Veronasie: minor expanded intro after review further and cleaned formatting

2026-02-23T02:49:22Z

minor expanded intro after review further and cleaned formatting

91.235.65.22: /* External links */

2023-03-09T15:22:41Z

External links

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:52, 9 March 2023
Line 99:		Line 99:
	[[Category:Least concern plants]]		[[Category:Least concern plants]]
	[[Category:Least concern biota of Asia]]		[[Category:Least concern biota of Asia]]
			[[Category:Provincial symbols of West Pakistan (PAKISTAN)]]
	[[Category:National symbols of Pakistan]]		[[Category:National symbols of Pakistan]]
	[[Category:Garden plants of Asia]]		[[Category:Garden plants of Asia]]

212.121.210.249: /* External links */

2022-12-10T13:52:59Z

External links

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:22, 10 December 2022
Line 103:		Line 103:
	[[Category:Drought-tolerant trees]]		[[Category:Drought-tolerant trees]]
	[[Category:Ornamental trees]]		[[Category:Ornamental trees]]
			[[Category:Provincial symbols of Himachal Praant (India)]]
	[[Category:Trees of Nepal]]		[[Category:Trees of Nepal]]

172.70.162.144: /* External links */

2022-08-11T16:11:53Z

External links

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:41, 11 August 2022
Line 103:		Line 103:
	[[Category:Drought-tolerant trees]]		[[Category:Drought-tolerant trees]]
	[[Category:Ornamental trees]]		[[Category:Ornamental trees]]
	[[Category:Trees of Nepal]		[[Category:Trees of Nepal]]

141.101.99.27: /* External links */

2022-08-11T15:48:20Z

External links

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:18, 11 August 2022
Line 86:		Line 86:
	{{National symbols of Pakistan}}		{{National symbols of Pakistan}}
	{{Taxonbar\|from=Q146935}}		{{Taxonbar\|from=Q146935}}

			{{Biology-stub}}

	[[Category:Cedrus\|deodara]]		[[Category:Cedrus\|deodara]]
Line 91:		Line 93:
	[[Category:Flora of the Indian subcontinent]]		[[Category:Flora of the Indian subcontinent]]
	[[Category:Flora of Tibet]]		[[Category:Flora of Tibet]]
			[[Category:Symbols of Gilgit–Baltistan]]
	[[Category:Medicinal plants of Asia]]		[[Category:Medicinal plants of Asia]]
	[[Category:Plants used in Ayurveda]]		[[Category:Plants used in Ayurveda]]
Line 100:		Line 103:
	[[Category:Drought-tolerant trees]]		[[Category:Drought-tolerant trees]]
	[[Category:Ornamental trees]]		[[Category:Ornamental trees]]
	[[Category:Trees of Nepal]]		[[Category:Trees of Nepal]

>Asup759: /* Cultivation */ Added Pendula cultivar to list of RHS AGM awarded cultivars, fixed incorrect quotation marks around existing cultivar names in same list

2021-06-15T23:04:11Z

Cultivation: Added Pendula cultivar to list of RHS AGM awarded cultivars, fixed incorrect quotation marks around existing cultivar names in same list

New page

{{short description|Species of plant}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Deodar cedar
| image = Cedrus_deodara_Manali_2.jpg
| image_caption = Adult Deodar trees in [[Himachal Pradesh]], India
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn | author = Farjon, A.| title = ''Cedrus deodara'' | journal = [[IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] | volume= 2013| page = e.T42304A2970751 | publisher = [[IUCN]] | year = 2013| doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42304A2970751.en}}</ref>
| genus = Cedrus
| species = deodara
| authority = ([[William Roxburgh|Roxb.]]) [[George Don|G.Don]]
}}

'''''Cedrus deodara''''', the '''deodar cedar''', '''Himalayan cedar''', or '''deodar''',<ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN | access-date = 24 May 2021}}</ref> is a species of [[Cedrus|cedar]] native to the western Himalayas. It grows at altitudes of {{convert|1500|-|3200|m|-3|abbr=on}}.

