Chaldean Syrian Church - Revision history

UteCansler: Improved article clarity and structure

2026-03-01T15:01:10Z

Improved article clarity and structure

Delinker: Bot: Delinking broken file(s) using script (info)

2023-07-31T13:05:54Z

Bot: Delinking broken file(s) using script (info)

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:35, 31 July 2023
Line 108:		Line 108:
	===Revival of the East Syriac rites===		===Revival of the East Syriac rites===
	[[File:Inside view of Thrissur Marth Mariam Big church.jpg\|thumb\|right\|250px\|Inside view of Thrissur [[Marth Mariam Cathedral]]]]		[[File:Inside view of Thrissur Marth Mariam Big church.jpg\|thumb\|right\|250px\|Inside view of Thrissur [[Marth Mariam Cathedral]]]]
	~~[[File:Assyrian Church.jpg\|thumb\|right\|250px\|Marth Mariam Valiyapalli, Thrissur]]~~

	The Chaldean Syrian Church's current Metropolitan, Mar [[Aprem Mooken]], has argued that the church represents a continuation of the ancient [[Church of the East]] hierarchy in India.{{sfn\|Mooken\|2003\|p=49–51, 65, 70}} In 1862, an attempt was made to reestablish direct ties between the community in India and the Patriarch [[Shimun XVIII Rubil\|Shimun XVIII]], who consecrated an Indian born Mar Abdisho Thondanat (d. 1900) as Metropolitan of India, but his task proved to be very difficult and challenging.{{sfn\|Mooken\|1987\|p=}}		The Chaldean Syrian Church's current Metropolitan, Mar [[Aprem Mooken]], has argued that the church represents a continuation of the ancient [[Church of the East]] hierarchy in India.{{sfn\|Mooken\|2003\|p=49–51, 65, 70}} In 1862, an attempt was made to reestablish direct ties between the community in India and the Patriarch [[Shimun XVIII Rubil\|Shimun XVIII]], who consecrated an Indian born Mar Abdisho Thondanat (d. 1900) as Metropolitan of India, but his task proved to be very difficult and challenging.{{sfn\|Mooken\|1987\|p=}}

>Br Ibrahim john at 15:50, 16 September 2021

2021-09-16T15:50:15Z

imported>Br Ibrahim john at 14:30, 31 August 2021

2021-08-31T14:30:43Z

New page

{{About|the church in India in communion with the [[Assyrian Church of the East]]|the Eastern Catholic church in Iraq in communion with the Holy See|Chaldean Catholic Church}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Christian denomination
| icon =
| icon_width = 25px
| icon_alt =
| name = Chaldean Syrian Church (of India) Holy Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Church of the East
| native_name = {{lang|syc|ܥܕܬܐ ܕܡܕܢܚܐ ܕܐܬܘܖ̈ܝܐ}} {{lang|ml|കൽദായ സുറിയാനി സഭ}} 
| native_name_lang =
| image = Nasrani cross.jpg
| imagewidth =
| alt =
| caption = The Mar Thoma Sliva or Saint Thomas Cross, the symbol of the Church
| abbreviation =
| type =
| main_classification = [[Eastern Christianity]]
| orientation = [[Syriac Christianity]]
| scripture =
| theology = [[School of Nisibis]]
| polity =
| governance =
| structure =
| leader_title = [[Catholicos]]- [[List of Patriarchs of the Church of the East|Patriarch]]
| leader_name = [[Gewargis III|Mar Gewargis III]]
| leader_title1 = Metropolitan Archbishop
| leader_name1 = [[Metropolitan bishop|Metropolitan]] [[Mar Aprem Mooken]]
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| leader_title3 =
| leader_name3 =
| fellowships_type =
| fellowships =
| fellowships_type1 =
| fellowships1 =
| division_type =
| division =
| division_type1 =
| division1 =
| division_type2 =
| division2 =
| division_type3 =
| division3 =
| associations =
| area = [[India]], [[diaspora]]
| language = [[Syriac language|Syriac]], [[Malayalam]]
| liturgy = [[East Syriac Rite]] ([[Liturgy of Addai and Mari|Divine Liturgy of Saint Addai and Saint Mari]])
| headquarters = [[Marth Mariam Cathedral]] [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| origin_link =
| founder = [[Thomas the Apostle|Saint Thomas the Apostle]]
| founded_date = [[Apostolic Era]]
| founded_place =
| branched_from = [[Church of the East]] in [[India (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)|India]]
| merger =
| absorbed =
| merged_into =
| defunct =
| congregations_type =
| congregations =
| members = 15,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oikoumene.org/en/member-churches/holy-apostolic-catholic-assyrian-church-of-the-east|title=Holy Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Church of the East — World Council of Churches|website=Oikoumene.org|access-date=20 March 2019}}</ref>
| ministers_type =
| ministers =
| missionaries =
| churches =
| hospitals =
| nursing_homes =
| aid =
| primary_schools =
| secondary_schools =
| tax_status =
| tertiary =
| other_names =
| publications =
| website = {{URL|1=http://www.churchoftheeastindia.org|2=Official website}}
| slogan =
| logo =
| footnotes =
}}
{{Nasrani people}}
{{Christianity in India sidebar}}

