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	===Ujet===		===Ujet===
	Ujet<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.ujet.com/\|title=Ujet - From material science to ultimate e-mobility products\|website=www.ujet.com}}</ref> electric scooter is mass produced in Luxembourg since 2018, featuring front and rear orbital wheels connected to a frame with torsion suspension system, and in-wheel electric motor. Such setup is communicated to benefit from minimal energy loss in transmission. In 2019 Ujet won both [[iF product design award\|iF Gold]]<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://ifworlddesignguide.com/search?search=ujet#/page/entry/259245-ujet-electric-mobility-solutions\|title=UJet - Electric Mobility Solutions\|website=iF WORLD DESIGN GUIDE}}</ref> and [[Red Dot]]<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://menafn.com/1098305315/Ujet-electric-scooter-wins-Red-Dot-Award-2019\|title=Ujet electric scooter wins Red Dot Award 2019\|website=menafn.com}}</ref> awards for its design.		Ujet<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.ujet.com/\|title=Ujet - From material science to ultimate e-mobility products\|website=www.ujet.com}}</ref> electric scooter is mass produced in Luxembourg since 2018, featuring front and rear orbital wheels connected to a frame with torsion suspension system, and in-wheel electric motor. Such setup is communicated to benefit from minimal energy loss in transmission. In 2019 Ujet won both [[iF product design award\|iF Gold]]<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://ifworlddesignguide.com/search?search=ujet#/page/entry/259245-ujet-electric-mobility-solutions\|title=UJet - Electric Mobility Solutions\|website=iF WORLD DESIGN GUIDE}}</ref> and [[Red Dot]]<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://menafn.com/1098305315/Ujet-electric-scooter-wins-Red-Dot-Award-2019\|title=Ujet electric scooter wins Red Dot Award 2019\|website=menafn.com}}</ref> awards for its design.

	~~===Reevo Bikes===~~
	Beno <ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://beno.io/reevo/\|title=Reevo – the world’s first hubless e-bike\|website=reevobikes.com}}</ref> focuses on solving modern mobility challenges through technological advancement. Their mission is to build desirable electric mobility solutions by combining aesthetics with innovative technology.
	~~Founded in 2017, Beno’s footprint include R&D facilities in the US and Malaysia, and a manufacturing arm in Penang (Malaysia) with a growing list of customers in over 70 countries worldwide.~~

	===Hubless wheel in India===		===Hubless wheel in India===

ImportMaster at 15:19, 9 May 2022

2022-05-09T15:19:53Z

New page

{{More citations needed|date=August 2012}}

[[File:ORBIS centerless hubless wheel.jpg|thumb|Orbis centreless wheel]]
[[File:GeoOrbital Wheel for electric bike conversion.gif|thumb|GeoOrbital Wheel for electric bike conversion kit; however, the batteries are included in the setup instead being attached to the bike frame reducing steering capability]]
[[File:Volkswagen 'Reset' Convertible Concept.jpg|thumb|Volkswagen 'Reset' Convertible Concept with hub motors perpendicular to the surface]]

[[File:Orbis Greenwheel concept car.jpg|thumb|Orbis Greenwheel with external cover, however an internal cover is needed as well to avoid dirt and dust over their precision mechanical parts]]

A '''centreless wheel''' is a [[wheel]] where the force is delivered in the perimeter of the wheel rather than in the centre; there are a variety of centreless wheels with their own characteristics including the hubless wheel, spokeless wheel, orbital wheel and rim-rider.

Centreless wheels can be powered by an [[electric motor]] by using the entire wheel as a motor with [[magnets]] in the rims or by using a [[wheel hub motor]] or belts, however there's also the possibility of using a [[pistonless rotary engine]] as a [[wheel hub motor]] feed with [[isothermal]] [[compressed air]] that can be made with bioplastic. This would be lighter compared to an electric motor and [[lithium-ion]] battery [[electric vehicle]] and also feed with [[hydrogen]] combustion. The propulsion can be delivered in different ways, for example with a rack embedded in the rim or with a hollow linear guide in the rim with a clamping system.

The wheels can be hollow or have covers, spokes and have a single or several points of support inside the wheel. The wheel cover is almost mandatory to not expose the precision mechanical elements to dirt, dust and [[corrosion]].

