CleanupBot II: Removed empty portal template using script

2023-08-13T20:07:45Z

Removed empty portal template using script

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:37, 14 August 2023
Line 108:		Line 108:
	* [https://web.archive.org/web/20171211053330/http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/india-inde/index.aspx?lang=eng Canada–India relations, Government of Canada]		* [https://web.archive.org/web/20171211053330/http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/india-inde/index.aspx?lang=eng Canada–India relations, Government of Canada]

	~~{{Portal bar\|Canada\|India\|Politics}}~~
	{{Foreign relations of India}}		{{Foreign relations of India}}
	{{Foreign relations of Canada}}		{{Foreign relations of Canada}}

>InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8

2021-06-20T17:35:29Z

Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8

New page

{{Short description|1=Diplomatic relations between Canada and the Republic of India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2013}}
{{Infobox bilateral relations|Indo-Canadian|India|Canada|filetype=svg
|mission1= [[High Commission of India, Ottawa]]
|mission2= [[High Commission of Canada, New Delhi]]
|envoytitle1= High Commissioner of India to Canada
|envoy1= [[Ajay Bisaria]]
|envoytitle2=

High Commissioner of Canada to India
|envoy2=
[[Nadir Patel]]
}}
'''Canada–India relations''' ({{Lang-fr|Relations entre le Canada et l'Inde}}; {{Lang-hi|कनाडा-भारत संबंध}}), also referred to as '''Indo-Canadian relations''', are the [[bilateralism|bilateral relations]] between [[Canada]] and the [[India]]. According to the Canadian Government, these relations are built upon a "mutual commitment to [[democracy]]", "[[Cultural pluralism|pluralism]]", and "people-to-people links."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://geo.international.gc.ca/asia/new-delhi/geo/india-bb-en.aspx |title=Canada–India Relations |date=2008-06-04 |publisher=[[Government of Canada]] |access-date=2008-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080608084854/http://geo.international.gc.ca/asia/new-delhi/geo/india-bb-en.aspx |archive-date=8 June 2008 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In 2009, bilateral trade between [[India]] and [[Canada]] was at about [[Canadian dollar|C$]]4.14 billion.<ref name="Canada–India Relations">{{cite web |url=http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/india-inde/bilateral_relations_bilaterales/canada_india-inde.aspx?lang=eng |title=Canada–India Relations |publisher=[[Government of Canada]] |access-date=2011-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221202708/http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/india-inde/bilateral_relations_bilaterales/canada_india-inde.aspx?lang=eng |archive-date=21 February 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Most notably, the bombing of [[Air India Flight 182]] by Canadian residents, killing a number of Canadian citizens, had effects on relations for about 20 years. India's [[Smiling Buddha]] nuclear test added strains to the relationship between the two nations, with allegations that India broke the terms of the [[Colombo Plan]].<ref name="FICCI Economic Relations">{{cite web |url=http://www.ficci.com/international/countries/canada/canada-commercialrelations.htm |title=India-Canada Trade & Economic Relations |publisher=[[FICCI]] |access-date=2008-06-11 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080525065354/http://www.ficci.com/international/countries/canada/canada-commercialrelations.htm  |archive-date = 2008-05-25}}</ref> Although [[Jean Chrétien]] and [[Roméo LeBlanc]] both visited India in the late 1990s, relations were again halted, albeit temporarily, after the [[Pokhran-II]] tests.<ref name="FICCI Economic Relations"/> [[India]] and [[Canada]] are taking steps to become strategic partners,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130507015617/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-24/india/32826698_1_india-and-canada-fta-export-ban ] {{Unreliable source?|date=June 2013}}</ref> with Prime Minister [[Stephen Harper]] making a state visit in 2012.<ref>https://www.theglobeandmail.com/commentary/harper-hasnt-turned-the-page-with-india-yet/article5076376/</ref> Both are former British colonies and full members of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], with Canada being home to one of the largest Indian [[Indo-Canadians|diasporas]] in the world.