The '''Chaldean Syrian Church of India''' ([[Syriac language|Classical Syriac]]: ܥܕܬܐ ܕܡܕܢܚܐ ܕܐܬܘܖ̈ܝܐ; [[Malayalam]]: {{Lang|ml|കൽദായ സുറിയാനി സഭ}} / ''Kaldaya Suriyani Sabha'') is an [[Eastern Christianity|Eastern Christian]] denomination, based in [[Thrissur]], in [[India]]. It is organized as a [[metropolitan province]] of the [[Assyrian Church of the East]], and represents traditional Christian communities of the [[East Syriac Rite]] (hence the name) along the [[Malabar Coast]] of India.<ref>[http://www.churchoftheeastindia.org/index.php Chaldean Syrian Church of India]</ref> It is headed by [[Mar]] [[Aprem Mooken]], Metropolitan of India, who is in [[full communion]] with Patriarch Mar [[Gewargis III]], head of the [[Assyrian Church of the East]].<ref>[http://www.churchoftheeastindia.org/metropolitan.php Mar Aprem Mooken]</ref> Metropolitan is assisted by two Bishops, Mar [[Yohannan Yoseph]],<ref>[http://www.churchoftheeastindia.org/Mar-Yohannan-Yoseph.php Mar Yohannan Yoseph]</ref> and Mar Awgin Kuriakose.<ref>[http://www.churchoftheeastindia.org/Mar-Awgin-Kuriakose.php Mar Awgin Kuriakose]</ref>

The Church uses the [[East Syriac Rite]], and employs the [[Liturgy of Addai and Mari|Divine Liturgy of Saints Addai and Mari]].{{sfn|Brown|1956|p=281}} Its members constitute a traditional community among [[Saint Thomas Christians]] (also known as ''Nasrani''), who trace their origins to the evangelistic activity of [[Thomas the Apostle]] in the 1st century. They are based mostly in the state of [[Kerala]], numbering some 15,000 members in the region.{{sfn|Vadakkekara|2007|p=101-103}}

The Chaldean Syrian Church is the modern-day continuation of the historical [[ecclesiastical province]] of [[India (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)|India]], that was active in continuity until the 16th century, as part of the ancient [[Church of the East]].{{sfn|Mooken|2003|p=49–51, 65, 70}} After the long period of internal schisms and struggles, that lasted from the end of the 16th to the beginning of the 20th century, the Church was consolidated during the tenure of Mar [[Abimalek Timotheus]] (d. 1945), who is revered as a [[Christian saint|saint]].{{sfn|Mooken|1975|p=}}

==History==
[[File:With other prelates.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Metropolitan Mar [[Aprem Mooken]], with his two Bishops, Mar [[Yohannan Yoseph]] (left) and Mar Awgin Kuriakose (right)]]
[[File:SaintThomasChristian'sDivisionsHistoryFinal-en.svg|thumb|right|250px|[[Saint Thomas Christians]]]]

===Early history===
{{Main|Saint Thomas Christians}}
[[Christianity in India]] traditionally traces its origin to [[Thomas the Apostle]], who is believed to have evangelized in [[India]] in the 1st century. Honoring that tradition, Christians in India became known as [[Saint Thomas Christians]]. By the 3rd century, relations between Christian communities in India and neighbouring [[Persian Empire of the Sassanids|Persian Empire]] were well established, thus enabling [[Patriarchs of Seleucia-Ctesiphon]], as heads of the ancient [[Chaldean Syrian Church of the East]], to establish their jurisdiction over India. Since the [[East Syriac Rite]] was the principal [[liturgical rite]] of the [[Church of the East]], that rite was also used by the Christian communities of India, located mostly along the [[Malabar Coast]]. In the 7th century [[India (East Syrian Ecclesiastical Province)|India]] was designated as its own [[ecclesiastical province]], headed by [[metropolitan bishops]]. Throughout the entire [[medieval]] period, Metropolitans of India belonged to the ecclesiastical hierarchy of the Church of the East.{{sfn|Baum|Winkler|2003|p=51-58}}

In 1490–1491, Patriarch [[Shemon IV]] responded to the request of Christians from India, and appointed two bishops, Mar Thoma dharmo Metropolitan His Grace become Patriach and Bishop Dr.Mar Yohannan Episcopa and Bishop Mar Awgin Episcopa]], dispatching them to India. These bishops, and three more (Mar Yahballaha, Mar Dinkha and Mar [[Yaqob Abuna|Yaqob]]) who followed them in 1503–1504, reaffirmed and strengthened traditional ties between India and the Patriarchate. They were later followed by metropolitan [[Abraham of Angamaly|Abraham]], who died in 1597. By that time, Christians of the Malabar Coast were facing new challenges, caused by the establishment of [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]] presence in India.{{sfn|Wilmshurst|2000|p=20, 347, 398, 406-407}}{{sfn|Baum|Winkler|2003|p=106-111}}

