Taskin Ahmed Kayum: Adding first article basic info!

2024-07-11T08:55:12Z

Adding first article basic info!

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{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Catamixis baccharoides drawing.jpg
|image_caption =
|display_parents = 3
|genus = Catamixis
|parent_authority = [[Thomas Thomson (botanist)|Thomson]]{{R|POWO}}
|species = baccharoides
|authority = Thomson
|synonyms_ref = {{R|POWO}}
|synonyms = ''Baccharis oligantha'' {{small|[[Augustin Pyramus de Candolle|DC.]] ex Thomson}}
}}

'''''Catamixis''''' is a [[genus]] assigned to the family [[Asteraceae]], with only one known species, '''''Catamixis baccharoides''''', a low to medium height shrub. It is native to a very small area of western Nepal and northern India in the Himalayas. It has spoon-shaped, leathery leaves with rounded teeth, set alternately along straight, shyly branching stems. They carry many flower heads about {{cvt|1|cm|1}} long, with a few creamy white florets, sometimes with a hint of violet, in [[corymb]]s at the end of the branches. Flowers and fruits can be found between March and May.<ref name=Pundir>{{cite book|first=Y. P. S. |last=Pundir |year=2015 |title=Is Catamixis baccharoides Thoms. endangered/or at the verge of extinction?|publisher= Creative Grove|pages= 71|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=74CJBgAAQBAJ&q=catamixis&pg=PA8 |accessdate=14 January 2017}}</ref> Its vernacular name in Hindi is '''विषपत्री''' (vishpatri) or '''विश्पत्र''' (vishpatra).<ref>{{cite web |website=Info Ayurved |title=Catamixis baccharoides Thoms. |url=http://www.infoayurved.com/2016/09/catamixis-baccharoides-thoms.html |accessdate=14 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118040651/http://www.infoayurved.com/2016/09/catamixis-baccharoides-thoms.html |archive-date=18 January 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Description ==
''Catamixis baccharoides'' is a shrub {{cvt|0.75|-|1.75|m}} high, with straight, shyly branching stems, which are circular in cross-section, initially covered in silky hairs pressed to the surface, but later becoming hairless, carrying [[Leaf#Arrangement on the stem|alternately]] set leaves close together, which leave distinct marks after being shed. The leaves are leathery and hairless, up to {{cvt|8|cm}} long and {{cvt|3.5|cm}} wide, spoon-shaped, the base tapering into the stalk, while the margin is somewhat wavy, with distanced rounded teeth particularly in the upper half. The flower heads are set in corymbs at the end of the branches or in the leaf axils. Each flower head consists of an [[Asteraceae#Floral heads|involucre]], {{cvt|5–6|mm|2}} high, with several whorls of lanceolate bracts narrowing into the tip, with papery edges, and contains mostly five, sometimes four or six, [[hermaphrodite]] creamy white [[Asteraceae#Floral heads|ligulate florets]] {{cvt|3.7|cm|1}} long, ending in five shallow, but irregular lobes. Each of the five individual [[Stamen#Morphology and terminology|anthers]] per floret has two spurs at its base, giving them an arrow-shaped foot. Like in all Asteraceae, the pinkish anthers are fused into a tube through which the style grows, while picking up the pollen that is released at the inside of the tube. The shaft of the style only has few hairs at its base. When ripe, the style opens into two branches about {{cvt|0.5|mm|2}} long with short [[Stigma (botany)#stigmatic papillae|stigmatic papillae]] at the dorsal side. There are no bracts on the common base of the florets. The indehiscent one-seeded fruits (called [[Asteraceae#Fruits and seeds|cypsela]]s) are {{cvt|2|mm|2}} long, covered in velvety hairs, and are adorned by ten longitudinal ribs. The [[sepal]]s which are changed to barbed {{cvt|8|mm|2}} long hairs called [[Pappus (flower structure)|pappus]] are white in color. The pollen is [[tricolpate]] and has some small spines of less than {{convert|1|μm|in|abbr=on}} high.<ref name=Pundir /><ref name=FoI>{{cite web|website= Flowers of India|title= Baccharis Catamixis|url= https://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Baccharis%20Catamixis.html|accessdate= 2017-01-16}}</ref><ref name=basalgrade>{{cite book|first1= Santiago|last1= Ortiz|first2= Jose M.|last2= Bonifacio|first3= Jorge|last3= Crisci|first4= Maria Christina|last4= Telleria|year= 2009|chapter= The basal grade of Compositae: Mutisieae (sensu Cabrera)|title= Systematics, Evolution, and Biogeography of Compositae|publisher= IAPT|location= Vienna|editor= V. A. Funk |editor2=A. Susanna |editor3=T. Stuessy |editor4=R. Bayer|pages=193–213}}</ref>

=== Common characters with other less related Asteraceae ===
The flower heads of ''Catamixis'' contain florets with ligulate corollas only, a trait shared with the [[Lactuceae]], but also with ''[[Fitchia (plant)|Fitchia]]'', ''[[Hyaloseris]]'', ''[[Dinoseris]]'' and ''[[Glossarion]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|first= Annemieke M.|last= Kiers|year= 2000|title= Endive, Chicory, and their wild relatives - A systematic and phylogenetic study of Cichorium (Asteraceae)|journal= Gorteria (Supplement)|volume= 5|pages= 1–77|url= http://repository.naturalis.nl/document/568615|accessdate= 2017-01-14}}</ref>