==History==
Indians migrants settled on the west coast from the late 19th century. See [[Indo-Canadians]]
[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru leaving the Canadian Parliament building.jpg|thumb|Indian prime minister, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] leaves the [[House of Commons of Canada]] after making a joint-address to the [[Canadian parliament]], 1949]]
In the 1940s and 1960s Canada–India relations were enhanced because of the personal ties which developed between Indian Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and two Canadian Prime Ministers who served during those years: [[Louis St. Laurent]] and [[Lester B. Pearson]]. At the [[United Nations]] and in the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]], on issues as diverse as the [[Korean War]] armistice and the [[Suez Crisis]], there was a convergence of interest and commitment between India and Canada. Canada's aid programme to India began in 1951 and grew substantially under the [[Colombo Plan]]. Canada provided food aid, project financing and technical assistance to India. In the past five decades India has been one of the largest recipients of Canadian bilateral aid, amounting to over $3.8 billion Canadian dollars. In the 1960s, Canada supported the [[Kundah hydro-electric power house]] project through Colombo Plan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.international.gc.ca/department/history-histoire/dcer/details-en.asp?intRefid=3411|title=Documents on Canadian External Relations|publisher=Foreign affairs and International Trade, Canada|access-date=28 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425143322/http://www.international.gc.ca/department/history-histoire/dcer/details-en.asp?intRefId=3411|archive-date=25 April 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Indo-Canadian relations deteriorated in the wake of India's [[Smiling Buddha]] nuclear test of May 1974 when the Canadian government severed bilateral nuclear cooperation with both India and Pakistan in 1976 after claims that the fissionable material used to construct India's first nuclear device had been obtained from the Canadian-supplied CIRUS nuclear research reactor. Thereafter Canada resolved to engage in nuclear cooperation only with countries which signed the Treaty on the [[Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty|Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons]] (NPT) and the [[Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty]] (CTBT), and which instituted full-scope safeguards on their nuclear energy programmes under the supervision of the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] (IAEA). India and Pakistan are two nations that have both consistently refused to sign the NPT, and voted against UN General Assembly Resolutions which they claim violates their nation's sovereign right<ref name="UN_ARES5238">{{UN document |docid=A-RES-52-38 |type=Resolution |body=General Assembly |session=52 |highlight=rect_85,384_928,444 |page=16 |accessdate = 2007-08-22}}</ref><ref>{{UN document |docid=A-52-PV.67 |body=General Assembly |type=Verbatim| session=52 |meeting=67 |anchor=pg015-bk01 |date=9 December 1997 |accessdate = 2007-08-22 }}</ref> to choose whether or not to sign such treaties. In early February 1997, Foreign Minister I.K.Gujral re-iterated India's opposition to the treaty, saying that "India favours any step aimed at destroying nuclear weapons, but considers that the treaty in its current form is not comprehensive and bans only certain types of tests". At that time, Canada persistently refused to engage in nuclear co-operation with India and Pakistan until and unless they sign the treaty ended its nuclear collaboration with India for the time being, and severely damaged relations between the two nations. However, in 2010, the signing of the Nuclear Cooperation Agreement (NCA) between the two countries started a new era of engagement.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ninan|first=Ronnie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QQzTDwAAQBAJ|title=India and Canada: A Promising Future Together and What to Expect in Modi 2.0|date=2020-02-27|publisher=IndraStra Global|pages=7|language=en}}</ref> A follow-on agreement was signed in 2015 to supply 3000 metric ton [[Uranium]] concentrate to India under five-year contract.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chaudhury|first=Dipanjan Roy|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/first-tranche-of-canadian-uranium-for-indias-nuclear-reactors-arrives-after-four-decades/articleshow/50240479.cms?from=mdr|title=First tranche of Canadian uranium for India's nuclear reactors arrives after four decades|date=2018-07-14|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2020-03-02}}</ref>