===Period of internal schisms and struggles===
The arrival of [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]] in India, and gradual establishment of their presence along the [[Malabar Coast]], was consequently followed by the missionary activity of the [[Catholic Church]]. Portuguese authorities used intimidation to force local Christians into becoming [[Eastern Catholics]], under the jurisdiction of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Goa]]. The Archbishops of Goa, backed by the Portuguese, and the [[Jesuites]], claimed full jurisdiction over the local Christians of the Malabar Coast. In the process, local liturgical rite was [[Latin Rite|Latinized]], holy books were burned under the suspicion of [[Nestorianism]], and connection with the [[Church of the East]] in Mesopotamia was denounced at the [[Synod of Diamper]] (1599).{{sfn|Brown|1956|p=32}}{{sfn|Baum|Winkler|2003|p=115}}

Coercive actions of the Portuguese ''[[padroado]]'' system ultimately caused resistance, and in 1653 a traditionalist faction of the local Christian community decided to follow Archdeacon [[Mar Thoma I]] in a rebellion, which became known as the [[Coonan Cross Oath]].{{sfn|Brown|1956|p=100}}{{sfn|Baum|Winkler|2003|p=115-116}} As a response to these events, Rome sent [[Carmelites]] from the "[[Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples]]" to the Malabar Coast. They first arrived in 1655, and began to deal directly with the Archdeacon [[Mar Thoma I]]. Although they were unable to sway the Archdeacon, Carmelites gained the support of other local leaders, including [[Parambil Mar Chandy]], [[Kadavil Chandy|Alexandar Kadavil]] and the Vicar of Muttam, the three councilors of Mar Thoma.{{sfn|Brown|1956|p=103}}

As a result of this, between 1661 and 1662, out of the 116 churches, the Carmelites reclaimed eighty-four churches, leaving Mar Thoma I with thirty-two churches. The eighty-four churches and their congregations were the body from which the later [[Syro-Malabar Church]] and the Chaldean Syrian Church have descended, while the other thirty-two churches and their congregations represented the nucleus of the ''[[Puthenkoor]]'', which was eventually turned into the [[Malankara Syrian Jacobite Church]], after the introduction of the [[West Syriac Rite]]. That process was initiated in 1665, when Mar [[Gregorios Abdal Jaleel]], a Bishop sent by the [[Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch]], arrived in India. The dissident group under the leadership of Mar Thoma welcomed him, apparently mistaking him for a Bishop of [[East Syriac Rite]], sent by the [[Church of the East]].{{sfn|Brown|1956|p=111-112}}{{sfn|Baum|Winkler|2003|p=116}}

Though most of the Saint Thomas Christians gradually relented in their strong opposition to the Catholic influence, the arrival of the Bishop Mar Gregorios of the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]] in 1665 marked the new step towards permanent schism. Those who accepted new liturgical practices ([[West Syriac Rite]]) and theology of the [[Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch]] became known as the "New Party" (''Puthenkuttukar'', also known as the [[Syriac Orthodox Church#Name and dentity|Jacobites]]), while the remaining pro-Catholic fraction became known as "Old Party" (''Pazhayakuttukar''), and later came to be known as the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]].{{sfn|Neill|2004|p=327-328}}

A minority within the Christian community tried to preserve the traditional use of the [[East Syriac Rite]] and re-establish ties with Patriarchs of the [[Church of the East]], who occasionally sent emissaries to India. At the very beginning of the 18th century ({{circa}} 1708), bishop Mar Gabriel (d. {{circa}} 1733) arrived to India, sent by the Patriarch. He succeeded in reviving the traditionalist community, but was faced with rivalry both from West-Syriac (Jacobite) and pro-Catholic party.{{sfn|Brown|1956|p=115-117}}{{sfn|Mooken|1977|p=50-51}}{{sfn|Mooken|1983|p=25-26}}{{sfn|Neill|2002|p=62-65}}

===Revival of the East Syriac rites===
[[File:Inside view of Thrissur Marth Mariam Big church.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Inside view of Thrissur [[Marth Mariam Cathedral]]]]
[[File:Assyrian Church.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Marth Mariam Valiyapalli, Thrissur]]

The Chaldean Syrian Church's current Metropolitan, Mar [[Aprem Mooken]], has argued that the church represents a continuation of the ancient [[Church of the East]] hierarchy in India.{{sfn|Mooken|2003|p=49–51, 65, 70}} In 1862, an attempt was made to reestablish direct ties between the community in India and the Patriarch [[Shimun XVIII Rubil|Shimun XVIII]], who consecrated an Indian born Mar Abdisho Thondanat (d. 1900) as Metropolitan of India, but his task proved to be very difficult and challenging.{{sfn|Mooken|1987|p=}}

