CleanupBot II: Removed empty portal template using script

2023-08-13T20:06:21Z

Removed empty portal template using script

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:36, 14 August 2023
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	==See also==		==See also==
	~~{{Portal\|\|India}}~~
	* [[Kozhikode East]]		* [[Kozhikode East]]
	* [[Kozhikode North]]		* [[Kozhikode North]]

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2021-08-12T13:24:52Z

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← Older revision		Revision as of 18:54, 12 August 2021
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	{{about\|the city\|the district\|Kozhikode District\|the medieval kingdom of the same name\|Zamorin of Calicut}}		{{about\|the city\|the district\|Kozhikode District\|the medieval kingdom of the same name\|Zamorin of Calicut}}
	{{distinguish\|Kolkata\|}}		{{distinguish\|Kolkata\|}}
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	{{Use Indian English\|date=June 2016}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=June 2016}}

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	{{distinguish\|Kolkata\|}}		{{distinguish\|Kolkata\|}}
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	{{Use dmy dates\|date=February 2021}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=February 2021}}
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	==History==		==History==
	{{Main\|History of Kozhikode}}		{{Main\|History of Kozhikode}}
	The ancient port of [[Tyndis]] which was located on the northern side of [[Muziris]], as mentioned in the ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'', was somewhere around Kozhikode.<ref name="Malabar">{{cite book\|author=Menon, A. Sreedhara \|title=A Survey of Kerala History\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C\|year=2007\|publisher=DC Books\|isbn=9788126415786}}</ref> Its exact location is a matter of dispute.<ref name="Malabar"/> The suggested locations are [[Ponnani]], [[Tanur, Malappuram\|Tanur]], [[Beypore]]-[[Chaliyam]]-[[Kadalundi]]-[[Vallikkunnu]], and [[Koyilandy]].<ref name="Malabar"/> Tyndis was a major center of trade, next only to [[Muziris]], between the Cheras and the [[Roman Empire]].<ref>Coastal Histories: Society and Ecology in Pre-modern India, Yogesh Sharma, Primus Books 2010</ref> [[Pliny the Elder]] (1st century CE) states that the port of ''[[Tyndis]]'' was located at the northwestern border of ''Keprobotos'' ([[Chera dynasty]]).<ref name=":2">Gurukkal, R., & Whittaker, D. (2001). In search of Muziris. ''Journal of Roman Archaeology,'' ''14'', 334-350.</ref> The [[North Malabar]] region, which lies north of the port at ''[[Tyndis]]'', was ruled by the kingdom of [[Ezhimala]] during [[Sangam period]].<ref name="Malabar"/> According to the ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'', a region known as ''[[Limyrike]]'' began at ''[[Kannur\|Naura]]'' and ''[[Tyndis]]''. However the [[Ptolemy]] mentions only ''[[Tyndis]]'' as the ''[[Limyrike]]'''s starting point. The region probably ended at [[Kanyakumari]]; it thus roughly corresponds to the present-day [[Malabar Coast]]. The value of Rome's annual trade with the region was estimated at around 50,000,000 [[sesterces]].<ref>According to [[Pliny the Elder]], goods from India were sold in the Empire at 100 times their original purchase price. See [https://web.archive.org/web/20131106031753/http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/BookLibrary/books/bibliographie/P/Plinyelder/elder/pliny-india.html]</ref> [[Pliny the Elder]] mentioned that ''[[Limyrike]]'' was prone by pirates.<ref>Bostock, John (1855). "26 (Voyages to India)". Pliny the Elder, The Natural History. London: Taylor and Francis. </ref> The [[Cosmas Indicopleustes]] mentioned that the ''[[Limyrike]]'' was a source of peppers.<ref>Indicopleustes, Cosmas (1897). Christian Topography. 11. United Kingdom: The Tertullian Project. pp. 358–373. </ref><ref>Das, Santosh Kumar (2006). The Economic History of Ancient India. Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd. p. 301. </ref>		The ancient port of [[Tyndis]] which was located on the northern side of [[Muziris]], as mentioned in the ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'', was somewhere around Kozhikode.<ref name="Malabar">{{cite book\|author=Menon, A. Sreedhara \|title=A Survey of Kerala History\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C\|year=2007\|publisher=DC Books\|isbn=9788126415786}}</ref> Its exact location is a matter of dispute.<ref name="Malabar"/> The suggested locations are [[Ponnani]], [[Tanur, Malappuram\|Tanur]], [[Beypore]]-[[Chaliyam]]-[[Kadalundi]]-[[Vallikkunnu]], and [[Koyilandy]].<ref name="Malabar"/> Tyndis was a major center of trade, next only to [[Muziris]], between the Cheras and the [[Roman Empire]].<ref>Coastal Histories: Society and Ecology in Pre-modern India, Yogesh Sharma, Primus Books 2010</ref> [[Pliny the Elder]] (1st century CE) states that the port of ''[[Tyndis]]'' was located at the northwestern border of ''Keprobotos'' ([[Chera dynasty]]).<ref name=":2">Gurukkal, R., & Whittaker, D. (2001). In search of Muziris. ''Journal of Roman Archaeology,'' ''14'', 334-350.</ref> The [[North Malabar]] region, which lies north of the port at ''[[Tyndis]]'', was ruled by the kingdom of [[Ezhimala]] during [[Sangam period]].<ref name="Malabar"/> According to the ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'', a region known as ''[[Limyrike]]'' began at ''[[Kannur\|Naura]]'' and ''[[Tyndis]]''. However the [[Ptolemy]] mentions only ''[[Tyndis]]'' as the ''[[Limyrike]]'''s starting point. The region probably ended at [[Kanyakumari]]; it thus roughly corresponds to the present-day [[Malabar Coast]]. The value of Rome's annual trade with the region was estimated at around 50,000,000 [[sesterces]].<ref>According to [[Pliny the Elder]], goods from India were sold in the Empire at 100 times their original purchase price. See [https://web.archive.org/web/20131106031753/http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/BookLibrary/books/bibliographie/P/Plinyelder/elder/pliny-india.html]</ref> [[Pliny the Elder]] mentioned that ''[[Limyrike]]'' was prone by pirates.<ref>Bostock, John (1855). "26 (Voyages to India)". Pliny the Elder, The Natural History. London: Taylor and Francis.</ref> The [[Cosmas Indicopleustes]] mentioned that the ''[[Limyrike]]'' was a source of peppers.<ref>Indicopleustes, Cosmas (1897). Christian Topography. 11. United Kingdom: The Tertullian Project. pp. 358–373.</ref><ref>Das, Santosh Kumar (2006). The Economic History of Ancient India. Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd. p. 301.</ref>

