BeauGleason6763 at 19:28, 13 March 2026

2026-03-13T19:28:34Z

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{{Short description|Maratha victory in India}}
{{AI-generated|date=January 2026|reason=March 2024 rewrites; note [[WP:AISIGNS]] in superficial analyses, vocab distribution typical of 2023-24 LLMs, etc}}
{{Infobox Military Conflict
| conflict = Capture of Delhi (1788)
| place = [[Shahjahanabad]], [[Delhi Subah]], [[Mughal Empire]]
| territory = [[Delhi]] captured by [[Marathas]]
| result = Maratha victory<ref name=":5" />
| date = {{start date|1788|10|2}}
| combatant1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Rampur State.svg|25px}} [[Kingdom of Rohilkhand|Rohilkhand Kingdom]] [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|22px]] [[Mughals]] under [[Mirza Ismail Beg|Ismail]]
| combatant2 = [[Image:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] [[Maratha Empire]] [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|22px]] [[Mughals]] under [[Shah Alam II]]
| commander1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Rampur State.svg|25px}} [[Ghulam Kadir|Ghulam Qadir]]{{executed}} [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|22px]] [[Mirza Ismail Beg]]{{surrendered}}
| commander2 = [[Image:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] [[Mahadji Scindia]] [[Image:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] [[Ali Bahadur I|Ali Bahadur]] [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] [[Rane Khan]] [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] [[Jiva Dada Bakshi]] [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|22px]] [[Shah Alam II]] [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] Baghirathrao Shinde [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] Raji Patil [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] Devji Gawli
| strength1 = 1,500+
| strength2 = Unknown
| image = Shah Alam II (1759-1806), the blind mughal Emperor, seated on a golden throne..jpg
}}

The '''Capture of Delhi''' took place in 1788 between the forces of [[Ghulam Kadir|Ghulam Qadir Rohilla]] supported by [[Mirza Ismail Beg]], and the Marathas under [[Mahadaji Shinde|Mahadji Shinde]] on behalf of [[Shah Alam II]] who desired the execution of [[Ghulam Kadir]]. Mahadji Shinde became successful and executed [[Ghulam Kadir|Kadir]] after the battle.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=Jaswant Lal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813 |date=2005-01-01 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-1-932705-54-6 |pages=595–596 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=The Director Of Archives |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.52109 |title=Sindhia As Regent Of Delhi (1954) |date=1954 |pages=17–19}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Misra |first=S. c |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.131569 |title=Sindhia-holkar Rivalry In Rajasthan |date=1981 |pages=99}}</ref>

==Background==
In 1788, Ghulam Kadir, along with Mirza Is'mail Beg, initiated a campaign to capture Delhi, the capital of the Mughal Empire. Their objective was to seize control and establish their dominance in the region. However, internal disputes within the Mughal Empire hindered Mahadji's ability to send troops to defend Delhi.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4" />

Despite Mahadji's awareness of the impending threat, he was unable to mobilize his forces effectively due to ongoing internal conflicts. As a result, on July 18, 1788, Ghulam Kadir and his forces successfully captured Delhi. Upon seizing control of the city, Ghulam Kadir took drastic measures to solidify his power. He forcefully removed Shah Alam, the Mughal emperor, from his throne and subjected him to the cruel act of blinding. The atrocities committed by Ghulam Kadir extended beyond the ruling elite; innocent civilians, including infants and helpless women, were subjected to starvation and deprivation. Tragically, the violence escalated as Ghulam Kadir's forces unleashed terror upon the city. Numerous men fell victim to indiscriminate killings, while princesses were subjected to heinous acts of rape. The capture of Delhi in 1788 marked a dark chapter in the history of the Mughal Empire, characterized by widespread suffering and barbarity inflicted upon its inhabitants.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4" />

A letter was sent by '''Sadashiv Dinkar''' to '''[[Nana Fadnavis|Nana]]''' mentioning this events who immediately reported this to [[Mahadaji Shinde|Mahadji]] ( on September 1788). He became furious when learnt about the deeds of [[Ghulam Kadir|Ghulam]], he immediately marched towards Delhi in order to teach Ghulam a lesson, and to assist the Imperial and Maratha garrisons already fighting [[Ghulam Kadir|Kadir]].