[[Indira Gandhi]] was the second Indian prime minister to make a [[joint session (Canada)|joint session]] of the [[Canadian Parliament]], on 19 June 1973. [[Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru]] was the first on 24 October 1949.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/Parlinfo/compilations/parliament/HeadsOfStatesAddress.aspx|title=Heads of States and Governments who have addressed joint sessions of the senate and house of Commons of Canada|access-date=2011-07-23|archive-date=11 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151111030359/http://www.parl.gc.ca/ParlInfo/compilations/parliament/HeadsOfStatesAddress.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi at the Air India Memorial Site, in Toronto, Canada on April 16, 2015. The Prime Minister of Canada, Mr. Stephen Harper is also seen.jpg|thumb|Canadian and Indian prime ministers [[Stephen Harper]] and [[Narendra Modi]] visit a memorial for [[Air India Flight 182]] in [[Toronto]], 2015]]
The bombing by Sikh separatists of [[Air India Flight 182]] in 1985 resulted in Canada and India maintain a bilateral dialogue on [[anti-terrorism]], including an annual meeting of the Canada-India Strategic Dialogue, as well as regular meetings of the aforementioned Canada-India Working Group on Counter-Terrorism.<ref name="Canada–India Relations"/>

In the 1990s a chance to improve Indo-Canadian relations arose when India instituted major reforms of its economy. India went through a large economic liberalisation, which attracted the attention of the [[Canadian government]] and the business community. Canadian Prime Minister [[Jean Chrétien]] paid a diplomatic mission to India in January 1996 with two cabinet ministers and 300 business figures. India's [[External Affairs Minister]] [[Inder Kumar Gujral]] paid an official visit to Canada in September 1996. [[Foreign Affairs Minister]] [[Lloyd Axworthy]] reciprocated with a visit to India in January 1997 during which he inaugurated the Office of the [[Canadian High Commission]] in [[Chandigarh]], capital of [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] and [[Haryana]] states. The Canada-India Working Group on Counter- [[Terrorism]] was also established in 1997, bringing together on an annual basis several departments and agencies of the Canadian and Indian governments. Former [[Governor General]] [[Roméo LeBlanc]] undertook a [[state visit]] to India in March 1998. Prime Minister [[Stephen Harper]] took an official visit to India in November 2009. The [[Canada India Foundation]] has been active since 2007 in fostering support for stronger bi-lateral relations between Canada and India. Indian Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] visited Canada in June 2010 for the G20 Summit in Toronto.

2011 was dubbed the "Year of India in Canada," a joint initiative by both governments. Under this auspice, in June 2011, the Indo-Canada Chamber of Commerce co-hosted with the government of India the regional Pravasi Bhartiya Divas, a conference of the diaspora. This conference hosted over 1,000 delegates from India and Canada's governmental, business, medical, scientific, and philanthropic sectors. This event was followed up by the [[International Indian Film Academy Awards]] held in Toronto in June 2011.
[[File:Justin Trudeau with Narendra Modi at Hyderabad House in New Delhi - 2018 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Prime ministers Modi and [[Justin Trudeau]] during Trudeau's [[official visit]] to India in 2018]]
Prime Minister [[Justin Trudeau]] spent a week in India on a state visit in February 2018. Most commentators called it a failure or a disaster because of Canadian tolerance for the Sikh separatists operating in Canada.<ref>Budhwar, 2018, p 5.</ref><ref>Huizhong Wu, "From 'snub' to scandal, Trudeau's India visit sparks outrage" [https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/22/asia/extremist-scandal-trudeau-india-visit-intl/index.html CNN, February 23, 2018]</ref>

