Chach of Aror - Revision history

UpdateBot: robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)

2022-05-18T21:21:27Z

robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:51, 19 May 2022
Line 1:		Line 1:
			{{Use dmy dates\|date=May 2022}}
			{{Use Indian English\|date=May 2022}}
	{{Infobox royalty		{{Infobox royalty
	\| name = Chach		\| name = Chach
	\| succession = [[Maharaja]] of [[Sindh]]		\| succession = 1st [[Maharaja]] of [[Sindh]]
	\| image =		\| image =
	\| caption =		\| caption =
	\| reign = 631-671		\| reign = 631-671
	\| coronation =		\| coronation =
	\| predecessor = Rai Sahasi (Sinhasena)		\| predecessor = Rai Sahasi (Sinhasena)
	\| successor = [[Chandra (Chach Nama)\|Chandar]]		\| successor = [[Chandra (Chach Nama)\|Chandar]]
	\| spouse =		\| spouse =
	\| issue = [[Raja Dahir\|Dahir]]		\| issue = [[Raja Dahir\|Dahir]]
	\| full name =		\| full name =
	\| ~~founder of~~ = [[~~Chach~~ dynasty]]		\| dynasty = [[Brahmin dynasty of Sindh]]
	~~\| royal anthem =~~		\| religion = [[Hinduism]]
	\| religion = [[Hinduism]]		\| father =
	\| father =		\| mother =
	\| mother =		\| birth_date =
	\| birth_date =		\| birth_place =
	\| birth_place =		\| death_date =
	\| death_date =		\| death_place =
	\| death_place =		\| signature =
	~~\| buried~~ =
	\| signature =
	}}		}}

	'''Chach''' (c. 631-671 CE) ({{lang-sd\|<big>چچ</big>}})<ref name="Wink pg. 153">Wink, André. (1991). [https://books.google.com/books?id=bCVyhH5VDjAC&pg=PA153&lpg=PA153&dq=chach+632&source=bl&ots=Q-4LNrHSki&sig=ZZ4-8zT93X3JS3gWS15W95vW8YE&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCAQ6AEwAmoVChMI-azT6_7OxwIVTHKOCh3fmQsJ#v=onepage&q=chach%20632&f=false ''Al- Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: The slave kings and the Islamic conquest''. 2, p. 153]. Leiden: Brill.</ref> was a [[Hindu]] [[Brahmin]] king of [[Sindh]] region of the [[Indian subcontinent]] in the mid-7th century CE. Chach expanded the kingdom of Sindh, and his successful efforts to subjugate surrounding monarchies and ethnic groups into an empire covering the entire Indus valley and beyond were recorded in the ''[[Chach Nama]]''.		'''Chach''' (c. 631-671 AD) ({{lang-sd\|<big>چچ</big>}})<ref name="Wink pg. 153">Wink, André. (1991). [https://books.google.com/books?id=bCVyhH5VDjAC&pg=PA153&lpg=PA153&dq=chach+632&source=bl&ots=Q-4LNrHSki&sig=ZZ4-8zT93X3JS3gWS15W95vW8YE&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCAQ6AEwAmoVChMI-azT6_7OxwIVTHKOCh3fmQsJ#v=onepage&q=chach%20632&f=false ''Al- Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: The slave kings and the Islamic conquest''. 2, p. 153]. Leiden: Brill.</ref> was a [[Hindu]] [[Brahmin]] king of [[Sindh]] region of the [[Indian subcontinent]] in the mid-7th century AD. Chach expanded the kingdom of Sindh, and his successful efforts to subjugate surrounding monarchies and ethnic groups into an empire covering the entire Indus valley and beyond were recorded in the ''[[Chach Nama]]''.

