Chadayamangalam - Revision history

>Chadayamangalam1 at 10:10, 29 September 2021

2021-09-29T10:10:50Z

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	==Historical Background==		==Historical Background==

	The origins of the town is traced by historians to atleast 8th-9th century AD. The Ay dynasty which acted as buffer between Pandya and Chera dynasty mainly shifting between independent rule and Pandyan overlordship.The conquest of Ay Kingdom in 765 CE by Pandya king Jatila Paranthaka/Nedum Chadayan Varaguna I (r. 765–815 AD) and sack of port Vizhinjam by defeating the Vel chieftain (the Vel Mannan, who might have been related to the Ay family) possession of the Ay-Vel country ("the fertile country along with its magnificent treasures") (Madras Museum Plates of Jatila Parantaka, 17th year).<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Narayanan\|first=M. G. S\|title=Perumāḷs of Kerala.\|publisher=CosmoBooks\|year=2013\|isbn=\|location=Thrissur (Kerala)\|pages=~~93-94~~.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book\|last=Ganesh\|first=K. N.\|title=Agrarian Relations and Political Authority in Medieval Travancore (A. D. 1300-1750)\|publisher=Doctoral Thesis. Jawaharlal Nehru University\|year=1987\|isbn=\|location=\|pages=~~22-25~~}}</ref>This event is also remembered in the Velvikkudi plates (3rd regnal year, Nedum Chadayan) as "the suppression of the rebellious Ay-Vel.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Narayanan\|first=M. G. S\|title=Perumāḷs of Kerala.\|publisher=CosmoBooks\|year=2013\|isbn=\|location=Thrissur (Kerala)\|pages=~~93-94~~.}}</ref> The Pandya king "Maran Chadayan" Jatila Paranthaka destroyed a fort at Aruviyoor (Aruvikkarai near Thalakulam) by defeating Chadayan Karunanthan of "Malai Nadu" in 788 AD (23rd year, Kalukumalai inscription) <ref>{{Cite book\|last=Narayanan\|first=M.G.S\|title=Perumāḷs of Kerala.\|publisher=CosmoBooks\|year=2013\|isbn=\|location=Thrissur (Kerala)\|pages=106}}</ref>.In 792 AD (27th year, Jatila Paranthaka) the Chera warriors (the Cheramanar Padai) are seen fighting for a fort at Vizhinjam and at Karaikkotta (Karaikkodu near Thalakulam) against a commander of Maran Chadayan (Trivandrum Museum Inscription of Maran Chadayan).<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Narayanan\|first=M.G.S\|title=Perumāḷs of Kerala\|publisher=CosmoBooks\|year=2013\|isbn=\|location=Thrissur (Kerala)\|pages=75}}</ref>		The origins of the town is traced by historians to atleast 8th-9th century AD. The Ay dynasty which acted as buffer between Pandya and Chera dynasty mainly shifting between independent rule and Pandyan overlordship.The conquest of Ay Kingdom in 765 CE by Pandya king Jatila Paranthaka/Nedum Chadayan Varaguna I (r. 765–815 AD) and sack of port Vizhinjam by defeating the Vel chieftain (the Vel Mannan, who might have been related to the Ay family) possession of the Ay-Vel country ("the fertile country along with its magnificent treasures") (Madras Museum Plates of Jatila Parantaka, 17th year).<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Narayanan\|first=M. G. S\|title=Perumāḷs of Kerala.\|publisher=CosmoBooks\|year=2013\|isbn=\|location=Thrissur (Kerala)\|pages=93–94.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=Ganesh\|first=K. N.\|title=Agrarian Relations and Political Authority in Medieval Travancore (A. D. 1300-1750)\|publisher=Doctoral Thesis. Jawaharlal Nehru University\|year=1987\|isbn=\|location=\|pages=22–25}}</ref> This event is also remembered in the Velvikkudi plates (3rd regnal year, Nedum Chadayan) as "the suppression of the rebellious Ay-Vel.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Narayanan\|first=M. G. S\|title=Perumāḷs of Kerala.\|publisher=CosmoBooks\|year=2013\|isbn=\|location=Thrissur (Kerala)\|pages=93–94.}}</ref> The Pandya king "Maran Chadayan" Jatila Paranthaka destroyed a fort at Aruviyoor (Aruvikkarai near Thalakulam) by defeating Chadayan Karunanthan of "Malai Nadu" in 788 AD (23rd year, Kalukumalai inscription).<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Narayanan\|first=M.G.S\|title=Perumāḷs of Kerala.\|publisher=CosmoBooks\|year=2013\|isbn=\|location=Thrissur (Kerala)\|pages=106}}</ref> In 792 AD (27th year, Jatila Paranthaka) the Chera warriors (the Cheramanar Padai) are seen fighting for a fort at Vizhinjam and at Karaikkotta (Karaikkodu near Thalakulam) against a commander of Maran Chadayan (Trivandrum Museum Inscription of Maran Chadayan).<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Narayanan\|first=M.G.S\|title=Perumāḷs of Kerala\|publisher=CosmoBooks\|year=2013\|isbn=\|location=Thrissur (Kerala)\|pages=75}}</ref>