In December 2020, Trudeau expressed concerns about the handling of [[2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest|farmer protests]] by the Indian government.<ref name=protestsidewith>{{Cite web|title='We are very worried': Canada PM Trudeau backs farmer protests in India - The Week|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/12/01/-we-are-very-worried---canada-pm-trudeau-backs-farmer-protests-i.amp.html|access-date=2020-12-01|website=www.theweek.in}}</ref> Trudeau stated that "Canada will always there to defend the right of peaceful protestors" and expressed support for "the process of dialogue."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/situation-is-concerning-canadas-justin-trudeau-backs-farmers-protests-7075085/|title=Canada's Justin Trudeau backs farmers' protests; India says remarks 'ill-informed'|first=Shubhajit|last=Roy|publisher=Indian Express|date=December 1, 2020|access-date=December 1, 2020}}</ref> In response, the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Indian Ministry of External Affairs]] stated that Prime Minister Trudeau's comments were "an unacceptable interference in our internal affairs".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bhattacharjee|first=Kallol|title=Farmers’ protest {{!}} India summons Canadian High Commissioner; issues demarche over Trudeau’s remarks|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/farmers-protest-india-summons-canadian-high-commissioner-issues-demarche-over-trudeaus-remarks/article33248578.ece|date=4 December 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Trade relationship ==
[[File:Preneet Kaur and the Minister of International Trade and Asia Pacific Gateway, Canada, Mr. Edward Fast signing an MoU on Cooperation Information Communication Technology and Electronics, in the presence of the Prime Minister.jpg|thumb|[[Preneet Kaur]], the Indian Minister of State for External Affairs signs a memorandum of understanding on cooperation on information and communication technology with [[Ed Fast]], the Canadian Minister of International Trade and Asia Pacific Gateway. The prime ministers of both countries are seated at the centre, 2012.]]
Canada and India enjoy a prosperous trading relationship. Since 2004, despite the [[Late-2000s recession]], trade has increased by over 70%. In 2009, Canadian exports to India totalled C$2.1 billion, while in the same year Canadian imports from India totalled C$2.0 billion, giving Canada a C$100 million trade surplus.<ref name="Canada–India Relations"/> India celebrated the year 2012 as year of India in Canada to promote business, cultural and political relations with India.

Despite the warm relationship, trade between Canada and India is less than their potential. India accounts for less than 1% of Canada's total export and total import in 2014, with bilateral trade of C$5.77 billion in 2014 (compared to more than C$56 billion bilateral trade between [[China]] and [[Canada]]). Nevertheless, total trade between the two countries grows steadily over the past 5 years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=|url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1210001101|access-date=2021-02-08|website=[[Statistics Canada]]}}</ref>

Canada and India are currently holding negotiations on the Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) to improve the trade relations between the two countries. As of March 2015, the two countries held their 9th round of negotiations in New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/agr-acc/india-inde/index.aspx?lang=eng |title=Archived copy |access-date=26 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201040942/http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/agr-acc/india-inde/index.aspx?lang=eng |archive-date=1 February 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Canada's Merchandise Trade with India 2015<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asiapacific.ca/statistics/trade/bilateral-trade-asia-product/canadas-merchandise-trade-india |title=Archived copy |access-date=30 October 2015 |archive-date=9 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909074132/https://www.asiapacific.ca/statistics/trade/bilateral-trade-asia-product/canadas-merchandise-trade-india |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! !! '''Canadian Imports from India''' !! !! '''Canadian Exports to India''' !!
|-
| || Merchandise Classification || '''% of total imports''' || Merchandise Classification || '''% of total exports'''
|-
| 1 || Boilers, mechanical appliances, etc. || 8.43 || Edible vegetables, roots and tubers || 36.06
|-
| 2 || Mineral fuels, oils || 6.91 || Pearls, precious stones or metals || 12.33
|-
| 3 || Pearls, precious stones or metals || 6.75 || Fertilizers || 8.59
|-
| 4 || Organic chemicals || 6.41 || Ores, slag and ash || 8.33
|-
| 5 || Woven clothing and apparel articles || 5.66 || Paper and paperboard || 6.22
|-
| 6 || Pharmaceutical products || 5.47 || Mineral fuels, oils || 4.28
|-
| 7 || Iron or steel articles || 5.06 || Boilers, mechanical appliances, etc. || 4.28
|-
| 8 || Other textile articles, etc. || 4.45 || Aircraft and spacecraft || 4.28
|-
| 9 || Knitted or crocheted apparel || 4.16 || Woodpulp; paper or paperboard scraps || 4.17
|-
| 10 || Electrical machinery and equipment || 3.64 || Electrical machinery and equipment || 1.68
|-
| || '''% of Total from India''' || '''56.94''' || '''% of Total To India''' || '''90.23'''
|-
| || '''Indian Imports as % of total Canadian imports''' || '''0.74''' || '''Indian Exports as % of total Canadian exports''' || '''0.88'''
|}

