Buranji - Revision history

UpdateBot at 10:47, 11 February 2022

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← Older revision		Revision as of 16:17, 11 February 2022
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	[[File:Buranji.png\|thumb\|right\|upright=1.5\|A bi-lingual Buranji in [[Ahom language\|Ahom]] and English translation.]]		[[File:Buranji.png\|thumb\|right\|upright=1.5\|A bi-lingual Buranji in [[Ahom language\|Ahom]] and English translation.]]
	'''Buranjis''' ([[Ahom language]]:''ancient writings''){{sfn\|Hartmann\|2011\|p=227\|ps=: "The Tai-Ahom term ''buran'' is cognate with the Standard Thai word ''boran'' (ancient). Buranji, then, are ''ancient writings''."}} are a class of historical [[chronicle]]s and [[manuscript]]s associated with the [[Ahom kingdom]] written initially in [[Ahom language\|Ahom Language]]<ref>{{harvcol\|Barua\|1953\|p=132}}</ref> and later in [[Assamese language]] too.{{sfn\|Goswami\|2007\|p=436}} The Buranjis are an example of historical literature which is rare in India.<ref>{{harvcol\|Sarkar\|1992\|p=1}}</ref>		'''Buranjis''' ([[Ahom language]]: ''ancient writings''){{sfn\|Hartmann\|2011\|p=227\|ps=: "The Tai-Ahom term ''buran'' is cognate with the Standard Thai word ''boran'' (ancient). Buranji, then, are ''ancient writings''."}} are a class of historical [[chronicle]]s and [[manuscript]]s associated with the [[Ahom kingdom]] written initially in [[Ahom language\|Ahom Language]]<ref>{{harvcol\|Barua\|1953\|p=132}}</ref> and later in [[Assamese language]] too.{{sfn\|Goswami\|2007\|p=436}} The Buranjis are an example of historical literature which is rare in India.<ref>{{harvcol\|Sarkar\|1992\|p=1}}</ref>

	There were two types of ''Buranjis'': the official Buranjis, which were compiled from the time of the first [[Ahom Dynasty\|Ahom king]] [[Sukaphaa]]; and family Buranjis, which were compiled from the 16th century. The official Buranjis contained such information as description of important events as reported by reliable witnesses, correspondence from allied rulers, tax records, announcements, annual reports of various kinds, etc. Nevertheless, the Buranjis were continuously upgraded and often refreshed with the help of chronicles of allied peoples the Ahoms were in contact with, such as the Tai-Mau and Khamti. The official Buranjis were kept in archives and most of them have been destroyed either by natural decay or by wars and conflicts.{{sfn\|Hartmann\|2011\|p=228}}		There were two types of ''Buranjis'': the official Buranjis, which were compiled from the time of the first [[Ahom Dynasty\|Ahom king]] [[Sukaphaa]]; and family Buranjis, which were compiled from the 16th century. The official Buranjis contained such information as description of important events as reported by reliable witnesses, correspondence from allied rulers, tax records, announcements, annual reports of various kinds, etc. Nevertheless, the Buranjis were continuously upgraded and often refreshed with the help of chronicles of allied peoples the Ahoms were in contact with, such as the Tai-Mau and Khamti. The official Buranjis were kept in archives and most of them have been destroyed either by natural decay or by wars and conflicts.{{sfn\|Hartmann\|2011\|p=228}}
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	Buranjis are written in the [[Ahom language]], but since the 16th century they came to be increasingly written in the [[Assamese language]]—and Ahom Buranji manuscripts have become rare.<ref>{{harvcol\|Sarkar\|1992\|p=2}}</ref> The Ahom script used in the Buranjis is an older Shan writing system that was not fully developed to include diacritics to denote the different tones or distinguish between proto-Tai voiceless and voiced distinctions.{{sfn\|Hartmann\|2011\|p=229}} The language of the Assamese Buranjis, on the other hand, formed the template for the standard literary language in the late-19th century.{{sfn\|Goswami\|Tamuli\|2007\|p=436}} Assamese Buranjis used the Garhgaya style of writing{{sfn\|Saikia\|2004\|p=6}}—one of three different styles of the [[Bengali-Assamese script]] prevalent between the 17th and 19th centuries in Assam.		Buranjis are written in the [[Ahom language]], but since the 16th century they came to be increasingly written in the [[Assamese language]]—and Ahom Buranji manuscripts have become rare.<ref>{{harvcol\|Sarkar\|1992\|p=2}}</ref> The Ahom script used in the Buranjis is an older Shan writing system that was not fully developed to include diacritics to denote the different tones or distinguish between proto-Tai voiceless and voiced distinctions.{{sfn\|Hartmann\|2011\|p=229}} The language of the Assamese Buranjis, on the other hand, formed the template for the standard literary language in the late-19th century.{{sfn\|Goswami\|Tamuli\|2007\|p=436}} Assamese Buranjis used the Garhgaya style of writing{{sfn\|Saikia\|2004\|p=6}}—one of three different styles of the [[Bengali-Assamese script]] prevalent between the 17th and 19th centuries in Assam.