Centreless wheels require less [[torque]] and so compared to centred hub wheels they can have more [[acceleration]], more and faster instant [[torque]] and also be more [[energy efficiency (physics)|energy efficient]], and that's because the rotating axis or shaft is not located in the centre of the wheel, that means they face less radius of [[rotating inertia]] and so it creates more [[centrifugal force]], an issue that also affects centred hub wheels [[cars]] with small wheels or spokes reducing also the weight of the wheel.

Also they can have a more effective [[braking]] capacity by facing less radius of [[centrifugal force]] to stop. This can increase with the wheel powering source clamped to both sides of the rim as circular guide.

They haven't brought by any major company and so there has not been development but there have been some [[scientific publications]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303702232_Design_and_Analysis_of_a_Hubless_Personal_Vehicle|title=Design and Analysis of a Hubless Personal Vehicle|website=researchgate|language=en|access-date=2014-12-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://studylib.net/doc/25317628/irjet-design-and-fabrication-of-hubless-bike|title=Design and Fabrication of Hubless Bike|website=studylib|language=en|access-date=2019-12-13}}</ref> and small companies, however with today's [[hydraulic]] or [[pneumatic]] [[active suspension]] and by using a wheel cover they can replace centred hub wheels. Also there is the possibility of locating the powering force perpendicular to the surface, improving wheel [[structural integrity and failure]] and reducing need of wheel [[structural]] [[reinforcement]] and so weight, on the other hand centreless wheels can use spokes instead of internal points of support to reduce wheel weight further.

The hubless wheel was invented by [[Franco Sbarro]] (who has built a variety of working hubless wheel vehicles, including at least two [[motorcycle]]s and a [[car]], the 1989 Sbarro Osmos), and patented by Globeholding of [[Geneva]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2013}}

==Advantages==
They have more [[traction (engineering)|traction]] and faster [[acceleration]] and [[torque]] because the powering source endures less radius of [[rotating inertia]] compared to centred hub wheels.

More effective [[braking]] capacity by facing less radius of [[centrifugal force]] to stop.

More [[energy efficiency (physics)|energy efficient]] because it requires less [[torque]] and so less engine [[horsepower]] and [[energy]] consumed.

They can have lower [[centre of mass]] that increases [[vehicle stability]] and cornering when the wheel power source is located perpendicular to the surface.

They can have more climbing performance compared to centred hub wheels for the reasons exposed above.

Less weight compared to centred hub wheels requiring smaller powering system as in the case of a [[wheel hub motor]], [[gear ratio|gearing]] and [[brake]] equivalent setup.

With appropriate cover they are dust free in contrast hub wheels that usually don't use cover, exposed to the elements and [[corrosion]].

==Disadvantages==
Without [[active suspension]] their performance can be drastically limited.

For the same wheel diameter they don't keep [[centrifugal force]] or [[angular momentum]] compared to centred hub wheels, however centreless wheels can have bigger diameter which can reduce this trade-off.

They can warp or break during a collision if they are hollow spokeless wheels or with a single point of traction inside the wheel.

==Examples==

===''Tron: Legacy'' light cycle===
One real-life example of hubless wheels are those used in the replica ''[[Tron: Legacy]]'' [[light cycle]]. The illuminated, street-legal motorcycle was sold through [[Hammacher Schlemmer]], inspired by the computer-animated vehicle from the 2010 film ''Tron: Legacy''. Designed for casual cruising and slow ride-bys at shows, it is made from a steel frame covered by a fiberglass [[cowling]] that replicates the sleek look of its computer-generated imagery counterpart.

[[Electroluminescent wire]] strips built into the tire cowlings, wheel rims, and body illuminate the cycle. It is powered by a fuel-injected Suzuki {{convert|996|cc|cuin|abbr=on}} [[Four stroke engine|4-stroke]] [[engine]]. Riders lie at a near-horizontal position astride the padded leather seat, with feet on foot pegs that control its 6-speed constant-mesh manual transmission and hands on the handlebars for throttle and braking. The hubless wheels are former truck tires built up then custom-shaped to fit onto one of two counter-rotating rims spinning within each other, providing the broad-tired authenticity of the computer cycles from the movie.{{citation needed|date=February 2012}}