	==Biography==		==Biography==
	Chach was a ~~[[Arora]]~~ [[Brahmin]]<ref>{{Cite book\|last=MacLean\|first=Derryl N.\|title=Religion and Society in Arab Sind\|publisher=BRILL\|year=1989\|isbn=9004085513}}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=rOVpOG6MPMcC&dq \| History of Ancient India By Rama Shankar Tripathi,Motilal Banarsidass Publications,Page 337]</ref> who rose to a position of influence under [[Rai Sahiras II]], king of Sindh and a member of the [[Rai dynasty]]. Chach was the chamberlain<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Kumar\|first=Raj\|url=https://books.google.com~~.pk~~/books?id=e8o5HyC0-FUC~~&pg=PA177&lpg=PA177~~&dq=Chach+became+minister+of+king+Rai+sahasi&~~source~~=~~bl&ots=PEZIeX9Wrb&sig=ACfU3U0K29PE7PWH-cXQ9LK3HLOlm9hDNw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiAuNL5s93wAhXzmFwKHQlKCh4Q6AEwFXoECA4QAg#v=onepage&q=Chach%20became%20minister%20of%20king%20Rai%20sahasi&f=false~~\|title=Encyclopaedia of Untouchables Ancient, Medieval and Modern\|date=2008\|publisher=Gyan Publishing House\|isbn=978-81-7835-664-8\|language=en}}</ref> to the King. According to the Chachnama, the last Rai emperor, [[Rai Sahasi II]], died through illness without issue. By that time, Chach was in complete control of the affairs of the kingdom and had developed illicit sexual relations with Sahasi's wife (queen [[Rai dynasty\|Rani Suhanadi]]).<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Rai sahasi II\|url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rai_Sahasi_II\|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Circular reference\|date=July 2021}} When Rai Sahasi II was near death, Suhanadi explained to Chach that the kingdom would pass to other relatives of the dying king in the absence of any direct heir. Consequently, they hid the news of the king's death until claimants to the throne were killed through conspiracy. Following this, Chach declared himself a ruler and later married Suhandi. This ended the Rai Dynasty and began the dynasty of a Brahmin dynasty called Chach dynasty.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Rai dynasty - Wikipedia\|url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rai_dynasty#Demise\|access-date=2021-06-03\|website=en.m.wikipedia.org\|language=en}}</ref>{{Circular reference\|date=July 2021}} He then launched a campaign against a succession of autonomous regions; he defeated his opponents along the south bank of the [[River Beas]], at Iskandah, and at Sikkah. He sacked Sikkah, killing 5,000 men and taking the remainder of its inhabitants prisoners. A significant number of these captives were enslaved, and much booty was taken. After this victory, he appointed a [[Thakur (Indian title)\|thakur]] to govern from [[Multan]], and used his army to settle boundary disputes with [[Kashmir]]. Chach also conquered [[Sehwan Sharif\|Siwistan]], but allowed its chief, [[Matta (chief)\|Matta]], to remain as his feudatory.		Chach was a [[Brahmin]]<ref>{{Cite book\|last=MacLean\|first=Derryl N.\|title=Religion and Society in Arab Sind\|publisher=BRILL\|year=1989\|isbn=9004085513}}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=rOVpOG6MPMcC&dq History of Ancient India By Rama Shankar Tripathi,Motilal Banarsidass Publications,Page 337]</ref> who rose to a position of influence under [[Rai Sahiras II]], king of Sindh and a member of the [[Rai dynasty]]. Chach was the chamberlain<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Kumar\|first=Raj\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e8o5HyC0-FUC&dq=Chach+became+minister+of+king+Rai+sahasi&pg=PA177\|title=Encyclopaedia of Untouchables Ancient, Medieval and Modern\|date=2008\|publisher=Gyan Publishing House\|isbn=978-81-7835-664-8\|language=en}}</ref> to the King. According to the Chachnama, the last Rai emperor, [[Rai Sahasi II]], died through illness without issue. By that time, Chach was in complete control of the affairs of the kingdom and had developed illicit sexual relations with Sahasi's wife (queen [[Rai dynasty\|Rani Suhanadi]]).<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Rai sahasi II\|url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rai_Sahasi_II\|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Circular reference\|date=July 2021}} When Rai Sahasi II was near death, Suhanadi explained to Chach that the kingdom would pass to other relatives of the dying king in the absence of any direct heir. Consequently, they hid the news of the king's death until claimants to the throne were killed through conspiracy. Following this, Chach declared himself a ruler and later married Suhandi. This ended the Rai Dynasty and began the dynasty of a Brahmin dynasty called Chach dynasty.{{fact\|date=May 2022}}
			Maharana Maharat of Chittor, the brother of Rai Sahasi II invited Chach to a duel to seek revenge from Chach for killing his brother Rai Sahasi II and for usurping the throne of Sindh.{{fact\|date=May 2022}}
			<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Rai dynasty - Wikipedia\|url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rai_dynasty#Demise\|access-date=2021-06-03\|website=en.m.wikipedia.org\|language=en}}</ref>{{Circular reference\|date=July 2021}} He then launched a campaign against a succession of autonomous regions; he defeated his opponents along the south bank of the [[River Beas]], at Iskandah, and at Sikkah. He sacked Sikkah, killing 5,000 men and taking the remainder of its inhabitants prisoners. A significant number of these captives were enslaved, and much booty was taken. After this victory, he appointed a [[Thakur (Indian title)\|thakur]] to govern from [[Multan]], and used his army to settle boundary disputes with [[Kashmir]]. Chach also conquered [[Sehwan Sharif\|Siwistan]], but allowed its chief, [[Matta (chief)\|Matta]], to remain as his feudatory.{{fact\|date=May 2022}}