==Capture of Delhi ==
In October, Mahadji, accompanied by [[Rane Khan]] Bhai and Jiwabadada Baxi, arrived in Delhi. On October 2nd, the combined forces of Rana Khan and Jiwabadada defeated Ghulam and Ismail Beg, leading to the capture of Delhi. They proceeded to lay siege to the Agra fort, which they also captured, and reinstated a blinded Shah Alam to his throne. While Ismail Beg surrendered, Ghulam Kadir fled the area. Rana Khan, Raji Patil, Devji Gawli, and Baghirathrao Shinde were then sent to persuade Ghulam Kadir, eventually capturing the Aligarh fort. Ghulam Kadir subsequently fled.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":1" />

==Battle of Meerut ==
{{Infobox Military Conflict
| conflict = Battle of Meerut (1788)
| place = [[Meerut]], [[India]]
| date = 2 October{{ndash}}18 December 1788
| territory = None
| result = Maratha victory.
| combatant1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Rampur State.svg|25px}} [[Kingdom of Rohilkhand]]
| combatant2 = [[Image:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] [[Maratha Empire]]
| commander1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Rampur State.svg|25px}} [[Ghulam Kadir]]{{Executed}}
| commander2 = [[Image:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] [[Ali Bahadur I|Ali Bahadur]] [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] [[Mahadji Shinde]]
| strength1 = 1,000–1,500
| strength2 = Unknown
| notes = In some sources this battle is also called as Battle of Mathura instead of Meerut.
}}

After the Marathas had liberated Delhi, a hunt for Ghulam Kadir was mounted by the Marathas. Ghulam Kadir fled to Meerut, which in turn was encircled by the Marathas.{{Sfn|Sarkar|1952|p=328}} After the conditions there had become intolerable, he managed to break the encirclement during the night with 500 horsemen and tried to escape to Ghausgarh.{{Sfn|Sarkar|1952|p=328}} But during the engagement of his horsemen by a Maratha patrol, he lost sight of his entourage. Then his horse stumbled and broke its leg and he had to continue his escape alone and on foot. He reached Bamnauli (Uttar Pradesh), where he sought refuge in a house of a Brahmin and offered him a reward for a horse and a guide, who could lead him to Ghausgarh.{{Sfn|Sarkar|1952|pp=328–329}} But the Brahmin recognized him and alerted a party of Marathas, who captured him on 18{{nbsp}}December{{Sfn|Sarkar|1952|p=329}}{{Sfn|Malik|1982|p=565}} or 19{{nbsp}}December 1788.{{Sfn|Garg|1996|p=94}}

==Execution of Ghulam Kadir==
Ghulam Kadir remained in Maratha custody for some time but was initially unharmed.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4" /> On 28 February 1789, Shinde received a letter from Shah Alam II demanding the eyes of Ghulam Kadir as the Shah would otherwise retire to [[Mecca]] and live as a beggar. Mahadji then ordered the removal of his eyes, nose, tongue, lips, and upper limbs, which were sent to Shah Alam in a casket.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":5" /> After this was done, his hands, feet, and genitals were cut off, and on 3 March 1789, he was hanged from a tree and beheaded at [[Mathura]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Deodhar |first=Y. n |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.103377 |title=Nana Phadnis And The External Affairs Of The Maratha Empire |date=1962 |pages=125–128}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Dalrymple |first=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-T2lDwAAQBAJ |title=The Anarchy: The Relentless Rise of the East India Company |date=2019-09-10 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-4088-6440-1 |pages=304 |language=en}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
Following Ghulam Kadir's execution in 1789 at Mahadji Shinde's camp, Shah Alam thanked Mahadji for administering what he deemed as appropriate punishment. This acknowledgment led to significant rewards for Mahadji, including the administration of Hindu pilgrimage sites like Vrindavan and Mathura. Shah Alam also issued a royal decree banning cow slaughter, reflecting his efforts to respect Hindu sentiments. Additionally, due to the Emperor's blindness, Mahadji was effectively made the de facto ruler of Delhi, solidifying his political authority. These events illustrate the complex interplay of politics and religion during late 18th-century India, further consolidating Maratha Influence, which would last until 1803.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Rathod |first=N. G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uPq640stHJ0C |title=The Great Maratha Mahadaji Scindia |date=1994 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-85431-52-9 |pages=114 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{Cite journal|last=Garg|first=Sanjay|date=1996|title=A Seal of Ghulam Qadir Rohilla|url=https://www.academia.edu/2969164|journal=Numismatic Studies|volume=4|pages=91–94}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Malik|first=Zahiruddin|date=1982|title=Persian Documents pertaining to the tragic End of Ghulam Qadir Rohilla, 1780–1789|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=43|pages=565–571|issn=2249-1937|jstor=44141288}}
* {{Cite book|last=Sarkar|first=Jadunath|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.1681/page/n1/mode/2up|title=Fall of the Mughal Empire|publisher=M. C. Sarkar & Sons|year=1952|edition=2|volume=III|location=Calcutta|author-link=Jadunath Sarkar}}

[[Category:1788 in India]]
[[Category:Battles in 1788]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Maratha Empire]]

Capture of Delhi (1788) - Revision history

BeauGleason6763 at 19:28, 13 March 2026