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	{{Cquote\|One master call for come India … eh England. I say not coming. That master very liking me. I not come. That is like for India — that hot and cold. That England for very cold.\|\|\|See Hosali and Aitchinson 1986 in [[#Further reading\|Further reading]].}}		{{Cquote\|One master call for come India … eh England. I say not coming. That master very liking me. I not come. That is like for India — that hot and cold. That England for very cold.\|\|\|See Hosali and Aitchinson 1986 in [[#Further reading\|Further reading]].}}

	Another example, now famous amongst Indian English linguists, is the one given by Schuchardt (see [[#Further reading\|Further reading]]), which is a nurse, an ''ayah'', describing the butler's practice of secretly taking ~~for himself~~ small amounts of milk from his master's household:{{citation needed\|date=March 2014}}<!--<ref name=Mesthrie1992 />-->		Another example, now famous amongst Indian English linguists, is the one given by Schuchardt (see [[#Further reading\|Further reading]]), which is a nurse, an ''ayah'', describing the butler's practice of secretly taking small amounts of milk for himself from his master's household:{{citation needed\|date=March 2014}}<!--<ref name=Mesthrie1992 />-->
	{{Cquote\|Butler's yevery day taking one ollock for own-self, and giving servants all half half ollock; when I telling that shame for him, he is telling, Master's strictly order all servants for the little milk give it — what can I say mam, I poor ayah woman?\|\|}}		{{Cquote\|Butler's yevery day taking one ollock for own-self, and giving servants all half half ollock; when I telling that shame for him, he is telling, Master's strictly order all servants for the little milk give it — what can I say mam, I poor ayah woman?\|\|}}

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	[[Category:Languages attested from the 2nd millennium]]		[[Category:Languages attested from the 2nd millennium]]
	[[Category:Languages extinct in the 20th century]]		[[Category:Languages extinct in the 20th century]]
			[[Category:Butlers]]
			[[Category:Culture of Chennai]]
			[[Category:20th century in Chennai]]

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{{Use Indian English|date = May 2019}}
{{Short description|English-based pidgin language}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Butler English
|altname=Bearer English<br>Kitchen English
|region=[[Madras]], India
|era=[[Madras Presidency]] through 20th century
|familycolor=Pidgin
|family=[[List of English-based pidgins|English-based pidgin]]
|iso3=none
|glotto=butl1235
|glottorefname=Butler English
}}

'''Butler English''', also known as '''Bearer English''' or '''Kitchen English''', is a dialect of English that first developed as an occupational dialect in the years of the [[Madras Presidency]] in [[India]], but that has developed over time and is now associated mainly with social class rather than occupation.<ref> {{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/edu/2003/02/18/stories/2003021800010200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040606074842/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/edu/2003/02/18/stories/2003021800010200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2004-06-06|website=[[The Hindu]]|title=Butler English|date=2003-02-18|access-date=2019-05-14}} </ref> It is still spoken in major metropolitan cities.{{citation needed|date=March 2014}}

The name derives from its origins with [[butler]]s, the head servants of British colonial households, and is the English that they used to communicate with their masters.{{citation needed|date=March 2014}}

Butler English persisted into the second half of the 20th century, beyond the independence of India, and was subject to Dravidian influence in its phonology, in particular the substitution of {{IPA|[je]}} for {{IPA|[e]}} and {{IPA|[wo]}} for {{IPA|[o]}}, leading to distinctive pronunciations of words such as "[[wikt:exit|exit]]" and "[[wikt:only|only]]".{{citation needed|date=March 2014}}

Here is an example of Butler English (a butler reporting his being invited to England):{{citation needed|date=March 2014}}
{{Cquote|One master call for come India … eh England. I say not coming. That master very liking me. I not come. That is like for India — that hot and cold. That England for very cold.|||See Hosali and Aitchinson 1986 in [[#Further reading|Further reading]].}}

Another example, now famous amongst Indian English linguists, is the one given by Schuchardt (see [[#Further reading|Further reading]]), which is a nurse, an ''ayah'', describing the butler's practice of secretly taking for himself small amounts of milk from his master's household:{{citation needed|date=March 2014}}
{{Cquote|Butler's yevery day taking one ollock for own-self, and giving servants all half half ollock; when I telling that shame for him, he is telling, Master's strictly order all servants for the little milk give it — what can I say mam, I poor ayah woman?||}}

==Features==
Structurally, Butler English is akin to a [[pidgin]], with a [[subject–verb–object]] word order, deletion of verb inflections, and deletion of [[preposition]]s. It has been called a "marginal pidgin" and a "rudimentary pidgin", although Hosali and Aitchinson, listed in [[#Further reading|Further reading]], point out several problems with these classifications. Its major syntactic characteristics are the deletion of [[auxiliary verb]]s, the frequent use of "[[wikt:-ing|-ing]]" forms for things other than [[participle]]s, and the reporting of [[indirect speech]] directly. For examples:{{citation needed|date=March 2014}}
*the use of the [[present participle]] for the [[future tense]]: ''I telling'' rather than the Standard English "I will tell"
*the use of "[[wikt:done|done]]" as an auxiliary instead of "[[wikt:have|have]]": ''I done come'' rather than "I have come", and ''I done tell'' rather than "I have told"

The lexical characteristics of Butler English are that its vocabulary is limited and employs specialised [[jargon]]. ''family'' substitutes for "[[wikt:wife|wife]]", for example.