	This overwelming historical evidences points on existing Ay/Vel kings with name Chadayan (Maran Chadayan) along with the invader of the kingdom 'Nedum Chadayan' also holding a similar name. What makes this relatable to the town of Chadayamangalam is the presence of the Kottukal rock cut temple located just inside ~~4km~~ from the town center.<ref>{{Cite web\|last=\|first=\|date=\|title=\|url=http://www.archaeology.kerala.gov.in/monuments/kottukka-rock-cut-temple/35\|url-status=live\|archive-url=\|archive-date=\|access-date=\|website=}}</ref> The temple is build around 8th-9th century according to archeological sources and follows the Pandyan/Ay style of architecture pronounced in other rock temples in southern Tamil Nadu and Kerala. A similar temple can be seen in Vizinjam, the capital of Ay Kingdom dated to the 8th century <ref>{{Cite web\|last=\|first=\|date=Wikipedia\|title=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vizhinjam_Cave_Temple\|url=\|url-status=live\|archive-url=\|archive-date=\|access-date=\|website=}}</ref>.Eventhough there are huge similarities to the Pandyan rock cut temples build at same time in core Pandyan territory, the possibility of Ay kings to have adopted the architecture cannot be left out.		This overwelming historical evidences points on existing Ay/Vel kings with name Chadayan (Maran Chadayan) along with the invader of the kingdom 'Nedum Chadayan' also holding a similar name. What makes this relatable to the town of Chadayamangalam is the presence of the Kottukal rock cut temple located just inside 4 km from the town center.<ref>{{Cite web\|last=\|first=\|date=\|title=\|url=http://www.archaeology.kerala.gov.in/monuments/kottukka-rock-cut-temple/35\|url-status=live\|archive-url=\|archive-date=\|access-date=\|website=}}</ref> The temple is build around 8th-9th century according to archeological sources and follows the Pandyan/Ay style of architecture pronounced in other rock temples in southern Tamil Nadu and Kerala. A similar temple can be seen in Vizinjam, the capital of Ay Kingdom dated to the 8th century.<ref>{{Cite web\|last=\|first=\|date=Wikipedia\|title=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vizhinjam_Cave_Temple\|url=\|url-status=live\|archive-url=\|archive-date=\|access-date=\|website=}}</ref> Eventhough there are huge similarities to the Pandyan rock cut temples build at same time in core Pandyan territory, the possibility of Ay kings to have adopted the architecture cannot be left out.