			[[File:Arabsumf1.png\|thumb\|325px\|right\|King Chah was affected by [[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent]].<br>
			{{legend\|yellow\|Desert areas ([[Registan Desert]] and [[Thar Desert]])}}
			{{legend\|#FFD700\|[[Zunbils]]}}
			{{legend\|#FFDEAD\|[[Turk Shahis]]}}
			{{legend\|#9932CC\|[[Karkota dynasty\|Kingdom of Kashmir]]}}
			{{legend\|#DEB887\|[[Brahman dynasty of Sindh\|Kingdom of Sindh]] (c. 632– 711 CE)<br>then, [[Caliphal province of Sind]] (712-854 CE)}}
			{{legend\|#E0FFFF\|[[Maitraka dynasty\|Maitraka Kingdom]] (c.475–c.776 CE)}}
			]]
	Later, he expanded his rule into Buddhist regions across the [[Indus River]]. These efforts culminated in a battle at [[Mansura (Brahmanabad)\|Brahmanabad]], in which the region's governor, [[Agham Lohana]], was killed. Chach remained in Brahmanabad for a year to cement his authority there, and appointed Agham's son Sarhand as his governor; Sarhand was also wed to Chach's niece. Chach took Agham's widow as his wife, as well.		Later, he expanded his rule into Buddhist regions across the [[Indus River]]. These efforts culminated in a battle at [[Mansura (Brahmanabad)\|Brahmanabad]], in which the region's governor, [[Agham Lohana]], was killed. Chach remained in Brahmanabad for a year to cement his authority there, and appointed Agham's son Sarhand as his governor; Sarhand was also wed to Chach's niece. Chach took Agham's widow as his wife, as well.

Line 35:		Line 45:
	Upon his death, Chach was succeeded by his brother [[Chandar of Sindh\|Chandar]]; [[Chandar of Sindh\|Chandar]] is stated to have ruled for eight years, whereupon [[Raja Dahir\|Dahir]], Chach's eldest son, inherited the throne.		Upon his death, Chach was succeeded by his brother [[Chandar of Sindh\|Chandar]]; [[Chandar of Sindh\|Chandar]] is stated to have ruled for eight years, whereupon [[Raja Dahir\|Dahir]], Chach's eldest son, inherited the throne.

	~~== Islamic expansion ==~~		In 664 Caliph Usman sent an invading army to raid and annex Broach. This army however was interecepted by Maharaja Chach during its march and defeated with heavy slaughter. The commander Abdul Aziz was killed by Chach's army leading to a crushing defeat for otherwise powerful Rashidun Caliphate.