Mesthrie notes several "striking similarities" between Butler English and [[South African Indian English]], raising for him the question of whether there was a historical relationship between the two. These include:{{citation needed|date=March 2014}}
* use of "[[wikt:-ing|-ing]]" forms for things other than participles
* the omission of "[[wikt:be|be]]"
* the use of "[[wikt:got|got]]" as an auxiliary verb instead of "[[wikt:have|have]]" (Mesthrie questions the accuracy of the reports by Yule and Burnell that were the original source of the information that "[[wikt:done|done]]" was an auxiliary verb, observing that the 20th century reports by Hosali and others state that this is not a characteristic of 20th century Butler English.)
* various lexical similarities including "[[wikt:died|died]]" being used instead of "[[wikt:dead|dead]]"

He notes various dissimilarities, however:{{citation needed|date=March 2014}}
* Butler English uses "[[wikt:been|been]]" as an auxiliary verb whereas SAIE does not.
* Because of pronoun deletion, "[[wikt:is|is]]" can begin a sentence in Butler English, whereas such pronoun deletion is less common in SAIE.
* Butler English has no clear examples of "[[wikt:-s|-s]]" as a possessive, whereas in SAIE that have a 15/17 occurrence rate.
* Butler English does not share SAIE's use of "[[wikt:only|only]]" as a focus marker
* Butler English does not share SAIE's use of "[[wikt:got|got]]" as an existential
* Butler English does not share SAIE's occasional [[subject–object–verb]] word order (e.g. ''four children got'' for "I have four children.", after pronoun deletion), although he observes that the famous quotation reported by Schuchardt contains one object–verb example: ''little milk give it''
* Butler English does have various lexical forms found in SAIE, such as ''look-attering'', ''no fadder'', ''hawa'', and ''dawa''

=== Further reading ===
* {{cite journal|author=Hugo Schuchardt|year=1891|title=Beiträge zur Kenntnis des englischen Kroelisch III, Das Indo-Englishe|journal=Englishe Studien|volume=15|pages=286–305}}, which can be found translated and edited in:
** {{cite book|editor=Glen G. Gilbert|title=Pidgin and Creole languages: selected essays by Hugo Schuchardt|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1980|pages=38–64|author=Hugo Schuchardt|chapter=Beiträge zur Kenntnis des englischen Kroelisch III, Das Indo-Englishe|isbn=0-521-22789-5}}
* {{cite book|author=H. Yule and A. C. Burnell|title=Hobson Jobson: A Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words and Phrases, and of Kindred terms, Etymological, Historical, Geographical, and Discursive|url=https://archive.org/details/hobsonjobsonbein00yuleuoft|location=London|publisher=J. Murray|year=1886|pages=[https://archive.org/details/hobsonjobsonbein00yuleuoft/page/133 133]–134|isbn=0-7100-2886-5}} (reprinted in 1903 by W. Crooke)
* {{cite journal|author=Priya Hosali|year=1982|title=Butler English: form and function|publisher=Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages|location=[[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]]}}, also published as:
** {{cite book|title=Butler English: form and function|author=Priya Hosali|publisher=B.R. Pub. Corp.|year=2000|isbn=9788176461337}}
* {{cite journal|doi=10.1075/jpcl.1.1.05hos|journal=Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages|volume=1|issue=11|pages=51–79|year=1986|title=Butler English: A minimal pidgin?|author=Priya Hosali and J. Aitchinson}}
* {{cite book|title=English in India: What the Butler Really Said|author=Priya Hosali|publisher=Centre for Communication Studies, Indus Education Foundation|year=1997}}
* {{cite book|chapter=Butler English: morphology and syntax|author=Priya Hosali|pages=1031–1044|title=A Handbook of Varieties of English|editor=Bernd Kortmann and Edgar W. Schneider|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=2004|isbn=9783110175325}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:English-based pidgins and creoles]]
[[Category:Indian English]]
[[Category:Languages attested from the 2nd millennium]]
[[Category:Languages extinct in the 20th century]]

Butler English - Revision history

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