==Description==
It is a large [[evergreen]] [[Pinophyta|coniferous]] tree reaching {{convert|40|-|50|m|0|abbr=on}} tall, exceptionally {{convert|60|m|0|abbr=on}} with a trunk up to {{convert|3|m|0|abbr=on}} in diameter. It has a conic crown with level branches and drooping branchlets.<ref name=farjon>{{cite book |first=Farjon |last=Aljos |year=1990 |title=Pinaceae: drawings and descriptions of the genera Abies, Cedrus, Pseudolarix, Keteleeria, Nothotsuga, Tsuga, Cathaya, Pseudotsuga, Larix and Picea |location=Koenigstein |publisher=Koeltz Scientific Books |isbn=978-3-87429-298-6}}{{page needed|date=September 2013}}</ref>

The [[leaf|leaves]] are needle-like, mostly {{convert|2.5|–|5|cm|abbr=on}} long, occasionally up to {{convert|7|cm|abbr=on}} long, slender ({{convert|1|mm|abbr=on}} thick), borne singly on long [[shoots]], and in dense clusters of 20–30 on short shoots; they vary from bright green to [[glaucous]] blue-green in colour. The female [[conifer cone|cones]] are barrel-shaped, {{convert|7|–|13|cm|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|5|–|9|cm|abbr=on}} broad, and disintegrate when mature (in 12 months) to release the winged [[seed]]s. The male cones are {{convert|4|–|6|cm|abbr=on}} long, and shed their [[pollen]] in autumn.<ref name=farjon/>

==Etymology==
The [[botanical name]], which is also the English [[common name]], derives from the [[Sanskrit]] term ''devadāru'', which means "wood of the gods", a compound of ''deva'' "god" and ''dāru'' "wood and tree".{{cn|date=May 2021}}

==Distribution==
The species natively occurs in Afghanistan, Tibet, Nepal, Pakistan, and India (Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Jammu-Kashmir).<ref name=iucn/>

==Cultural importance==
The deodar is the national tree of [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/national_symbols.html |title=Pakistan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128073024/http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/national_symbols.html |archive-date=2016-11-28 }}{{psc|date=March 2016}}</ref>

Among [[Hindus]], as the etymology of deodar suggests, it is worshiped as a divine tree. Deva, the first half of the Sanskrit term, means ''divine'', ''deity'', or ''deus''. Dāru, the second part, is cognate with (related to) the words ''durum'', ''druid'', ''tree'', and ''true''.<ref name="gowan">{{cite web |url=http://jcmcgowan.blogspot.com/2008/03/blog-post.html |first=Chris |last=McGowan |date=March 5, 2008 |title=The Deodar Tree: the Himalayan 'Tree of God'}}{{self-published inline|date=September 2013}}</ref> Several Hindu legends refer to this tree. For example, [[Valmiki]] [[Ramayan]] reads:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.valmikiramayan.net/kishkindha/sarga43/kishkindha_43_frame.htm |title=ValmikiRamayan}}{{psc|date=September 2013}}</ref>

{{quote|In the stands of ''Lodhra'' trees,<ref>[[Symplocos racemosa]]</ref> ''Padmaka'' trees <ref>[[Wild Himalayan Cherry]]</ref> and in the woods of ''Devadaru'', or ''Deodar'' trees, ''[[Ravana]]'' is to be searched there and there, together with ''[[Sita]]''. [4-43-13]}}

==Cultivation==
It is widely grown as an [[ornamental tree]], often planted in parks and large gardens for its drooping foliage. General cultivation is limited to areas with mild winters, with trees frequently killed by temperatures below about {{convert|-25|C|F}}, limiting it to [[hardiness zone|USDA zone]] 7 and warmer for reliable growth.<ref name=odum>{{cite book |last=Ødum |first=S. |year=1985 |title=Report on frost damage to trees in Denmark after the severe 1981/82 and 1984/85 winters |publisher=Hørsholm Arboretum |location=Denmark}}{{page needed|date=September 2013}}</ref> It can succeed in rather cool-summer climates, as in [[Stateline, Nevada]], and [[Ushuaia, Argentina]].<ref>http://treesneartheirlimits.blogspot.ca/</ref>
[[File:20130903Cedrus deodara2.jpg|thumb|244x244px|Leaves and female cone of ''Cedrus deodara''.]]
The most cold-tolerant trees originate in the northwest of the species' range in [[Kashmir]] and [[Paktia Province]], Afghanistan. Selected [[cultivar]]s from this region are hardy to USDA zone 7 or even zone 6, tolerating temperatures down to about {{convert|-30|C|F}}.<ref name=odum/> Named cultivars from this region include 'Eisregen', 'Eiswinter', 'Karl Fuchs', 'Kashmir', 'Polar Winter', and 'Shalimar'.<ref name=welch>{{cite book |first1=Welch|last1=Humphrey James |editor1-last=Haddows |editor1-first=Gordon |year=1993 |title=The World Checklist of Conifers |location=Bromyard |publisher=Landsman's Bookshop |isbn=978-0-900513-09-1}}</ref><ref name=krussmann>{{cite book |first=Krüssmann |last=Gerd |year=1983 |title=Handbuch der Nadelgehölze |edition=2nd |location=Berlin |publisher=Parey |isbn=978-3-489-62622-0 |language=de}}{{page needed|date=September 2013}}</ref> Of these, 'Eisregen', 'Eiswinter', 'Karl Fuchs', and 'Polar Winter' were selected in Germany from seed collected in Paktia; 'Kashmir' was a selection of the nursery trade, whereas 'Shalimar' originated from seeds collected in 1964 from [[Shalimar Bagh (Srinagar)|Shalimar Gardens]], India (in the Kashmir region) and propagated at the [[Arnold Arboretum]].<ref name=welch/>

