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{{Short description|Scottish soldier (c. 1711–1754)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox military person
| name = Lt-Colonel Caroline Frederick Scott
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Circa|1711}}
| death_date = 12 May 1754 (aged 42–43)
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial =
| birth_place = [[Dresden]]
| death_place = [[Chennai|Madras, now Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| placeofburial_coordinates = 
| nickname =
| allegiance = {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Great Britain}}
| branch = {{army|United Kingdom}}
| serviceyears = 1737–1754
| rank = [[Lieutenant colonel|Lieutenant-Colonel]]
| unit = [[29th (Worcestershire) Regiment of Foot|29th, later Worcestershire Regiment]] 1749–1752
| commands = Garrison commander, [[Siege of Fort William|Fort William]], March–August 1746 <br/> Engineer-General, [[East India Company]] 1752–1754 <br/> Major Commandant, [[Fort William, India|Fort William, Calcutta]]
| battles = {{Tree list}}
* '''[[War of Jenkins' Ear]]'''
** [[Battle of Cartagena de Indias|Cartagena de Indias]]
* '''[[War of the Austrian Succession]]'''
* '''[[Jacobite rising of 1745]]'''
** [[Siege of Fort William]]
{{Tree list/end}}
| awards =
| relations = [[George Lewis Scott]] 1708–1780 (brother) <br/> [[James Stewart (advocate)|James Stewart]] 1681–1727 (uncle) <br/>[[James Steuart (economist)|James Steuart]] 1707–1780 (cousin)
| laterwork =
}}

[[Lieutenant colonel|Lieutenant-Colonel]] '''Caroline Frederick Scott''' (c. 1711 – 12 May 1754) was a Scottish soldier and military engineer who served in the [[British Army]] before transferring to the [[East India Company]].

During the [[Jacobite rising of 1745|1745 Jacobite Rising]], he successfully defended [[Siege of Fort William|Fort William]] in March 1746 and later conducted the search for [[Charles Edward Stuart|Prince Charles]] after [[Battle of Culloden|Culloden]] in April. He gained a reputation for atrocities and reprisals against Highlanders and has been described as one of the most notorious 'Redcoats' of the Rebellion.<ref name="TheScotsman">{{cite web|url=https://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/who-was-the-most-notorious-redcoat-of-the-1745-rebellion-1-4701887|title=Who was the most notorious 'Redcoat' of the 1745 rebellion?|last=Campsie|first=Alison|date=7 March 2018|website=scotsman.com|publisher=[[The Scotsman]]|access-date=9 September 2018}}</ref>

In October 1752, he transferred to the [[East India Company]] as Engineer General of their settlements in India, based in [[Kolkata|Calcutta, modern Kolkata]]; he died of fever in [[Chennai|Madras, modern Chennai]], on 12 May 1754.

==Life==
[[File:Highmore - Caroline of Ansbach - RCIN 406035.jpg|thumb|left|170px|Scott was named after his godmother, [[Caroline of Ansbach|Caroline of Ansbach (1683-1737)]], mother of the [[Prince William, Duke of Cumberland|Duke of Cumberland]]]]
Caroline Frederick Scott was born in 1711, one of three sons of James (or George) Scott and Marion Stewart (1679-1727), daughter of [[Sir James Stewart (Lord Advocate)|Sir James Stewart]] (1635-1715). A Presbyterian radical sentenced to death for his role in the 1685 [[Argyll's Rising]], Sir James was appointed [[Lord Advocate]] of Scotland in 1692; his son, also named [[James Stewart (advocate)|James]], was [[Solicitor General for Scotland|Solicitor General]].<ref>{{cite ODNB |last1=Beisner |first1=E Calvin |title=Stewart [Steuart], Sir James, of Goodtrees |date=2004 |edition=Online |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/26418 }}</ref>