In order to place Christians of the East Syriac Rite in India under his authority, [[Chaldean Catholic Church|Chaldean Catholic]] Patriarch [[Joseph Audo]] sent a request to [[Pope Pius IX]], asking for confirmation of his jurisdiction. Without waiting for a reply, he dispatched Mar [[Elias Mellus]], Bishop of [['Aqra]], to India in July 1874. Mar Mellus had substantial success convincing local Christian communities in Thrissur District, and also some churches in Kottayam District, to recognize him as their bishop. Although the churches were called by the name Syro-Malabar (also known as Chaldean Syrians at that time), the actual situation was that from Irinjalakuda to northwards and south of Bharathapuzha River, and in some churches in Meenachil taluk, the Syro-Malabarians (also known as Chaldean Syrians at that time) were half Catholic and half Nestorian, with an [[East Syriac Rite|East Syriac liturgy]]. Nevertheless, by 1877, 24,000 followers had joined his group, based in [[Our Lady of Dolours Church]] (now [[Marth Mariam Cathedral]]) in the parish of [[Thrissur]]. In response, the Pope dispatched Latin Catholic leaders to remove Mar Mellus from the country and sent him back to Mesopotamia in 1882.{{sfn|Vadakkekara|2007|p=102}}

After 1882, the majority of Mellus' followers returned to the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]], but some 8,000 Christans maintained their demand for restoration of traditional ecclesiastical order. In order to answer those requests, Mar Abdisho Thondanat revived his activity, fulfilling the aspirations of local Christians of the East Syriac Rite for the full reestablishment of traditional ecclesiastical structure. Until his death in 1900, he partially succeeded in organizing the local church, that was named the Chaldean Syrian Church.{{sfn|Mooken|1987|p=}}

After his death, local Christians appealed to Mar [[Shimun XIX Benyamin|Shimun XIX]], Patriarch of the [[Assyrian Church of the East]] in [[Qochanis]] who was forthcoming, and in December 1907 consecrated Mar [[Abimalek Timotheus]] as [[metropolitan bishop]] for India. He reached his diocese in February 1908, and took over the administration.{{sfn|Mooken|1975|p=11-26}}

Mar Abimalek Thomotheus organized ecclesiastical order and revived Est Syriac rites and teachings in the local Thrissur church. These reforms caused some followers to break away and rejoin the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church, but through the reforms, the original East-Syriac oriented Church of India was revived, as it was prior to the [[Synod of Diamper]] in 1599.{{sfn|Vadakkekara|2007|p=103}}

===Modern schism and reconciliation===
In June 1952, Patriarch [[Shimun XXI Eshai|Shimun XXI]] appointed [[Thoma Darmo]] as new [[Metropolitan bishop|Metropolitan]] of [[India (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)|India]], based at [[Trichur]]. During his tenure, several churches were built, preparation of new clergy was organized, and the Mar Narsai Press was established. In January 1964, a dispute broke out, and Thoma Darmo was suspended from the metropolitan office by the Patriarch.{{sfn|Mooken|1974|p=57, 64-65}}{{sfn|Mooken|2003|p=169}}

Emerging dispute had several causes, including issues related to hereditary [[apostolic succession|succession]] and proposed reform of [[church calendar]]. Thoma Darmo did not submit to the suspension, and the community became divided, splitting in two fractions, with one following the Metropolitan, and other remaining loyal to the Patriarch. In 1968, Thoma Darmo left for [[Iraq]], to become head of the newly formed [[Ancient Church of the East]]. He appointed [[Aprem Mooken]] as new Metropolitan of India, for the fraction that joined the Ancient Church of the East. In the same time, the other part of community, that remained within the Assyrian Church of the East, were led by their own administrators and hierarchs, appointed by Patriarch Shimun XXI. First of them was Mar [[Dinkha Khanania]], at that time Bishop of Iran, who was appointed Patriarchal delegate for India, in 1967.{{sfn|Mooken|2004|p=32}}

In October 1971, Patriarch Shimun XXI appointed Mar Timotheus II (d. 2001) as new Metropolitan for India.{{sfn|Mooken|2003|p=180}} During the following years, several attempts were made to heal the schism. In 1995, under new Patriarch [[Dinkha IV]] of the [[Assyrian Church of the East]], an agreement with Metropolitan [[Aprem Mooken]] was reached, thus initiating the process of reconciliation. On that occasion, the validity of ordinations performed by Thoma Darmo after the suspension of 1964 was recognized, and in 1997 the suspension itself was annulled by the Holy Synod of the Assyrian Church of the East.{{sfn|Mooken|2004|p=90-92}}