	~~In 644,~~ after the [[Muslim conquest of Sassanid Empire]], the [[Rashidun army]] entered [[Makran]] and defeated Sindh's army in the [[Battle of Rasil]], annexing Makran (a traditional Persian territory under control of Rai dynasty at that time) and eastern [[Balochistan (region)\|Balochistan]]. Caliph [[Umar]] (634-644), however, for the time being, disapproved of any incursion beyond the [[Indus river]] and ordered his subordinates to consolidate their position west of Indus.{{cn\|date=~~February 2017}}~~		== Places named after Chach ==

	~~== Places~~ named after Chach ==		Several places along the [[Sindhu]] River were named after Chach; among these are Chachpur, Chachar, [[Chachro]], Chachgaon, Chachi.{{citation needed\|date=February 2017}}

	~~Several places along~~ the ~~[[Sindhu]] River were named after Chach; among these are Chachpur, Chachar~~, [[~~Chachro~~]], ~~Chachgaon, Chachi~~.{{cn\|date=~~February 2017~~}}		== Resistance against Khalifas ==
	{{s-start}}		Long before Mohmmed Bin Qasim, The Arabs started picking up quarrels with Brahmin Kings of Sindh. At length, Usman, the governor of the Grand Khalipha's distant province of Oman, openly attacked the Hindu state of Sindh. Then the [[Brahmin]] King of Sindh, Maharaja Chacha met the invaders outside Broach and defeated them with heavy slaughter also killing their very Commander-in-Chief Abdul Aziz in the process .<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Savarkar\|first=Veer\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IajTDwAAQBAJ&dq=usman+the+governor+of+oman&pg=PT151\|title=Six Glorious Epochs of Indian History\|date=2020-01-01\|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan\|isbn=978-93-5322-097-6\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=Munshi\|first=Kanaiyalal Maneklal\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gfAdAAAAMAAJ&q=usman+the+governor+of+oman\|title=The Glory that was Gūrjaradeśa: The Imperial Gūrjaras. 1st ed\|date=1944\|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan\|language=en}}</ref>{{s-start}}
	{{succession box		{{succession box
	\| title = Chach of Alor		\| title = Chach of Alor

>FrescoBot: Bot: link syntax and minor changes

2021-07-05T20:21:26Z

Bot: link syntax and minor changes

New page

{{Infobox royalty
| name = Chach
| succession = [[Maharaja]] of [[Sindh]]
| image =
| caption =
| reign = 631-671
| coronation =
| predecessor = Rai Sahasi (Sinhasena)
| successor = [[Chandra (Chach Nama)|Chandar]]
| spouse =
| issue = [[Raja Dahir|Dahir]]
| full name =
| founder of = [[Chach dynasty]]
| royal anthem =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| father =
| mother =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| buried =
| signature =
}}

'''Chach''' (c. 631-671 CE) ({{lang-sd|<big>چچ</big>}})<ref name="Wink pg. 153">Wink, André. (1991). [https://books.google.com/books?id=bCVyhH5VDjAC&pg=PA153&lpg=PA153&dq=chach+632&source=bl&ots=Q-4LNrHSki&sig=ZZ4-8zT93X3JS3gWS15W95vW8YE&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCAQ6AEwAmoVChMI-azT6_7OxwIVTHKOCh3fmQsJ#v=onepage&q=chach%20632&f=false ''Al- Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: The slave kings and the Islamic conquest''. 2, p. 153]. Leiden: Brill.</ref> was a [[Hindu]] [[Brahmin]] king of [[Sindh]] region of the [[Indian subcontinent]] in the mid-7th century CE. Chach expanded the kingdom of Sindh, and his successful efforts to subjugate surrounding monarchies and ethnic groups into an empire covering the entire Indus valley and beyond were recorded in the ''[[Chach Nama]]''.