	This ambiguity is further strengthened as it was time of Pandyan conquest into Ay kindgdom (Pandyans continued to occupy the southern portions around Vizinjam till the next century while northern portions detached away to form Venad <ref>{{Cite book\|last=Narayanan\|first=M.G.S\|title=Perumāḷs of Kerala\|publisher=CosmoBooks\|year=2013\|isbn=\|location=Thrissur (Kerala)\|pages=97}}</ref>) and the closest town to Chadayamangalam is Ayur, which loosely translates to the town/village/place of the Ay in collocial Malayalam and Tamil. So all this shines light on the place having a Pandyan or/and Ay patrionage in antiquity with a name that derived from the name of ruler of the same area.		This ambiguity is further strengthened as it was time of Pandyan conquest into Ay kindgdom (Pandyans continued to occupy the southern portions around Vizinjam till the next century while northern portions detached away to form Venad <ref>{{Cite book\|last=Narayanan\|first=M.G.S\|title=Perumāḷs of Kerala\|publisher=CosmoBooks\|year=2013\|isbn=\|location=Thrissur (Kerala)\|pages=97}}</ref>) and the closest town to Chadayamangalam is Ayur, which loosely translates to the town/village/place of the Ay in collocial Malayalam and Tamil. So all this shines light on the place having a Pandyan or/and Ay patrionage in antiquity with a name that derived from the name of ruler of the same area.

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	{{Infobox settlement		{{Infobox settlement

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[[File:Kottukal cave templeDSC 0015.JPG|thumb|Rock cut temple, Kottukkal]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{refimprove|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chadayamangalam
| other_name = Jadayumangalam
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = File:Jatayu Para, Kerala, Dec 2013.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Jatayu Nature Park|Jatayu Rock]]
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|8.8421200|N|76.864440|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kollam district|Kollam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| | governing_body = [[Nagar Palika]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 22213
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 691534
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0474
| registration_plate = KL-82
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Chadayamangalam''' is a town located in [[Kollam District]] of southern [[India]]; [[Kerala]]. It is located along the Ithikkara river and the MC road that passes across the major urban locations of Kerala. It acts as centre for Chadayamangalam block panchayat, gram panchayat and assembly constituency.It hosts numerous government institutions including hospitals, schools and police station. Chadayamngalam is well noticed for newly constructed [[Jatayu Earth’s Center]], which is a famous tourism centre in the town with the world’s largest bird sculpture.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jatayunaturepark.com/ |title=Jatayu Nature Park Website |access-date=12 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/international/india/kerala-park-to-welcome-visitors-in-jan |title=Kerala park to welcome visitors in Jan - Khaleej Times |access-date=12 February 2020}}</ref>

==Details==

Chadayamangalam is 37.5 km away from the [[Kollam|City of Kollam]] and 43 km away from the capital city of the state, [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. The town is located [[Kilimanoor]] and [[Kottarakara]], 14 km away from Kilimanoor and 21 km from Kottarakara. It is situated on the southeast side of Kottarakkara Taluk. Population is of 22,213. Panchayat includes Chithra, Kadakkal, Chadayamangalam, [[Ittiva]], [[Velinalloor]], [[Elamadu]] & [[Nilamel]].