The Chaldean Syrian Church in India now constitutes one of the four Archbishoprics of the Assyrian Church of the East. Its followers number around 45,000.{{sfn|Vadakkekara|2007|p=103}} The present Metropolitan, Mar [[Aprem Mooken]] (ordained in 1968), is headquartered in [[Thrissur]] City and is a noted author. His seat is the Marth Mariam Valiyapalli {{Coord|10|31|6|N|76|13|2|E|type:landmark}}. The Chaldean Syrian Higher Secondary School is also affiliated with the church.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
{{Refbegin|2}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Baum|first1=Wilhelm|author-link1=Wilhelm Baum|last2=Winkler|first2=Dietmar W.|title=The Church of the East: A Concise History|year=2003|location=London-New York|publisher=Routledge-Curzon|isbn=9781134430192|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CnSCAgAAQBAJ}}
* {{Cite book|last=Brown|first=Leslie W.|title=The Indian Christians of St Thomas: An Account of the Ancient Syrian Church of Malabar|year=1956|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H9gYAAAAIAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|last=Frykenberg|first=Robert E.|title=Christianity in India: From Beginnings to the Present|year=2008|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780198263777|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mXgSDAAAQBAJ}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Mingana|first=Alphonse|author-link1=Alphonse Mingana|title=The Early Spread of Christianity in India|journal=Bulletin of the John Rylands Library|year=1926|volume=10|number=2|pages=435–514|doi=10.7227/BJRL.10.2.7|url=https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/api/datastream?publicationPid=uk-ac-man-scw:1m1200&datastreamId=POST-PEER-REVIEW-PUBLISHERS-DOCUMENT.PDF}}
* {{Cite book|last=Mooken|first=Aprem|author-link=Aprem Mooken|title=Mar Thoma Darmo: A Biography|year=1974|location=Trichur|publisher=Mar Narsai Press|url=https://ia803101.us.archive.org/6/items/marthomadarmobio0000mara/marthomadarmobio0000mara.pdf}}
* {{Cite book|last=Mooken|first=Aprem|author-link=Aprem Mooken|title=Mar Abimalek Timotheus: A Biography|year=1975|location=Trichur|publisher=Mar Narsai Press|url=https://ia902808.us.archive.org/32/items/marabimalektimot0000mara/marabimalektimot0000mara.pdf}}
* {{Cite book|last=Mooken|first=Aprem|author-link=Aprem Mooken|title=The Chaldean Syrian Church in India|year=1977|location=Trichur|publisher=Mar Narsai Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QwkuAAAAYAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|last=Mooken|first=Aprem|author-link=Aprem Mooken|title=The Chaldean Syrian Church of the East|year=1983|location=Delhi|publisher=National Council of Churches in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HMoP4lsmGXoC}}
* {{Cite book|last=Mooken|first=Aprem|author-link=Aprem Mooken|title=Indian Christian: Who is Who|year=1983|location=Bombay|publisher=Bombay Parish|url=https://ia902807.us.archive.org/20/items/indianchristianw0000mara/indianchristianw0000mara.pdf}}
* {{Cite book|last=Mooken|first=Aprem|author-link=Aprem Mooken|title=Mar Abdisho Thondanat: A Biography|year=1987|location=Trichur|publisher=Mar Narsai Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZxKAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|last=Mooken|first=Aprem|author-link=Aprem Mooken|title=The History of the Assyrian Church of the East in the Twentieth Century|year=2003|location=Kottayam|publisher=St. Ephrem Ecumenical Research Institute|url=https://ia601009.us.archive.org/15/items/historyofassyria0018mara/historyofassyria0018mara.pdf}}
* {{Cite book|last=Mooken|first=Aprem|author-link=Aprem Mooken|title=Patriarch Mar Dinkha IV: The Man and His Message|year=2004|location=Trichur|publisher=Mar Narsai Press|url=https://ia803106.us.archive.org/23/items/patriarchmardink0000mara/patriarchmardink0000mara.pdf}}
* {{Cite book|last=Moraes|first=George M.|title=A History of Christianity in India: From Early Times to St. Francis Xavier: A. D. 52-1542|year=1964|location=Bombay|publisher=Manaktalas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dM_YAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|last=Mundadan|first=Mathias|author-link=Mathias Mundadan|title=The Arrival of the Portuguese in India and the Thomas Christians Under Mar Jacob, 1498-1552|year=1967|location=Bangalore|publisher=Dharmaram College|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UqEhAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|last=Mundadan|first=Mathias|author-link=Mathias Mundadan|title=Sixteenth century traditions of St. Thomas Christians|year=1970|location=Bangalore|publisher=Dharmaram College|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zI4hAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|last=Mundadan|first=Mathias|author-link=Mathias Mundadan|title=Indian Christians: Search for Identity and Struggle for Autonomy|year=1984|location=Bangalore|publisher=Dharmaram College|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VdXUAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|last=Neill|first=Stephen|author-link=Stephen Neill|title=Colonialism and Christian Missions|year=1966|orig-year=1984|location=New York|publisher=McGraw-Hill|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WgdLAAAAIAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|last=Neill|first=Stephen|author-link=Stephen Neill|title=A History of Christianity in India: The Beginnings to AD 1707|year=2004|orig-year=1984|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521548854|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RH4VPgB__GQC}}
* {{Cite book|last=Neill|first=Stephen|author-link=Stephen Neill|title=A History of Christianity in India: 1707-1858|year=2002|orig-year=1985|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521893329|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xi-tvrYbYxMC}}
* {{Cite book|last=Vadakkekara|first=Benedict|title=Origin of Christianity in India: A Historiographical Critique|year=2007|location=Delhi|publisher=Media House|isbn=9788174952585|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7f3YAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|last=Wilmshurst|first=David|title=The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318–1913|year=2000|location=Louvain|publisher=Peeters Publishers|isbn=9789042908765|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jB8ir0ek8bgC}}
* {{Cite book|last=Wilmshurst|first=David|title=The martyred Church: A History of the Church of the East|year=2011|location=London|publisher=East & West Publishing Limited|isbn=9781907318047|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zfxNtwAACAAJ}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
* [http://www.churchoftheeastindia.org/ Church of the East – India]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050910232213/http://www.cired.org/ace_india.html Current Organization of the Church of the East in India]
* [https://bethkokheh.assyrianchurch.org/articles/169 Aprem Mooken: Assyrian Church of the East in Trichur, India]
* [http://www.nestorian.org/church_of_the_east_in_india.html Aprem Mooken: Assyrian Church of the East in India]