== Taxonomy ==
''Catamixis baccharoides'' was described by [[Thomas Thomson (botanist)|Thomas Thomson]] in 1867, who thought it was most closely related to ''[[Leucomeris]]'', a genus that is now assigned to the subfamily [[Wunderlichioideae]], tribe [[Hyalideae]]. It has been difficult to establish the relationships of ''Catamixis'' with other asterids, since no substantial analysis of its genetic material has been published so far.{{When|date=July 2024}} Because it shares the combination of [[Asteraceae#Floral heads|ligulate floret]]s, spurred anthers, and involucres that consist of several [[Whorl (botany)|whorls]] of overlapping bracts, the species was initially assigned to the tribe Mutisieae [[Sensu#Common qualifiers|sensu lato]], but genetic analysis has since shown that this grouping constitutes a basal [[evolutionary grade]], which has been consequently [[Asteraceae#Taxonomy|divided into nine subfamilies]].<ref>{{cite journal|last= Hansen|first= H.V.|year= 1991|title= Phylogenetic studies in Compositae tribe Mutisieae|journal= [[Dansk Botanisk Arkiv|Opera Botanica]]|volume= 109|pages= 1–50}} and {{cite book|last= Bremer|first= K.|year= 1994|title= Asteraceae: Cladistics and Classification|publisher= Timber Press|location= Portland, Oregon}} cited in {{cite journal|first= Jose L.|last= Panero|year= 2008|title= Shared molecular signatures support the inclusion of Catamixis in subfamily Pertyoideae (Asteraceae)|journal= Phytologia|volume= 90|issue= 3|url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233761534|accessdate= 2017-01-15}}</ref> However, further characters of ''Catamixis'' are shared with different of these subfamilies or the subdivisions they include, but always elements of the unique character combinations of these subfamilies are lacking in ''Catamixis''. More recently, ''Catamixis'' was assumed to be associated with the tribe [[Pertyeae]]. ''Catamixis'' lacks a deletion of 17 [[base pair]]s close to one of the [[Chloroplast DNA#Gene content and plastid gene expression|chloroplast NADH dehydrogenase genes]], that is a common character for members of the subfamilies [[Gymnarrhenoideae]], [[Cichorioideae]], [[Corymbioideae]] and [[Asteroideae]]. ''Catamixis'', ''[[Pertya]]'', ''[[Myripnois]]'' and two of the ''[[Ainsliaea]]''-species share a deletion of 145 base pairs not found in any lineage except Pertyoideae. A [[point mutation]] in the [[maturase K]] gene is shared with the genera ''Ainsliaea'' and ''Pertya'', which belong to the Pertyoideae. This makes it very likely that ''Catamixis'' should be included in the Pertyoideae, but does not fully resolve the position within that subfamily.<ref name=Panero>{{cite journal|first= Jose L.|last= Panero|year= 2008|title= Shared molecular signatures support the inclusion of Catamixis in subfamily Pertyoideae (Asteraceae)|journal= Phytologia|volume= 90|issue= 3|pages= 418–424|url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233761534|accessdate= 2017-01-14}}</ref>

=== Etymology ===
The name ''Catamixis'' is a contraction of the Greek words ''κατά'' (kata) and ''μιξη'' (mixi), meaning “mixed affinity”, which refers to the combination of characters that makes it difficult to assign it based on morphology within the Asteraceae.<ref name=Panero />

== Distribution and habitat ==
This is a narrow range, endemic, monotypic genus distributed in lower Shiwalik belt of Western Himalaya from an altitude range of {{convert|500-1000|m|ft|abbr=on}}. The species is reported from few localities in India from Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh and one from West Nepal. The species is habitat specific and grows on exposed, dry, sandstone or calcareous rocky cliffs of lower Shiwalik belt.<ref name=SSD>{{cite journal|first1= Amber|last1= Srivastava|first2= S.K.|last2= Srivastava|first3= L.R.|last3= Dangwal|year= 2016|title= Specific habitat requirement and ex-situ conservation of some threatened plant species of Western Himalaya|journal= NeBio|volume= 7|issue= 4|pages= 179–184}}</ref>

== Conservation ==
Since the species is threatened, a number of efforts were carried out for its conservation under ex-situ conservation. This habitat-specific species is also propagated and cultivated in the botanical garden of Botanical Survey of India, Dehradun in an artificially created rocky mound<ref name=SSD /> and is also planted in the experimental garden of Forest Research Institute, Dehradun.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Dinesh|last1= Kumar|first2= Anita|last2= Tomar|year= 2015|title= Ex-Situ Conservation of Some Threatened Species from Divergent Sources|publisher= Uttar Pradesh State Biodiversity Board|pages= 160–162}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|28em|refs=
<ref name="POWO">{{cite web |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:189606-1 |title=''Catamixis baccharoides'' Thomson |website=[[Plants of the World Online]] |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |year=2024 |access-date=11 July 2024}}</ref>
}}

{{Taxonbar|from1=Q5051410|from2=Q15560513}}

[[Category:Pertyoideae]]
[[Category:Monotypic Asteraceae genera]]
[[Category:Flora of the Indian subcontinent]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1867]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Thomas Thomson (botanist)]]

Catamixis - Revision history

Taskin Ahmed Kayum: Adding first article basic info!