	==Buranjis==		==Edited and Published Buranjis==
	{\| class="wikitable sortable"		{\| class="wikitable sortable"
	\|+ A selected list of Buranjis		\|+ A selected list of Buranjis
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	\| Kashinath Tamuli Phukan		\| Kashinath Tamuli Phukan
	\| 1944		\| 1944
	\| P C ~~Chudhury~~		\| P C Choudhury
	\| DHAS		\| DHAS
	\|-		\|-

>Lancepark: /* References */ category

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References: category

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:00, 7 July 2021
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	\| DHAS		\| DHAS
	\|-		\|-
	\| Tripura Buranji		\| [[Tripura Buranji]]
	\| Ratna Kandali and Arjun Das (1724)		\| Ratna Kandali and Arjun Das (1724)
	\| 1938		\| 1938
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	[[Category:Diplomatic correspondence]]		[[Category:Diplomatic correspondence]]
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			[[Category:Indian chronicles]]

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>Chaipau: CE

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{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
[[File:Buranji.png|thumb|right|upright=1.5|A bi-lingual Buranji in [[Ahom language|Ahom]] and English translation.]]
'''Buranjis''' ([[Ahom language]]:''ancient writings''){{sfn|Hartmann|2011|p=227|ps=: "The Tai-Ahom term ''buran'' is cognate with the Standard Thai word ''boran'' (ancient). Buranji, then, are ''ancient writings''."}} are a class of historical [[chronicle]]s and [[manuscript]]s associated with the [[Ahom kingdom]] written initially in [[Ahom language|Ahom Language]]<ref>{{harvcol|Barua|1953|p=132}}</ref> and later in [[Assamese language]] too.{{sfn|Goswami|2007|p=436}} The Buranjis are an example of historical literature which is rare in India.<ref>{{harvcol|Sarkar|1992|p=1}}</ref>

There were two types of ''Buranjis'': the official Buranjis, which were compiled from the time of the first [[Ahom Dynasty|Ahom king]] [[Sukaphaa]]; and family Buranjis, which were compiled from the 16th century. The official Buranjis contained such information as description of important events as reported by reliable witnesses, correspondence from allied rulers, tax records, announcements, annual reports of various kinds, etc. Nevertheless, the Buranjis were continuously upgraded and often refreshed with the help of chronicles of allied peoples the Ahoms were in contact with, such as the Tai-Mau and Khamti. The official Buranjis were kept in archives and most of them have been destroyed either by natural decay or by wars and conflicts.{{sfn|Hartmann|2011|p=228}}

The details in the Buranjis regarding the [[Ahom-Mughal conflicts]] agree with those in the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] chronicles such as ''Baharistan'', ''Padshahnama'', ''Alamgirnamah'' and ''Fathiyyah''; and they also provide additional details not found in these Mughal chronicles.<ref>{{harvcol|Sarkar|1992|p=4}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of Assam}}
There were two kinds of Buranjis: one maintained by the state (official) and the other maintained by families.{{sfn|Hartmann|2011|p=228}} Many such manuscripts were written by scribes under the office of the ''Likhakar Barua'', which were based on state papers, diplomatic correspondences, judicial proceedings, etc. Others were written by nobles or by people under their supervision, sometimes anonymously. These documents reveal chronology of events, language, culture, society and the inner workings of the state machinery of the kingdom. They were written in "simple, lucid and unambiguous but expressive language with utmost brevity and least exaggeration." The tradition of writing Buranjis survived more than six hundred years well into the British period, till a few decades after the demise of the Ahom kingdom.<ref>{{harvcol|Saikia|2008|p=479}}</ref>