{{Dioceses of the Church of the East}}
{{Churches in India}}
{{Syriacs}}
{{Christianity in Kerala}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Assyrian Church of the East]]
[[Category:1st-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:Saint Thomas Christians]]
[[Category:Church of the East in India]]
[[Category:Affiliated institutions of the National Council of Churches in India]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:20, 16 September 2021
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{About\|the church in India in communion with the [[Assyrian Church of the East]]\|the Eastern Catholic church in Iraq in communion with the Holy See\|~~Chaldean Catholic Church~~}}		{{About\|the church in India in communion with the [[Assyrian Church of the East]]\|the Eastern Catholic church in Iraq in communion with the Holy See\|}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=January 2021}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=January 2021}}
	{{Infobox Christian denomination		{{Infobox Christian denomination
Line 5:		Line 5:
	\| icon_width = 25px		\| icon_width = 25px
	\| icon_alt =		\| icon_alt =
	\| name = ~~Chaldean Syrian Church (of India)<br />~~Holy Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Church of the East		\| name = Holy Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Church of the East
	\| native_name = {{lang\|syc\|ܥܕܬܐ ܕܡܕܢܚܐ ܕܐܬܘܖ̈ܝܐ}}<br/ >{{lang\|ml\|കൽദായ സുറിയാനി സഭ}}<br />		\| native_name = {{lang\|syc\|ܥܕܬܐ ܕܡܕܢܚܐ ܕܐܬܘܖ̈ܝܐ}}<br/ >{{lang\|ml\|കൽദായ സുറിയാനി സഭ}}<br />
	\| native_name_lang =		\| native_name_lang =
Line 22:		Line 22:
	\| structure =		\| structure =
	\| leader_title = [[Catholicos]]-<br>[[List of Patriarchs of the Church of the East\|Patriarch]]		\| leader_title = [[Catholicos]]-<br>[[List of Patriarchs of the Church of the East\|Patriarch]]
	\| leader_name = [[~~Gewargis III~~\|Mar ~~Gewargis~~ III]]		\| leader_name = [[Awa Royel\|Mar Awa III]]
	\| leader_title1 = Metropolitan<br> Archbishop		\| leader_title1 = Metropolitan<br> Archbishop
	\| leader_name1 = [[Metropolitan bishop\|Metropolitan]] [[Mar Aprem Mooken]]		\| leader_name1 = [[Metropolitan bishop\|Metropolitan]] [[Mar Aprem Mooken]]
Line 79:		Line 79:
	{{Christianity in India sidebar}}		{{Christianity in India sidebar}}

	The '''Chaldean Syrian Church of India''' ([[Syriac language\|Classical Syriac]]: ܥܕܬܐ ܕܡܕܢܚܐ ܕܐܬܘܖ̈ܝܐ; [[Malayalam]]: {{Lang\|ml\|കൽദായ സുറിയാനി സഭ}} / ''Kaldaya Suriyani Sabha'') is an [[Eastern Christianity\|Eastern Christian]] denomination, based in [[Thrissur]], in [[India]]. It is organized as a [[metropolitan province]] of the [[Assyrian Church of the East]], and represents traditional Christian communities of the [[East Syriac Rite]] (hence the name) along the [[Malabar Coast]] of India.<ref>[http://www.churchoftheeastindia.org/index.php Chaldean Syrian Church of India]</ref> It is headed by [[Mar]] [[Aprem Mooken]], Metropolitan of India, who is in [[full communion]] with Patriarch Mar [[~~Gewargis~~ III]], head of the [[Assyrian Church of the East]].<ref>[http://www.churchoftheeastindia.org/metropolitan.php Mar Aprem Mooken]</ref> Metropolitan is assisted by two Bishops, Mar [[Yohannan Yoseph]],<ref>[http://www.churchoftheeastindia.org/Mar-Yohannan-Yoseph.php Mar Yohannan Yoseph]</ref> and Mar Awgin Kuriakose.<ref>[http://www.churchoftheeastindia.org/Mar-Awgin-Kuriakose.php Mar Awgin Kuriakose]</ref>		The '''Chaldean Syrian Church of India''' ([[Syriac language\|Classical Syriac]]: ܥܕܬܐ ܕܡܕܢܚܐ ܕܐܬܘܖ̈ܝܐ; [[Malayalam]]: {{Lang\|ml\|കൽദായ സുറിയാനി സഭ}} / ''Kaldaya Suriyani Sabha'') is an [[Eastern Christianity\|Eastern Christian]] denomination, based in [[Thrissur]], in [[India]]. It is organized as a [[metropolitan province]] of the [[Assyrian Church of the East]], and represents traditional Christian communities of the [[East Syriac Rite]] (hence the name) along the [[Malabar Coast]] of India.<ref>[http://www.churchoftheeastindia.org/index.php Chaldean Syrian Church of India]</ref> It is headed by [[Mar]] [[Aprem Mooken]], Metropolitan of India, who is in [[full communion]] with Patriarch Mar [[Awa Royel\|Awa III]], head of the [[Assyrian Church of the East]].<ref>[http://www.churchoftheeastindia.org/metropolitan.php Mar Aprem Mooken]</ref> Metropolitan is assisted by two Bishops, Mar [[Yohannan Yoseph]],<ref>[http://www.churchoftheeastindia.org/Mar-Yohannan-Yoseph.php Mar Yohannan Yoseph]</ref> and Mar Awgin Kuriakose.<ref>[http://www.churchoftheeastindia.org/Mar-Awgin-Kuriakose.php Mar Awgin Kuriakose]</ref>