==Historical Background==

The origins of the town is traced by historians to atleast 8th-9th century AD. The Ay dynasty which acted as buffer between Pandya and Chera dynasty mainly shifting between independent rule and Pandyan overlordship.The conquest of Ay Kingdom in 765 CE by Pandya king Jatila Paranthaka/Nedum Chadayan Varaguna I (r. 765–815 AD) and sack of port Vizhinjam by defeating the Vel chieftain (the Vel Mannan, who might have been related to the Ay family) possession of the Ay-Vel country ("the fertile country along with its magnificent treasures") (Madras Museum Plates of Jatila Parantaka, 17th year).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Narayanan|first=M. G. S|title=Perumāḷs of Kerala.|publisher=CosmoBooks|year=2013|isbn=|location=Thrissur (Kerala)|pages=93-94.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Ganesh|first=K. N.|title=Agrarian Relations and Political Authority in Medieval Travancore (A. D. 1300-1750)|publisher=Doctoral Thesis. Jawaharlal Nehru University|year=1987|isbn=|location=|pages=22-25}}</ref>This event is also remembered in the Velvikkudi plates (3rd regnal year, Nedum Chadayan) as "the suppression of the rebellious Ay-Vel.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Narayanan|first=M. G. S|title=Perumāḷs of Kerala.|publisher=CosmoBooks|year=2013|isbn=|location=Thrissur (Kerala)|pages=93-94.}}</ref> The Pandya king "Maran Chadayan" Jatila Paranthaka destroyed a fort at Aruviyoor (Aruvikkarai near Thalakulam) by defeating Chadayan Karunanthan of "Malai Nadu" in 788 AD (23rd year, Kalukumalai inscription) <ref>{{Cite book|last=Narayanan|first=M.G.S|title=Perumāḷs of Kerala.|publisher=CosmoBooks|year=2013|isbn=|location=Thrissur (Kerala)|pages=106}}</ref>.In 792 AD (27th year, Jatila Paranthaka) the Chera warriors (the Cheramanar Padai) are seen fighting for a fort at Vizhinjam and at Karaikkotta (Karaikkodu near Thalakulam) against a commander of Maran Chadayan (Trivandrum Museum Inscription of Maran Chadayan).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Narayanan|first=M.G.S|title=Perumāḷs of Kerala|publisher=CosmoBooks|year=2013|isbn=|location=Thrissur (Kerala)|pages=75}}</ref>

This overwelming historical evidences points on existing Ay/Vel kings with name Chadayan (Maran Chadayan) along with the invader of the kingdom 'Nedum Chadayan' also holding a similar name. What makes this relatable to the town of Chadayamangalam is the presence of the Kottukal rock cut temple located just inside 4km from the town center.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=|url=http://www.archaeology.kerala.gov.in/monuments/kottukka-rock-cut-temple/35|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> The temple is build around 8th-9th century according to archeological sources and follows the Pandyan/Ay style of architecture pronounced in other rock temples in southern Tamil Nadu and Kerala. A similar temple can be seen in Vizinjam, the capital of Ay Kingdom dated to the 8th century <ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=Wikipedia|title=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vizhinjam_Cave_Temple|url=|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>.Eventhough there are huge similarities to the Pandyan rock cut temples build at same time in core Pandyan territory, the possibility of Ay kings to have adopted the architecture cannot be left out.

This ambiguity is further strengthened as it was time of Pandyan conquest into Ay kindgdom (Pandyans continued to occupy the southern portions around Vizinjam till the next century while northern portions detached away to form Venad <ref>{{Cite book|last=Narayanan|first=M.G.S|title=Perumāḷs of Kerala|publisher=CosmoBooks|year=2013|isbn=|location=Thrissur (Kerala)|pages=97}}</ref>) and the closest town to Chadayamangalam is Ayur, which loosely translates to the town/village/place of the Ay in collocial Malayalam and Tamil. So all this shines light on the place having a Pandyan or/and Ay patrionage in antiquity with a name that derived from the name of ruler of the same area.

==Epical reference==

The place has connections to the stories in the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] Indian epic called the ''[[Ramayana]]''. According to the epic, when [[Ravana]] the king of asuras, kidnapped [[Sita]] wife of Lord Sri [[Rama]] and tried to take her to his kingdom [[Lanka]] on his [[Pushpaka Vimana]], [[Jatayu]]; the huge bird opposed Ravana and it resulted in a battle between them. In the war Ravana slit Jatayu's one wing and escaped to Lanka with Sita. With a fatal wound, Jatayu falls on top of a big rock. Later Rama & [[Lakshmana]] found the wounded Jatayu and he passed the message and died on the laps of Rama. Hence, the rock got the name Jadayupara.

[[Jatayu]] is the son of [[Aruṇa]] and nephew of [[Garuda]] who has the form of a vulture. Jadayu Para is well known as a tourist destination and a place of pilgrimage. Right on top the rock the building of a huge functional sculpture of the Great Bird Jatayu is under way. An 18 ft high Statue of Lord Sri Rama Chandra is being constructed on the top of Jadayupara.

==See also==
* [[Jatayu Nature Park]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kollam district}}

[[Category:Villages in Kollam district]]