Originally from [[Edinburgh]], James Scott was a close friend of [[George I of Great Britain|George I]], then Elector [[Electorate of Hanover|Hanover]] and between 1710 to 1724 held senior diplomatic posts at various German courts.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Horn |first1=DB |title=British Diplomatic Representatives; 1689-1789 Volume XLVI |date=1932 |publisher=Royal Historical Society |pages=88–89}}</ref> Hanover's involvement in the [[Great Northern War]] made this an extremely sensitive and important position and James was closely involved in negotiations to end it.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hartley |first1=Janet M |title=Charles Whitworth: Diplomat in the Age of Peter the Great |date=2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-7546-0480-8 |page=169}}</ref> After her husband died in 1726, Marion moved to the [[Dutch Republic]], so her children could attend [[Leiden University]].<ref>{{cite ODNB |last1=Courtney |first1=WP |editor1-first=Alan |editor1-last=Yoshioka |title=Scott, George Lewis (1708-1780) |date=2004 |edition=2011 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/24870 }}</ref>

Scott's unusual first name came from his godmother [[Caroline of Ansbach|Caroline of Ansbach (1683-1737)]], wife of [[George II of Great Britain|George II]] and mother of the [[Prince William, Duke of Cumberland|Duke of Cumberland]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Royle |first1=Trevor |title=Culloden; Scotland's Last Battle and the Forging of the British Empire |date=2016 |publisher=Little, Brown |isbn=978-1-4087-0401-1 |page=110}}</ref> Relationships and loyalties were very complex; political [[Whigs (British political party)|Whigs]], both Stewarts opposed the [[Acts of Union 1707|1707 Union]], while Scott's cousin, the economist [[James Steuart (economist)|James Steuart]], was exiled for his part in the 1745 rebellion. His elder brother [[George Lewis Scott|George]] (1708-1780) was appointed tutor to the future [[George III of the United Kingdom|George III]], on the recommendation of former [[Jacobitism|Jacobite]] minister [[Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke|Viscount Bolingbroke]].<ref>{{cite ODNB |last1=Courtney |first1=WP |editor1-first=Alan |editor1-last=Yoshioka |title=Scott, George Lewis (1708-1780) |date=2004 |edition=2011 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/24870 }}</ref>

Scott never married but left his property to Martha Bowdler, who is assumed to be mother of his four children, three girls and a boy, also named Caroline Frederick (ca 1752-1794). Little is known of his daughters; his son served in the [[Royal Artillery]], was invalided out in 1793 and died in [[Rochester, Kent|Rochester]] in 1794.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Young |first1=H.A |title=The East India Company's Arsenals & Manufactories |date=1937 |publisher=Naval and Military Press |page=104 |edition=2012}}</ref>

==Career==
[[File:Fort William and Ben Nevis, Scotland LOC 3449526567.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Fort William, Highland|Fort William]], foreground, [[Ben Nevis]] behind ca 1890]]
In 1737, Scott was commissioned as a [[cornet]] in the [[Royal Scots Greys|Royal North British Dragoons]], then based in England, before transferring to [[Royal Warwickshire Regiment|Guise's Regiment]] in 1741.<ref name="Royle">{{cite book |last=Royle |first=Trevor |date=2016 |title=Culloden: Scotland's Last Battle and the Forging of the British Empire |publisher=[[Hachette (publisher)|Hachette UK]] |page=110}}</ref> During the 1739 to 1748 [[War of Jenkins' Ear]] with Spain, Guise's was sent to the [[West Indies]] where it took part in the attack of May 1741 on [[Battle of Cartagena de Indias|Cartagena de Indias]]. The expedition was a disaster, the assault force suffering losses of between 80-90%, mostly from [[dysentery]] and [[yellow fever]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Harbron |first1=John D |title=Trafalgar and the Spanish Navy The Spanish Experience of Sea Power |date=1998 |publisher=Conway Maritime Press |isbn=978-0-85177-477-0 |edition=2004 |page=108}}</ref> The survivors returned to England in December 1742; the unit was brought up to strength as a result of the 1740-1748 [[War of the Austrian Succession]], then sent to Scotland for garrison duties.<ref>{{cite book|last=Cannon|first=Richard|title=History of the Sixth or Royal First Warwickshire Regiment of Foot|publisher=Longman, Orme & Co.|year=1829|page=61}}</ref>