===Skatecycle===
The [[Skatecycle]] is a device similar to a [[caster board]] but with 9" hubless wheels and a 2-axis twisting [[axle]] replacing the function of the casters. The central axle connects the two standing platforms surrounded by 9" polyurethane hubless wheels, giving them the appearance of [[stirrup]]s. In order to move the unit, the rider rotates their feet inwards and outwards, creating a wave-like motion in the hinged frame and providing propulsion. In recognition of the novel design, the Skatecycle received the Bronze 2010 IDSA IDEA award in the transportation category.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.core77.com//posts/18110/Alon-Karpmans-TRON-Inspired-Skatecycle|title=Alon Karpman's TRON Inspired Skatecycle|website=Core77|language=en|access-date=2019-04-13}}</ref>

===Zero Bike===
Another example of a hubless vehicle is the Zero Bike, a lightweight hubless bicycle whose non-functional prototype won an [[Industrial Design Excellence Award]] in 1991.<ref>[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CEED61F3EF93AA1575BC0A967958260 "A Bicycle Far Ahead Of the Pack"], New York Times, 29 August 1991</ref> Designed by then-[[ArtCenter College of Design]] students Makota Makita and Hiroshi Tsuzaki, it is based on the principle of magnetic [[superconductivity]], also used in high-speed trains that are [[Maglev|suspended above rails]].

===Ujet===
Ujet<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ujet.com/|title=Ujet - From material science to ultimate e-mobility products|website=www.ujet.com}}</ref> electric scooter is mass produced in Luxembourg since 2018, featuring front and rear orbital wheels connected to a frame with torsion suspension system, and in-wheel electric motor. Such setup is communicated to benefit from minimal energy loss in transmission. In 2019 Ujet won both [[iF product design award|iF Gold]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ifworlddesignguide.com/search?search=ujet#/page/entry/259245-ujet-electric-mobility-solutions|title=UJet - Electric Mobility Solutions|website=iF WORLD DESIGN GUIDE}}</ref> and [[Red Dot]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://menafn.com/1098305315/Ujet-electric-scooter-wins-Red-Dot-Award-2019|title=Ujet electric scooter wins Red Dot Award 2019|website=menafn.com}}</ref> awards for its design.

===Reevo Bikes===
Beno <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://beno.io/reevo/|title=Reevo – the world’s first hubless e-bike|website=reevobikes.com}}</ref> focuses on solving modern mobility challenges through technological advancement. Their mission is to build desirable electric mobility solutions by combining aesthetics with innovative technology.
Founded in 2017, Beno’s footprint include R&D facilities in the US and Malaysia, and a manufacturing arm in Penang (Malaysia) with a growing list of customers in over 70 countries worldwide.

===Hubless wheel in India===
A working prototype of a centreless wheel was shown at India bike week 2014, in [[Goa]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Singh|first=Ajay|title=Now, a ‘spooky’ bike without spokes|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/Now-a-spooky-bike-without-spokes/articleshow/28695709.cms?referral=PM|accessdate=21 March 2014|newspaper=The Times of India|date=12 January 2014|location=Jaipur}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Choudhary|first=Neha|title=En Route to Goa: Having Modified the Royal Enfield 535cc, Bike Enthusiasts from Pink City Are Optimistic about Their Success in the Upcoming India Bike Week|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3179247261.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611094743/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3179247261.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 June 2014|accessdate=21 March 2014|newspaper=DNA : Daily News & Analysis|date=13 January 2014|agency=Highbeam|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The prototype was designed by a Freedom Sprints. The company uses [[ball bearing]]s to complete the model. The members of the development team include Abhishek Sharma, Ankur Tiwari, Sarvesh Khemka and Yashodeep Yadav. The wheel was driven around 300 km for testing purpose.

==Orbital wheel==
The '''orbital wheel''' was designed in 1989 by Franco Sbarro in France in an attempt to reduce the number of moving parts by removing the center shaft and [[bicycle wheel|hub]] of the wheel and relying on a circular or star-shaped framework inside the wheel to support it instead. The orbital wheel was created by using two circular [[bearing (mechanical)|bearings]] inserted inside of each other. The inner bearing provides steering, support, and attachment to the frame. The outer bearing consists of a tire with a brake ring also fixed in. Some of the advantages seen by this design are more accurate steering, less weight, and enhanced braking.

==See also==
* [[Direct-drive mechanism]]
* [[Monocycle]]
* [[Motorcycle wheel]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Wheels]]

Centreless wheel - Revision history

ZPWClaudio: typo fix

UpdateBot: robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)

ImportMaster at 15:19, 9 May 2022