1907}}
*{{Citation | last = Stokes | first = Eric | author-link=Eric Stokes (historian)|title = Agrarian Society and the Pax Britannica in Northern India in the Early Nineteenth Century | year = 1975 | journal = Modern Asian Studies | volume = 9 | issue = 4 | pages = 505–528 | jstor = 312079 | doi=10.1017/s0026749x00012877}}

==Further reading==
*{{Citation | last1 = Arnold | first1 = David | last2 = Moore | first2 = R. I. | title = Famine: Social Crisis and Historical Change (New Perspectives on the Past) | year = 1991 | publisher = Wiley-Blackwell. Pp. 164 | isbn = 0-631-15119-2}}
*{{Citation | last = Dutt | first = Romesh Chunder | title = Open Letters to Lord Curzon on Famines and Land Assessments in India | orig-year = 1900| year = 2005 | publisher = London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. Ltd (reprinted by Adamant Media Corporation) | isbn = 1-4021-5115-2}}
*{{Citation | last = Dyson | first = Time (ed.) | title = India's Historical Demography: Studies in Famine, Disease and Society | year = 1989 | publisher = Riverdale MD: The Riverdale Company. Pp. ix, 296}}
*{{Citation | last = Famine Commission | year = 1880 | title = Report of the Indian Famine Commission, Part I | publisher = Calcutta}}
*{{Citation | last = Ghose | first = Ajit Kumar | title = Food Supply and Starvation: A Study of Famines with Reference to the Indian Subcontinent | year = 1982 | journal = Oxford Economic Papers |series=New Series | volume = 34 | issue = 2 | pages = 368–389}}
*{{Citation | last = Government of India | year = 1867 | title = Report of the Commissioners Appointed to Enquire into the Famine in Bengal and Orissa in 1866, Volumes I, II | publisher = Calcutta}}

{{coord missing|India}}

[[Category:Famines in British India]]
[[Category:Famines in India]]
[[Category:1783 in India]]
[[Category:1784 in India]]
[[Category:1783 disasters]]
[[Category:1784 disasters]]
[[Category:18th-century health disasters]]
[[Category:18th-century famines]]