	The Church uses the [[East Syriac Rite]], and employs the [[Liturgy of Addai and Mari\|Divine Liturgy of Saints Addai and Mari]].{{sfn\|Brown\|1956\|p=281}} Its members constitute a traditional community among [[Saint Thomas Christians]] (also known as ''Nasrani''), who trace their origins to the evangelistic activity of [[Thomas the Apostle]] in the 1st century. They are based mostly in the state of [[Kerala]], numbering some 15,000 members in the region.{{sfn\|Vadakkekara\|2007\|p=101-103}}		The Church uses the [[East Syriac Rite]], and employs the [[Liturgy of Addai and Mari\|Divine Liturgy of Saints Addai and Mari]].{{sfn\|Brown\|1956\|p=281}} Its members constitute a traditional community among [[Saint Thomas Christians]] (also known as ''Nasrani''), who trace their origins to the evangelistic activity of [[Thomas the Apostle]] in the 1st century. They are based mostly in the state of [[Kerala]], numbering some 15,000 members in the region.{{sfn\|Vadakkekara\|2007\|p=101-103}}
Line 138:		Line 138:
	* {{Cite book\|last=Frykenberg\|first=Robert E.\|title=Christianity in India: From Beginnings to the Present\|year=2008\|location=Oxford\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|isbn=9780198263777\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mXgSDAAAQBAJ}}		* {{Cite book\|last=Frykenberg\|first=Robert E.\|title=Christianity in India: From Beginnings to the Present\|year=2008\|location=Oxford\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|isbn=9780198263777\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mXgSDAAAQBAJ}}
	* {{Cite journal\|last=Mingana\|first=Alphonse\|author-link1=Alphonse Mingana\|title=The Early Spread of Christianity in India\|journal=Bulletin of the John Rylands Library\|year=1926\|volume=10\|number=2\|pages=435–514\|doi=10.7227/BJRL.10.2.7\|url=https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/api/datastream?publicationPid=uk-ac-man-scw:1m1200&datastreamId=POST-PEER-REVIEW-PUBLISHERS-DOCUMENT.PDF}}		* {{Cite journal\|last=Mingana\|first=Alphonse\|author-link1=Alphonse Mingana\|title=The Early Spread of Christianity in India\|journal=Bulletin of the John Rylands Library\|year=1926\|volume=10\|number=2\|pages=435–514\|doi=10.7227/BJRL.10.2.7\|url=https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/api/datastream?publicationPid=uk-ac-man-scw:1m1200&datastreamId=POST-PEER-REVIEW-PUBLISHERS-DOCUMENT.PDF}}
	* {{Cite book\|last=Mooken\|first=Aprem\|author-link=Aprem Mooken\|title=Mar Thoma Darmo: A Biography\|year=1974\|location=Trichur\|publisher=Mar Narsai Press\|url=https://~~ia803101.us.~~archive.org/~~6/items/marthomadarmobio0000mara~~/marthomadarmobio0000mara~~.pdf~~}}		* {{Cite book\|last=Mooken\|first=Aprem\|author-link=Aprem Mooken\|title=Mar Thoma Darmo: A Biography\|year=1974\|location=Trichur\|publisher=Mar Narsai Press\|url=https://archive.org/details/marthomadarmobio0000mara}}
	* {{Cite book\|last=Mooken\|first=Aprem\|author-link=Aprem Mooken\|title=Mar Abimalek Timotheus: A Biography\|year=1975\|location=Trichur\|publisher=Mar Narsai Press\|url=https://~~ia902808.us.~~archive.org/~~32/items/marabimalektimot0000mara~~/marabimalektimot0000mara~~.pdf~~}}		* {{Cite book\|last=Mooken\|first=Aprem\|author-link=Aprem Mooken\|title=Mar Abimalek Timotheus: A Biography\|year=1975\|location=Trichur\|publisher=Mar Narsai Press\|url=https://archive.org/details/marabimalektimot0000mara}}
	* {{Cite book\|last=Mooken\|first=Aprem\|author-link=Aprem Mooken\|title=The Chaldean Syrian Church in India\|year=1977\|location=Trichur\|publisher=Mar Narsai Press\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QwkuAAAAYAAJ}}		* {{Cite book\|last=Mooken\|first=Aprem\|author-link=Aprem Mooken\|title=The Chaldean Syrian Church in India\|year=1977\|location=Trichur\|publisher=Mar Narsai Press\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QwkuAAAAYAAJ}}