	In the 14th century, Kozhikode conquered larger parts of central Kerala after the seize of [[Tirunavaya]] region from [[Kingdom of Valluvanad\|Valluvanad]], which were under the control of the king of [[Kingdom of Cochin\|''Perumbadappu Swaroopam'']] (Cochin). The ruler of [[Perumpadappu, Malappuram\|Perumpadappu]] was forced to shift his capital (c. CE 1405) further south from [[Kodungallur]] to [[Kochi]]. In the 15th century, the status of Cochin was reduced to a vassal state of Kozhikode, thus leading to the emergence of Kozhikode as the most powerful kingdom in medieval [[Malabar Coast]].<ref name="askh"/>		In the 14th century, Kozhikode conquered larger parts of central Kerala after the seize of [[Tirunavaya]] region from [[Kingdom of Valluvanad\|Valluvanad]], which were under the control of the king of [[Kingdom of Cochin\|''Perumbadappu Swaroopam'']] (Cochin). The ruler of [[Perumpadappu, Malappuram\|Perumpadappu]] was forced to shift his capital (c. CE 1405) further south from [[Kodungallur]] to [[Kochi]]. In the 15th century, the status of Cochin was reduced to a vassal state of Kozhikode, thus leading to the emergence of Kozhikode as the most powerful kingdom in medieval [[Malabar Coast]].<ref name="askh"/>

Flying Bee: Created page with "{{about|the city|the district|Kozhikode District|the medieval kingdom of the same name|Zamorin of Calicut}} {{distinguish|Kolkata|}} {{pp-move-indef}} {{pp-protected|small=yes..."

2021-08-11T10:07:10Z

Created page with "{{about|the city|the district|Kozhikode District|the medieval kingdom of the same name|Zamorin of Calicut}} {{distinguish|Kolkata|}} {{pp-move-indef}} {{pp-protected|small=yes..."

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CleanupBot II: Removed empty portal template using script

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Flying Bee: Created page with "{{about|the city|the district|Kozhikode District|the medieval kingdom of the same name|Zamorin of Calicut}} {{distinguish|Kolkata|}} {{pp-move-indef}} {{pp-protected|small=yes..."