==Biography==
Chach was a [[Arora]] [[Brahmin]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=MacLean|first=Derryl N.|title=Religion and Society in Arab Sind|publisher=BRILL|year=1989|isbn=9004085513}}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=rOVpOG6MPMcC&dq | History of Ancient India By Rama Shankar Tripathi,Motilal Banarsidass Publications,Page 337]</ref> who rose to a position of influence under [[Rai Sahiras II]], king of Sindh and a member of the [[Rai dynasty]]. Chach was the chamberlain<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kumar|first=Raj|url=https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=e8o5HyC0-FUC&pg=PA177&lpg=PA177&dq=Chach+became+minister+of+king+Rai+sahasi&source=bl&ots=PEZIeX9Wrb&sig=ACfU3U0K29PE7PWH-cXQ9LK3HLOlm9hDNw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiAuNL5s93wAhXzmFwKHQlKCh4Q6AEwFXoECA4QAg#v=onepage&q=Chach%20became%20minister%20of%20king%20Rai%20sahasi&f=false|title=Encyclopaedia of Untouchables Ancient, Medieval and Modern|date=2008|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7835-664-8|language=en}}</ref> to the King. According to the Chachnama, the last Rai emperor, [[Rai Sahasi II]], died through illness without issue. By that time, Chach was in complete control of the affairs of the kingdom and had developed illicit sexual relations with Sahasi's wife (queen [[Rai dynasty|Rani Suhanadi]]).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rai sahasi II|url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rai_Sahasi_II|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Circular reference|date=July 2021}} When Rai Sahasi II was near death, Suhanadi explained to Chach that the kingdom would pass to other relatives of the dying king in the absence of any direct heir. Consequently, they hid the news of the king's death until claimants to the throne were killed through conspiracy. Following this, Chach declared himself a ruler and later married Suhandi. This ended the Rai Dynasty and began the dynasty of a Brahmin dynasty called Chach dynasty.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rai dynasty - Wikipedia|url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rai_dynasty#Demise|access-date=2021-06-03|website=en.m.wikipedia.org|language=en}}</ref>{{Circular reference|date=July 2021}} He then launched a campaign against a succession of autonomous regions; he defeated his opponents along the south bank of the [[River Beas]], at Iskandah, and at Sikkah. He sacked Sikkah, killing 5,000 men and taking the remainder of its inhabitants prisoners. A significant number of these captives were enslaved, and much booty was taken. After this victory, he appointed a [[Thakur (Indian title)|thakur]] to govern from [[Multan]], and used his army to settle boundary disputes with [[Kashmir]]. Chach also conquered [[Sehwan Sharif|Siwistan]], but allowed its chief, [[Matta (chief)|Matta]], to remain as his feudatory.

Later, he expanded his rule into Buddhist regions across the [[Indus River]]. These efforts culminated in a battle at [[Mansura (Brahmanabad)|Brahmanabad]], in which the region's governor, [[Agham Lohana]], was killed. Chach remained in Brahmanabad for a year to cement his authority there, and appointed Agham's son Sarhand as his governor; Sarhand was also wed to Chach's niece. Chach took Agham's widow as his wife, as well.

From [[Brahmanabad]], he invaded [[Sassanid]] territory through the town of [[Lasbela District|Armanbelah]], marching from [[Turan]] to [[Kandahar]]. He exacted tribute from the latter before returning.

Upon his death, Chach was succeeded by his brother [[Chandar of Sindh|Chandar]]; [[Chandar of Sindh|Chandar]] is stated to have ruled for eight years, whereupon [[Raja Dahir|Dahir]], Chach's eldest son, inherited the throne.

== Islamic expansion ==

In 644, after the [[Muslim conquest of Sassanid Empire]], the [[Rashidun army]] entered [[Makran]] and defeated Sindh's army in the [[Battle of Rasil]], annexing Makran (a traditional Persian territory under control of Rai dynasty at that time) and eastern [[Balochistan (region)|Balochistan]]. Caliph [[Umar]] (634-644), however, for the time being, disapproved of any incursion beyond the [[Indus river]] and ordered his subordinates to consolidate their position west of Indus.{{cn|date=February 2017}}

== Places named after Chach ==

Several places along the [[Sindhu]] River were named after Chach; among these are Chachpur, Chachar, [[Chachro]], Chachgaon, Chachi.{{cn|date=February 2017}}
{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| title = Chach of Alor
| years = 632-671 AD
| before = [[Rai Sahasi II]]
| after = [[Chandar of Sindh|Chandar]]
}}
{{s-end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Sindhi nationalism}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chach Of Alor}}
[[Category:History of Sindh]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:History of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:7th-century monarchs in Asia]]
[[Category:Chach Nama]]