Although technically an officer of Guise's, Scott served in [[Gibraltar]] as a military engineer under the [[Willem van Keppel, 2nd Earl of Albemarle|Earl of Albemarle]] and when the [[Jacobite rising of 1745|1745 Rising]] began, he was in [[Flanders]] with Cumberland.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Clark |first1=GN |title=The Highland Forts in the 45 |journal=The English Historical Review |date=1922 |volume=37 |page=362 |url=http://www.yourphotocard.com/Ascanius/documents/The%20Highland%20Forts%20in%20the%20‘Forty-Five’.pdf}}</ref> In July, detachments from Guise's secured the forts between [[Inverness]] and [[Fort William, Highland|Fort William]]; two companies were captured at the [[Battle of Prestonpans]] in September, some of whom changed sides and were later executed as deserters.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Preeble |first1=John |title=Culloden |date=1973 |publisher=Pimlico |isbn=978-0-7126-6820-0 |edition=2002 |page=301}}</ref> A letter written by his brother George mentions Scott was among the troops sent to Scotland after Prestonpans.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Montagu |first1=Elizabeth |title=Elizabeth Montagu, the Queen of the Blue-Stockings, Vol. 1 of 2: Her Correspondence From 1720 to 1761 |date=1906 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-334-32474-1 |editor-last=Climenson |editor-first=Emily |edition=2011 |page=206}}</ref>

After withdrawing to Inverness in February 1746, the Jacobites captured [[Fort Augustus]] in early March, leaving [[Fort William, Highland|Fort William]] as the last government-controlled position in the [[Great Glen]].<ref name="Duffy">[[Christopher Duffy|Duffy, Christopher]]. (2007). ''The '45, Bonnie Prince Charlie and Untold Story of the Jacobite Rising.'' pp. 452 - 458. {{ISBN|978-0-7538-2262-3}}.</ref> Cumberland appointed Scott commander and he arrived there on 15 March; like Fort Augustus, its defences had been neglected but it was far stronger and better sited. Control of the sea meant it could be resupplied, while naval vessels moored in [[Loch Linnhe]] gave the defenders more firepower than the besiegers. Jacobite commander Colonel Stapleton considered the position too strong to be taken with the forces available. Scott's diaries show he conducted an energetic and aggressive defence and [[Siege of Fort William|the siege]] made little progress. At the end of March, Stapleton was ordered back to Inverness and on 3 April, the garrison discovered the Jacobites had gone, leaving guns and heavy equipment behind.<ref name="Duffy"/> Scott's defence was praised by the [[Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle|Duke of Newcastle]] in a letter to Cumberland on 17 April.<ref>State Papers of Scotland III, 30, #20; Newcastle to Cumberland 17 April 1746</ref>
[[File:Braemar Castle 1.jpg|thumb|right|220px|[[Braemar Castle]], one of the strongpoints established to control the Highlands; Scott commanded here until the end of 1749]]
Following the [[Battle of Culloden]] on 16 April, Scott led one of the parties searching for Prince Charles; on 21 June, he landed at [[Kilbride, Skye|Kilbride, on Skye]], only just missing the Prince who was two miles away.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Riding |first1=Jacqueline |title=Jacobites: A New History of the 45 Rebellion |date=2016 |publisher=Bloomsbury |isbn=978-1-4088-1912-8 |pages=465–466}}</ref> In the course of this, he gained a reputation for brutality and excess; many stories about him were recorded by the antiquarian [[Alexander Carmichael]] in the 1860s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Story about Captain Scott on Isle of Barra and Mingulay, 1867 |url=https://archives.collections.ed.ac.uk/repositories/2/archival_objects/143020 |website=University of Edinburgh Archives |access-date=13 June 2019}}</ref> One alleges three Highlanders who surrendered to him were drowned in a mill flume at Lochoy, although there is no direct confirmation of this.<ref>Royle, p.111</ref>