	* {{Cite book\|last=Mooken\|first=Aprem\|author-link=Aprem Mooken\|title=The Chaldean Syrian Church of the East\|year=1983\|location=Delhi\|publisher=National Council of Churches in India\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HMoP4lsmGXoC}}		* {{Cite book\|last=Mooken\|first=Aprem\|author-link=Aprem Mooken\|title=The Chaldean Syrian Church of the East\|year=1983\|location=Delhi\|publisher=National Council of Churches in India\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HMoP4lsmGXoC}}
	* {{Cite book\|last=Mooken\|first=Aprem\|author-link=Aprem Mooken\|title=Indian Christian: Who is Who\|year=1983\|location=Bombay\|publisher=Bombay Parish\|url=https://~~ia902807.us.~~archive.org/~~20/items/indianchristianw0000mara~~/indianchristianw0000mara~~.pdf~~}}		* {{Cite book\|last=Mooken\|first=Aprem\|author-link=Aprem Mooken\|title=Indian Christian: Who is Who\|year=1983\|location=Bombay\|publisher=Bombay Parish\|url=https://archive.org/details/indianchristianw0000mara}}
	* {{Cite book\|last=Mooken\|first=Aprem\|author-link=Aprem Mooken\|title=Mar Abdisho Thondanat: A Biography\|year=1987\|location=Trichur\|publisher=Mar Narsai Press\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZxKAAAAMAAJ}}		* {{Cite book\|last=Mooken\|first=Aprem\|author-link=Aprem Mooken\|title=Mar Abdisho Thondanat: A Biography\|year=1987\|location=Trichur\|publisher=Mar Narsai Press\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZxKAAAAMAAJ}}
	* {{Cite book\|last=Mooken\|first=Aprem\|author-link=Aprem Mooken\|title=The History of the Assyrian Church of the East in the Twentieth Century\|year=2003\|location=Kottayam\|publisher=St. Ephrem Ecumenical Research Institute\|url=https://~~ia601009.us.~~archive.org/~~15/items/historyofassyria0018mara~~/historyofassyria0018mara~~.pdf~~}}		* {{Cite book\|last=Mooken\|first=Aprem\|author-link=Aprem Mooken\|title=The History of the Assyrian Church of the East in the Twentieth Century\|year=2003\|location=Kottayam\|publisher=St. Ephrem Ecumenical Research Institute\|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofassyria0018mara}}
	* {{Cite book\|last=Mooken\|first=Aprem\|author-link=Aprem Mooken\|title=Patriarch Mar Dinkha IV: The Man and His Message\|year=2004\|location=Trichur\|publisher=Mar Narsai Press\|url=https://~~ia803106.us.~~archive.org/~~23/items/patriarchmardink0000mara~~/patriarchmardink0000mara~~.pdf~~}}		* {{Cite book\|last=Mooken\|first=Aprem\|author-link=Aprem Mooken\|title=Patriarch Mar Dinkha IV: The Man and His Message\|year=2004\|location=Trichur\|publisher=Mar Narsai Press\|url=https://archive.org/details/patriarchmardink0000mara}}
	* {{Cite book\|last=Moraes\|first=George M.\|title=A History of Christianity in India: From Early Times to St. Francis Xavier: A. D. 52-1542\|year=1964\|location=Bombay\|publisher=Manaktalas\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dM_YAAAAMAAJ}}		* {{Cite book\|last=Moraes\|first=George M.\|title=A History of Christianity in India: From Early Times to St. Francis Xavier: A. D. 52-1542\|year=1964\|location=Bombay\|publisher=Manaktalas\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dM_YAAAAMAAJ}}
	* {{Cite book\|last=Mundadan\|first=Mathias\|author-link=Mathias Mundadan\|title=The Arrival of the Portuguese in India and the Thomas Christians Under Mar Jacob, 1498-1552\|year=1967\|location=Bangalore\|publisher=Dharmaram College\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UqEhAAAAMAAJ}}		* {{Cite book\|last=Mundadan\|first=Mathias\|author-link=Mathias Mundadan\|title=The Arrival of the Portuguese in India and the Thomas Christians Under Mar Jacob, 1498-1552\|year=1967\|location=Bangalore\|publisher=Dharmaram College\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UqEhAAAAMAAJ}}