''C. deodara'',<ref>{{cite web
| url= https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/3295/i-Cedrus-deodara-i/Details
|title = RHS Plantfinder - ''Cedrus deodar''
| publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | access-date=21 January 2018}}</ref>
and the three cultivars 'Feelin’ Blue',<ref>{{cite web
| url= https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/62081/i-Cedrus-deodara-i-Feelin-Blue/Details
|title = RHS Plantfinder - Cedrus deodara 'Feelin' Blue'
| publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | access-date=21 January 2018}}</ref>
'Pendula',<ref>{{cite web
| url= https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/91507/Cedrus-deodara-Pendula/Details
|title = RHS Plantfinder - Cedrus deodara 'Pendula'
| publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | access-date=15 June 2021}}</ref>
and 'Aurea',<ref>{{cite web
| url= https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/93375/i-Cedrus-deodara-i-Aurea/Details
|title = RHS Plantfinder - Cedrus deodara 'Aurea'
| publisher = Royal Horticultural Society
| access-date=21 January 2018}}</ref>
have gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]’s [[Award of Garden Merit]] (confirmed 2021).<ref>{{cite web | url= https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf | title = AGM Plants - Ornamental | date = December 2020 | pages = 18, 19 | publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | access-date = 15 June 2021}}</ref>

==Uses==
===Construction material===
[[File:Cedrus deodara00.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|Wood of ''Cedrus deodara''.|255x255px]]
Deodar is in great demand as building material because of its durability, rot-resistant character and fine, close grain, which is capable of taking a high polish. Its historical use to construct religious temples and in landscaping around temples is well recorded. Its rot-resistant character also makes it an ideal wood for constructing the well-known [[houseboats]] of [[Srinagar]], Kashmir. In Pakistan and India, during the British colonial period, deodar wood was used extensively for construction of barracks, public buildings, bridges, canals and railway cars.<ref name="gowan"/> Despite its durability, it is not a strong timber, and its brittle nature makes it unsuitable for delicate work where strength is required, such as chair-making.{{Citation needed|date=April 2017}}

=== Herbal Ayurveda ===
''C. deodara'' is used in [[Ayurvedic]] medicine.<ref name="gowan"/>

The inner wood is aromatic and used to make incense. Inner wood is distilled into essential oil. As insects avoid this tree, the essential oil is used as insect repellent on the feet of horses, cattle and camels. It also has antifungal properties and has some potential for control of fungal deterioration of spices during storage.{{citation needed|date=December 2017}} The outer bark and stem are astringent.<ref name=FAO>{{cite book |chapter-url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/V5350e/V5350e12.htm |chapter=Cedarwood Oils |title=Flavours and fragances of plant origin |year=1995 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |isbn=92-5-103648-9}}</ref>
[[File:Cedrus deodara leaves closeup.jpg|thumb|216x216px|Close up of leaves.]]
Because of its antifungal and insect repellent properties, rooms made of deodar cedar wood are used to store meat and food grains like oats and wheat in [[Shimla district|Shimla]], [[Kullu district|Kullu]], and [[Kinnaur district|Kinnaur]] district of [[Himachal Pradesh]].

