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{{Short description|Amber deposits in India}}

The '''Cambay amber''' are deposits of [[amber]] that are located in [[Cambay State|Cambay]], western India that dates back to the early [[Eocene|Eocene epoch]] around 52-50 million years ago. It occurs in [[Lignite|lignitic]] and muddy sediments concentrated by near-shore [[Chenier|chenier systems]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Rust |first1=Jes |last2=Singh |first2=Hukam |last3=Rana |first3=Rajendra S. |last4=McCann |first4=Tom |last5=Singh |first5=Lacham |last6=Anderson |first6=Ken |last7=Sarkar |first7=Nivedita |last8=Nascimbene |first8=Paul C. |last9=Stebner |first9=Frauke |last10=Thomas |first10=Jennifer C. |last11=Solórzano Kraemer |first11=Monica |last12=Williams |first12=Christopher J. |last13=Engel |first13=Michael S. |last14=Sahni |first14=Ashok |last15=Grimaldi |first15=David |date=2010-10-26 |title=Biogeographic and evolutionary implications of a diverse paleobiota in amber from the early Eocene of India |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=107 |issue=43 |pages=18360–18365 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1007407107 |doi-access=free |pmc=2972964 |pmid=20974929 |bibcode=2010PNAS..10718360R }}</ref>
[[File:ZooKeys-148-105-g002 Prostylotermes kamboja.jpg|thumb|Amber from the Cambey Amber deposits preserving [[Prostylotermes]] kamboja]]

The amber was being deposited during an important time in Earth's history as the peak of the [[Early Eocene Climatic Optimum]] (EECO) was occurring. It was also deposited during a geologically and tectonically important time in the history of India. At this time, [[Paleogeography of the India–Asia collision system|India was colliding into the continent]] of Asia undoubtedly causing significant biotic interchange between both landmasses with India acting as a “biotic [[ferry]]”. This means that the Cambrey amber deposits could be helpful in aiding in the understanding of the [[biotic interchange]] between India and Asia during this time.<ref name=":0" />

During India's drift northwards, it triggered [[Deccan Traps|extensive volcanism]] causing extinction events on the subcontinent. This is likely what lead to the disappearance of many lineages originating from [[Gondwana]] and explaining why many species originate from [[Laurasia]].

== Biota ==
[[File:ZooKeys-148-105-g001 Parastylotermes krishnai.jpg|thumb|''[[Parastylotermes|Parastylotermes krishnai]]'']]
The anatomy and chemistry of associated [[Fossil wood|wood fossils]] indicate a definitive source of plants that are part of [[Dipterocarpaceae]] family.<ref name=":0" />

=== Arthropods ===
The amber of this deposit are partially [[Polymerization|polymerized]] and readily dissolves in [[organic solvents]]. This allows for the extraction of whole insects from the amber. There have been fourteen orders, more than 55 families and 100 [[arthropod]] species that have been found here. This diversity also includes many [[Eusociality|eusocial]] species of [[insect]]s including [[Apinae|corbiculate bees]], [[Rhinotermitidae|rhinotermitid termites]], and modern subfamilies of [[ant]]s. This shows that groups of eusocial insects radiated in diversity during the [[Early Eocene Climatic Optimum]] or just prior to it during the [[Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum|Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum]] (PETM).<ref name=":0" />

==== Isoptera ====
[[File:ZooKeys-148-105-g001 Nanotermes isaacae.jpg|thumb|''[[Nanotermes|Nanotermes isaacae]]'']]
[[File:ZooKeys-148-105-g001 Zophotermes ashoki.jpg|thumb|[[Zophotermes|Zophotermes ashoki]]]]
[[Termite]] species have been described in the amber deposited. They include [[Parastylotermes|''Parastylotermes krishnai'']], ''[[Prostylotermes kamboja]]'', [[Zophotermes|''Zophotermes ashoki'']] and [[Nanotermes|''Nanotermes isaacae'']]. Together these species represent some of the earliest [[Tertiary period|Tertiary]] records of termites and the oldest definitive record of [[Termitidae]]. Many of these species show affinities with [[Laurasia]]n lineages.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Engel |first1=Michael S. |last2=Grimaldi |first2=David A. |last3=Nascimbene |first3=Paul |last4=Singh |first4=Hukam |date=2011-11-21 |title=The termites of Early Eocene Cambay amber, with the earliest record of the Termitidae (Isoptera) |journal=ZooKeys |language=en |issue=148 |pages=105–123 |doi=10.3897/zookeys.148.1797 |pmid=22287892 |bibcode=2011ZooK..148..105E |doi-access=free |issn=1313-2970|pmc=3264413 }}</ref>

==== Ephemeroptera ====
[[Mayfly|Mayflies]] have also been discovered in the Cambay amber deposits. The first to be discovered was ''[[Aikahika veta]]'' belonging to the family [[Leptophlebiidae]]. ''A. veta'' currently represents the oldest unambiguous occurrence of [[Atalophleboculata]] and is also one of the few Gondwanan survivors from large amounts of [[volcanism]] on the Indian plate.

==== Chironomidae ====
The presence of insects belonging to the fly family [[Chironomidae]] also exist here. They are similar to those found in [[Dominican amber|Dominican Amber]] except [[Podonominae]] is found in the Cambay amber deposits and not in Dominica. Members include [[Chironominae]] (''[[Lauterborniella]]'', ''[[Microtendipes]], [[Parachironomus]], [[Stempellina]], [[Stempellinella]] and [[Tanytarsus]]''), [[Orthocladiinae]] (''[[Corynoneura]]'' and ''[[Pseudosmittia]]'') ''[[Paraboreochlus]]'' and ''[[Prodiamesa]]''. The presence and diversity of Chironomidae in these deposited indicates that there was the presence of freshwater habitats and standing water bodies as well as [[Spring (hydrology)|springs]] in this region.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stebner |first=Frauke |last2=Baranov |first2=Viktor |last3=Zakrzewska |first3=Marta |last4=Singh |first4=Hukam |last5=Giłka |first5=Wojciech |date=2017-06-01 |title=The Chironomidae diversity based on records from early Eocene Cambay amber, India, with implications on habitats of fossil Diptera |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031018217303103 |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=475 |pages=154–161 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.03.019 |issn=0031-0182|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Amber]]

Cambay amber - Revision history

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