In 2011, Scott was included on a list of alleged war criminals by a group seeking an apology for crimes committed after Culloden.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-12996911|title=Apology sought for 'war crimes' in Culloden's aftermath|last=McKenzie|first=Steven|date=7 April 2011|website=bbc.co.uk|publisher=[[BBC]]|access-date=9 September 2018}}</ref> Why he remains so notorious is unclear, since destruction and theft of property and livestock was common practice on both sides. The repression that followed Culloden reflected a widespread mood in the army and was conducted by senior commanders like [[James Wolfe]], [[Henry Hawley]] and [[John Huske]]. Colonel Whitefoord, [[Walter Scott|Sir Walter Scott]]'s model for the heroic Hanoverian Colonel Talbot in [[Waverley (novel)|Waverley]], wrote suspected rebels were 'immediately put to death...their houses plundered and burnt, cattle drove, ploughs and tackle destroyed.'<ref>Royle, p.118</ref> One reason for this was a widespread perception among government officials and Jacobites another landing was imminent.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Anderson |editor-first1=BJ |title=The Albemarle papers; being the correspondence of William Anne, second earl of Albemarle, commander-in-chief in Scotland, 1746-1747 |date=1902 |publisher=Aberdeen University |page=332}}</ref>

However, Scott clearly had a strong dislike of Highlanders and Jacobites, as demonstrated by his treatment of Isabel Haldane.<ref>Royle, p.112</ref> Her husband was Charles Stewart of Ardshiel, who led the Stewart of Appin regiment at Culloden and was exiled as a result. In a letter of complaint to [[John Campbell, 4th Earl of Loudoun|John Campbell, Earl of Loudon]], Isabel records Scott's men cut down her fruit trees, removed her furniture, food stores and livestock. They also dismantled her house, the materials later being sold at Fort William for £400.<ref>Anderson, p. 333</ref>
[[File:Fort William, Calcutta, 1735.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Fort William, India|Fort William, Calcutta]], ca 1735; Scott drew up plans for improving it but died before they were implemented]]
In November 1746, Scott was promoted major, replacing his colleague Hugh Wentworth, dismissed for surrendering [[Siege of Fort Augustus (March 1746)|Fort Augustus]].<ref>Anderson, p. 270</ref> Albemarle was appointed [[Scottish Command#Commander-in-Chief, Scotland (or North Britain)|Commander-in-Chief, Scotland]] and supervised actions taken to control the Highlands. After the Rising, the [[Old military roads of Scotland|military road network]] begun in 1715 was completed and garrisons placed at key points, the main ones being [[Inversnaid]] and [[Braemar Castle]], commanded by Scott. As well as regular patrolling, they enforced the [[Disarming Act]], permitting the confiscation of weapons, and the [[Dress Act 1746|Dress Act]], banning [[Highland dress]] unless worn on military service. Reports submitted by Scott record weapons found and arrests of those in 'Highland dress'; the latter caused considerable frustration, since local law officers routinely accepted claims by defendants they were simply 'dyed blankets'.<ref name="Allardyce">{{cite book |last=Allardyce |first=James |date=1895|title=Historical papers relating to the Jacobite period, 1699-1750 |url=https://archive.org/stream/historicalpapers02allauoft#page/524 |location=Aberdeen |publisher=Printed for the New Spalding Club |volume=2| pages=524–525}}</ref> He was relieved at the end of October 1749.<ref>Allardyce (1895). p. 528.</ref>

Shortly afterwards, he transferred to the [[29th (Worcestershire) Regiment of Foot|29th Foot]], which had just returned to Ireland from [[Nova Scotia]]; by 1751, he was a Lieutenant-Colonel, based in [[Daingean|Philipstown, now Daingean]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Everard|first=Hugh|title=History of Thomas Farrington's Regiment: Subsequently designated the 29th (Worcestershire) Foot 1694–1881|publisher=Littlebury and Company |year=1891}}</ref> The poor performance of the British military in the War of the Austrian Succession resulted in a focus on army reform; under the name 'Mr Lovetruth', Scott published a number of letters on the topic.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Guy |first1=Alan James |title=Economy and Discipline: Officership and the British Army, 1714-63 |date=1986 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-0-7190-1099-6 |page=48}}</ref>