Cedar oil is often used for its aromatic properties, especially in [[aromatherapy]]. It has a characteristic woody odor which may change somewhat in the course of drying out. The crude oils are often yellowish or darker in color. Its applications include soap perfumes, household sprays, floor polishes, and insecticides, and is also used in microscope work as a clearing oil.<ref name=FAO/>

== Chemistry ==
The bark of ''Cedrus deodara'' contains large amounts of [[taxifolin]].<ref name=Willfor>{{cite journal |doi=10.1515/HF.2009.095 |title=Extractives in bark of different conifer species growing in Pakistan |year=2009 |last1=Willför |first1=Stefan |last2=Ali |first2=Mumtaz |last3=Karonen |first3=Maarit |last4=Reunanen |first4=Markku |last5=Arfan |first5=Mohammad |last6=Harlamow |first6=Reija |journal=Holzforschung |volume=63 |issue=5 |pages=551–8|s2cid=97003177 }}</ref> The wood contains [[cedeodarin]], [[ampelopsin]], [[cedrin]], [[cedrinoside]],<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/0031-9422(80)85133-8 |title=Dihydroflavonols from ''Cedrus deodara'' |year=1980 |last1=Agrawal |first1=P.K. |last2=Agarwal |first2=S.K. |last3=Rastogi |first3=R.P. |journal=Phytochemistry |volume=19 |issue=5 |pages=893–6}}</ref> and [[deodarin]] (3′,4′,5,6-tetrahydroxy-8-methyl dihydroflavonol).<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0040-4020(01)96989-3 |title=Chemical investigation of the stem-bark of ''Cedrus deodara'' |year=1965 |last1=Adinarayana |first1=D. |last2=Seshadri |first2=T.R. |journal=Tetrahedron |volume=21 |issue=12 |pages=3727–30}}</ref> The main components of the needle essential oil include [[α-terpineol]] (30.2%), [[linalool]] (24.47%), [[limonene]] (17.01%), [[anethole]] (14.57%), [[caryophyllene]] (3.14%), and [[eugenol]] (2.14%).<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1750-3841.2012.02767.x |title=Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Activities of Essential Oil from Pine Needle (Cedrus deodara) |year=2012 |last1=Zeng |first1=Wei-Cai |last2=Zhang |first2=Zeng |last3=Gao |first3=Hong |last4=Jia |first4=Li-Rong |last5=He |first5=Qiang |journal=Journal of Food Science |volume=77 |issue=7 |pages=C824–9 |pmid=22757704}}</ref> The deodar cedar also contains [[lignan]]s<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/0031-9422(82)80172-6 |title=Two lignans from Cedrus deodara |year=1982 |last1=Agrawal |first1=P.K. |last2=Rastogi |first2=R.P. |journal=Phytochemistry |volume=21 |issue=6 |pages=1459–1461}}</ref> and the phenolic sesquiterpene [[himasecolone]], together with [[isopimaric acid]].<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/0031-9422(81)80031-3 |title=Terpenoids from ''Cedrus deodara'' |year=1981 |last1=Agarwal |first1=P.K. |last2=Rastogi |first2=R.P. |journal=Phytochemistry |volume=20 |issue=6 |pages=1319–21}}</ref> Other compounds have been identified, including (−)-[[matairesinol]], (−)-[[nortrachelogenin]], and a dibenzylbutyrolactollignan ([[4,4',9-trihydroxy-3,3'-dimethoxy-9,9'-epoxylignan]]).<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=11600001 |year=2001 |last1=Tiwari |first1=AK |last2=Srinivas |first2=PV |last3=Kumar |first3=SP |last4=Rao |first4=JM |title=Free radical scavenging active components from Cedrus deodara |volume=49 |issue=10 |pages=4642–5 |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |doi=10.1021/jf010573a}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Indian timber trees]]
* [[Cedar oil]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130929191847/http://conifersaroundtheworld.com/blog/cedrus_deodara_himalayan_cedar Conifers Around the World: ''Cedrus deodara - Himalayan Cedar''].

{{National symbols of Pakistan}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q146935}}

[[Category:Cedrus|deodara]]
[[Category:Trees of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Flora of the Indian subcontinent]]
[[Category:Flora of Tibet]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants of Asia]]
[[Category:Plants used in Ayurveda]]
[[Category:Trees of temperate climates]]
[[Category:Least concern plants]]
[[Category:Least concern biota of Asia]]
[[Category:National symbols of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Garden plants of Asia]]
[[Category:Drought-tolerant trees]]
[[Category:Ornamental trees]]
[[Category:Trees of Nepal]]

Cedrus deodara - Revision history

Veronasie: minor expanded intro after review further and cleaned formatting

91.235.65.22: /* External links */

212.121.210.249: /* External links */

172.70.162.144: /* External links */

141.101.99.27: /* External links */

>Asup759: /* Cultivation */ Added Pendula cultivar to list of RHS AGM awarded cultivars, fixed incorrect quotation marks around existing cultivar names in same list