== Diplomatic missions ==
[[File:India, Ottawa.jpg|thumb|Building of the [[High Commission of India, Ottawa]]]]
As both countries are members of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], Canada and India exchange high commissioners rather than ambassadors. Canada's High Commission to India is located in [[New Delhi]], whilst India maintains one in [[Ottawa]]. Canada maintains consulates in three Indian cities: [[Mumbai]], [[Bangalore]] and [[Chandigarh]]; and trade offices in an additional four: [[Ahmedabad]], [[Kolkata]], [[Chennai]], and [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]. India operates consulates in [[Vancouver]] and [[Toronto]].

== Air connectivity ==
[[Air Canada]] operates non-stop flights from Toronto and Vancouver to Delhi, and from Toronto to Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stockhouse|url=https://stockhouse.com/news/press-releases/2016/10/20/air-canada-inaugurates-the-only-non-stop-flights-from-vancouver-to-india-ab?2EA176F0881342AB80F961E6676E2AF7=%7C%7C%7C|access-date=2021-02-08|website=stockhouse.com}}</ref> In September 2019, Air India resumed its nonstop flights from Delhi to Toronto, and in October 2020 began scheduled flights from Delhi to Vancouver.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Air India resumes Toronto service from late-Sep 2019|url=https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/285055/air-india-resumes-toronto-service-from-late-sep-2019/|access-date=2021-02-08|website=Routesonline|language=en-GB}}</ref> Indian carrier [[Vistara]] has expressed interest in flying nonstop from Delhi to Toronto as its first North American destination, while Canadian carrier [[WestJet]] has noted India as part of its expansion plans with the Boeing 787 Dreamliner.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Air Canada|url=https://www.airvistara.com/in/en/club-vistara/partners/airlines/air-canada|access-date=2021-02-08|website=www.airvistara.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=WestJet Makes its Future Clear as it Places 787 Dreamliner Order – Aeronautics|url=https://aeronauticsonline.com/westjet-makes-its-future-clear-as-it-places-787-order/|access-date=2021-02-08|language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Indo-Canadians]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Budhwar, Prem K. et al. "India-Canada Relations: a Roller-Coaster Ride." ''Indian Foreign Affairs Journal'' 13.1 (2018): 1-50. [http://www.associationdiplomats.org/publications/ifaj/Vol%2013/13.1/IFAJ-13.1-DEBATE.pdf online] essays by seven experts
* {{cite book|author=Chandrasekhar, Sripati |title=From India to Canada: a brief history of immigration, problems of discrimination, admission and assimilation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PdV5AAAAMAAJ|year=1986|publisher=Population Review Books}}
* Edwards, Lucie. "The lady is a tiger: Canada's erratic courtship of India." ''Canadian Foreign Policy Journal'' 18#3 (2012): 264–266.
* {{cite book|author=Mishra, Anil Dutta and Govind Prasad|title=India and Canada: Past, Present & Future|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ch_zN8AkRwAC&pg=PA1|year=2003|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=9788170998785}}
* {{cite book|author=Raj, [[Christopher S. Raj]] and Abdul Nafey|title=Canada's global engagements and relations with India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CrsRAQAAIAAJ|year=2007|publisher=Manak Publications|isbn=978-81-7827-168-2}}
* Rubinoff, Arthur G. "Canada's re-engagement with India." ''Asian Survey'' 42.6 (2002): 838–855.
* Touhey, Ryan. ''Conflicting Visions: Canada and India in the Cold War World, 1946-76'' (U British Columbia Press, 2015)

==External links==
{{commons category|Relations of Canada and India}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20171211053330/http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/india-inde/index.aspx?lang=eng Canada–India relations, Government of Canada]

{{Portal bar|Canada|India|Politics}}
{{Foreign relations of India}}
{{Foreign relations of Canada}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Canada-India relations}}
[[Category:Canada–India relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of India]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Canada|India]]

Canada–India relations - Revision history

WikiDwarf: Add

CleanupBot II: Removed empty portal template using script

UpdateBot: robot: Update article

>InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8