In October 1752, Scott joined the military service of the [[East India Company]] and appointed Engineer-General for all their settlements in India and Major Commandant of [[Fort William, India|Fort William, Calcutta]]. He reached Calcutta in September 1753, where he began construction of new gunpowder mills and drew up detailed plans for improving Fort William's fortifications.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Wilson |editor-first1=CR |title=Indian Record Series; Old Fort William in Bengal; Volume II |date=1906 |publisher=John Murray |pages=14–19}}</ref> He died of fever on 12 May 1754 visiting [[Chennai|Madras, now Chennai]]; the works were still in progress when Fort William was [[Siege of Calcutta|captured in 1756]]. Ensign Scott, who accompanied him from England and is assumed to be a relative, was taken prisoner and died in what is known as the [[Black Hole of Calcutta]].<ref>Young, p. 101</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book |last=Allardyce |first=James |date=1895|title=Historical papers relating to the Jacobite period, 1699-1750 |publisher=Printed for the New Spalding Club |volume=2}}
* {{cite book |editor-last1=Anderson |editor-first1=BJ |title=The Albemarle papers; being the correspondence of William Anne, second earl of Albemarle, commander-in-chief in Scotland, 1746-1747 |date=1902 |publisher=Aberdeen University}}
* {{cite book |last1=Beisner |first1=E Calvin |title=Stewart [Steuart], Sir James, of Goodtrees |date=2004 |publisher=Oxford DNB |edition=Online}}
* {{cite book|last=Cannon|first=Richard|title=History of the Sixth or Royal First Warwickshire Regiment of Foot|publisher=Longman, Orme & Co.|year=1829}}
* {{cite book |last1=Courtney |first1=WP |title=Scott, George Lewis (1708-1780) |date=2004 |publisher=Oxford DNB |edition=2011}}
* {{cite book |last=Craig |first=Maggie |date=2011 |title=Bare-Arsed Banditti: The Men of the '45 |publisher=[[Random House]] |ISBN=978-1-84596-970-7}}
* [[Christopher Duffy|Duffy, Christopher]]. (2007). ''The '45, Bonnie Prince Charlie and Untold Story of the Jacobite Rising.'' {{ISBN|978-0-7538-2262-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Everard|first=Hugh|title=History of Thomas Farrington's Regiment: Subsequently designated the 29th (Worcestershire) Foot 1694–1881|publisher=Littlebury and Company |year=1891}}
* {{cite book |last1=Guy |first1=Alan James |title=Economy and Discipline: Officership and the British Army, 1714-63 |date=1986 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-0-7190-1099-6}}
* {{cite book |last1=Harbron |first1=John D |title=Trafalgar and the Spanish Navy The Spanish Experience of Sea Power |date=1998 |publisher=Conway Maritime Press |isbn=978-0-85177-477-0 |edition=2004}}
* {{cite book |last1=Horn |first1=DB |title=British Diplomatic Representatives; 1689-1789 Volume XLVI |date=1932 |publisher=Royal Historical Society}}
* {{cite book |last1=Preeble |first1=John |title=Culloden |date=1973 |publisher=Pimlico |isbn=978-0-7126-6820-0 |edition=2002}}
* {{cite book |last1=Riding |first1=Jacqueline |title=Jacobites: A New History of the 45 Rebellion |date=2016 |publisher=Bloomsbury |isbn=978-1-4088-1912-8}}
* {{cite book |last1=Royle |first1=Trevor |title=Culloden; Scotland's Last Battle and the Forging of the British Empire |date=2016 |publisher=Little, Brown |isbn=978-1-4087-0401-1}}
* {{cite book |editor-last1=Wilson |editor-first1=CR |title=Indian Record Series; Old Fort William in Bengal; Volume II |date=1906 |publisher=John Murray}}
* {{cite book |last1=Young |first1=H.A |title=The East India Company's Arsenals & Manufactories |date=1937 |publisher=Naval and Military Press|edition=2012}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Story about Captain Scott on Isle of Barra and Mingulay, 1867 |url=https://archives.collections.ed.ac.uk/repositories/2/archival_objects/143020 |website=University of Edinburgh Archives |access-date=13 June 2019}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Scott, Caroline Frederick}}
[[Category:Leiden University alumni]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of the Jacobite rising of 1745|Scott]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of the War of the Austrian Succession|Scott]]
[[Category:Royal Scots Greys officers]]
[[Category:Royal Warwickshire Fusiliers officers]]
[[Category:Worcestershire Regiment officers]]
[[Category:29th Regiment of Foot officers]]
[[Category:British East India Company Army officers]]
[[Category:1754 deaths|Scott]]
[[Category:18th century in Kolkata]]

Caroline Frederick Scott - Revision history

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