Carl Sagan - Revision history

https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=Carl_Sagan Carl Sagan - Revision history 2026-09-06T23:00:54Z Revision history for this page on the wiki MediaWiki 1.43.6 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Sagan&diff=401271&oldid=prev Delinker: Bot: Delinking broken file(s) using script (info) 2023-07-31T13:00:14Z

<p>Bot: Delinking broken file(s) using script (<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Delinker/info&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="User:Delinker/info (page does not exist)">info</a>)</p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 18:30, 31 July 2023</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l118">Line 118:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 118:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Scientific achievements ===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Scientific achievements ===</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Former student [[David Morrison (astrophysicist)|David Morrison]] described Sagan as "an 'idea person' and a master of intuitive physical arguments and '[[Back-of-the-envelope calculation|back of the envelope]]' calculations",<ref name="morrison" /> and [[Gerard Kuiper]] said that "Some persons work best in specializing on a major program in the laboratory; others are best in liaison between sciences. Dr. Sagan belongs in the latter group."<ref name="morrison" /></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Former student [[David Morrison (astrophysicist)|David Morrison]] described Sagan as "an 'idea person' and a master of intuitive physical arguments and '[[Back-of-the-envelope calculation|back of the envelope]]' calculations",<ref name="morrison" /> and [[Gerard Kuiper]] said that "Some persons work best in specializing on a major program in the laboratory; others are best in liaison between sciences. Dr. Sagan belongs in the latter group."<ref name="morrison" /></div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[File:Cosmos book.gif|alt=The Cosmos book|thumb|The Cosmos book]]</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Sagan's contributions were central to the discovery of the high surface temperatures of the planet [[Venus]].<ref name=surftemp /><ref>{{cite book |title=Principles of Planetary Climate |first1=Raymond T. |last1=Pierrehumbert |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-139-49506-6 |page=202 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bO_U8f5pVR8C}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=bO_U8f5pVR8C&pg=PA202 Extract of page 202].</ref> In the early 1960s no one knew for certain the basic conditions of Venus' surface, and Sagan listed the possibilities in a report later depicted for popularization in a [[Time Life]] book ''Planets''. His own view was that Venus was dry and very hot as opposed to the balmy paradise others had imagined. He had investigated [[radio wave]]s from Venus and concluded that there was a surface temperature of {{convert|500|°C|-2}}. As a visiting scientist to NASA's [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]], he contributed to the first [[Mariner program|Mariner]] missions to Venus, working on the design and management of the project. [[Mariner 2]] confirmed his conclusions on the surface conditions of Venus in 1962.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Sagan's contributions were central to the discovery of the high surface temperatures of the planet [[Venus]].<ref name=surftemp /><ref>{{cite book |title=Principles of Planetary Climate |first1=Raymond T. |last1=Pierrehumbert |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-139-49506-6 |page=202 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bO_U8f5pVR8C}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=bO_U8f5pVR8C&pg=PA202 Extract of page 202].</ref> In the early 1960s no one knew for certain the basic conditions of Venus' surface, and Sagan listed the possibilities in a report later depicted for popularization in a [[Time Life]] book ''Planets''. His own view was that Venus was dry and very hot as opposed to the balmy paradise others had imagined. He had investigated [[radio wave]]s from Venus and concluded that there was a surface temperature of {{convert|500|°C|-2}}. As a visiting scientist to NASA's [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]], he contributed to the first [[Mariner program|Mariner]] missions to Venus, working on the design and management of the project. [[Mariner 2]] confirmed his conclusions on the surface conditions of Venus in 1962.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l132">Line 132:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 132:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===''Cosmos'': popularizing science on TV===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===''Cosmos'': popularizing science on TV===</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[File:Carl Sagan - 1980.jpg|thumb|Sagan in ''[[Cosmos: A Personal Voyage|Cosmos]]'' (1980)]]</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1980 Sagan co-wrote and narrated the award-winning 13-part [[PBS]] television series ''[[Cosmos: A Personal Voyage]]'', which became the most widely watched series in the history of American public television until 1990. The show has been seen by at least 500 million people across 60 countries.<ref name="Starchild" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/information/biography/pqrst/sagan_carl.html |title=Carl Sagan |work=EMuseum |publisher=[[Minnesota State University, Mankato]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528213538/http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/information/biography/pqrst/sagan_carl.html |archive-date=May 28, 2010 |access-date=August 30, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cosmolearning.com/documentaries/cosmos/ |title=CosmoLearning Astronomy |publisher=CosmoLearning |access-date=October 8, 2009}}</ref> The book, ''Cosmos'', written by Sagan, was published to accompany the series.<ref name="NationalGeo">{{cite web |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/03/140316-carl-sagan-science-galaxies-space/ |title=Who Was Carl Sagan? |last=Vergano |first=Dan |date=March 16, 2014 |website=National Geographic Daily News |publisher=[[National Geographic Society]] |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=May 13, 2014}}</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1980 Sagan co-wrote and narrated the award-winning 13-part [[PBS]] television series ''[[Cosmos: A Personal Voyage]]'', which became the most widely watched series in the history of American public television until 1990. The show has been seen by at least 500 million people across 60 countries.<ref name="Starchild" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/information/biography/pqrst/sagan_carl.html |title=Carl Sagan |work=EMuseum |publisher=[[Minnesota State University, Mankato]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528213538/http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/information/biography/pqrst/sagan_carl.html |archive-date=May 28, 2010 |access-date=August 30, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cosmolearning.com/documentaries/cosmos/ |title=CosmoLearning Astronomy |publisher=CosmoLearning |access-date=October 8, 2009}}</ref> The book, ''Cosmos'', written by Sagan, was published to accompany the series.<ref name="NationalGeo">{{cite web |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/03/140316-carl-sagan-science-galaxies-space/ |title=Who Was Carl Sagan? |last=Vergano |first=Dan |date=March 16, 2014 |website=National Geographic Daily News |publisher=[[National Geographic Society]] |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=May 13, 2014}}</ref></div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> </table>

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