The Buranjis not only describe the Ahom kingdom, but also the neighbours (''[[Jaintia kingdom|Jaintia]]'', ''[[Kachari kingdom|Kachari]]'' and ''[[Twipra Kingdom|Tripura]]'' Buranjis) and those with whom the Ahom kingdom had diplomatic and military contacts (''Padshah'' Buranji). They were written on the barks of the ''Sanchi'' tree or aloe wood. Though many such Buranjis have been collected, compiled and published, an unknown number of Buranjis are still in private hands.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}} During the reign of [[Rajeswar Singha]], Kirti Chandra [[Borbarua]] had many Buranjis destroyed because he suspected they contained information on his lowly birth.<ref>Sarkar, J. N. (1992) ''The Buranjis: Ahom and Assamese'' in The Comprehensive History of Assam Vol II (ed H K Barpujari), Publication Board, Assam</ref>

==Language==
Buranjis are written in the [[Ahom language]], but since the 16th century they came to be increasingly written in the [[Assamese language]]—and Ahom Buranji manuscripts have become rare.<ref>{{harvcol|Sarkar|1992|p=2}}</ref> The Ahom script used in the Buranjis is an older Shan writing system that was not fully developed to include diacritics to denote the different tones or distinguish between proto-Tai voiceless and voiced distinctions.{{sfn|Hartmann|2011|p=229}} The language of the Assamese Buranjis, on the other hand, formed the template for the standard literary language in the late-19th century.{{sfn|Goswami|Tamuli|2007|p=436}} Assamese Buranjis used the Garhgaya style of writing{{sfn|Saikia|2004|p=6}}—one of three different styles of the [[Bengali-Assamese script]] prevalent between the 17th and 19th centuries in Assam.

==Buranjis==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ A selected list of Buranjis
|-
! Name
! Author
! 1st Edition
! Editor/Translator
! Publisher
|-
| Kachari Buranji
|
| 1936
| S K Bhuyan
| DHAS
|-
| Jayantia Buranji
|
| 1937
| S K Bhuyan
| DHAS
|-
| Assam Buranji
| Harakanta Sadar Amin
| 1930
|
| DHAS
|-
| Kamrupar Buranji
|
| 1930
| S K Bhuyan
| DHAS
|-
| Deodhai Assam Buranji
|
| 1932
|
| DHAS
|-
| Tungkhuniya Buranji
| Srinath Duara Barbarua
| 1932
|
| DHAS
|-
| Asamar Padya Buranji
| Dutiram Hazarika and Visvesvar Vaidyadhipa
| 1932
|
| DHAS
|-
| Tripura Buranji
| Ratna Kandali and Arjun Das (1724)
| 1938
| S K Bhuyan
| DHAS
|-
| Assam Buranji
|
| 1938
| S K Dutta
| DHAS
|-
| Assam Buranji
| (Sukumar Mahanta)<ref>This manuscript was recovered from the family of Sukumar Mahanta)</ref>
| 1945
|
| DHAS
|-
| Assam Buranji Sara
| Kashinath Tamuli Phukan
| 1944
| P C Chudhury
| DHAS
|-
| Ahom Buranji
|
| 1930
| Golap Chandra Barua (trans. English)
|
|-
| Ahom Buranji<ref>Also called ''Tai-Ahom Buranji from Khunlung and Khunlai'', the English translation of which by Golap Chandra Barua is unpublished</ref>
|
| 1996
| Renu Wichasin (trans. [[Thai Language|Thai]])
|
|-
| Purani Asam Buranji
|
| 1922
| Hem Chandra Goswami
| KAS
|-
| Satsari Assam Buranji<ref>Collection of seven old ''Buranjis''.</ref>
|
| 1960
| S K Bhuyan
| GU
|-
| Padshah Buranji
|
| 1935
| S K Bhuyan
| KAS
|}

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book| last = Barua| first = B K| contribution = Early Assamese Prose| year = 1953| title = Aspects of Early Assamese Literature| editor-last = Kakati| editor-first = Banikanta| pages = [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.97610/page/n140 124]–147| place = Guwahati| publisher = Gauhati University, Assam| url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.97610| access-date=2018-02-12 }}
* {{Citation | last=Goswami |first=G. C. |last2=Tamuli |first2=Jyotiprakash |editor-last=Cordona |editor-first=George |editor2-last=Jain |editor2-first=Dhanesh |contribution=Asamiya |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |year=2007 |pages=429–484 |publisher=Routledge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jPR2OlbTbdkC }}
* {{cite book|last1=Saikia|first1=Yasmin|title=Fragmented Memories: Struggling to be Tai-Ahom in India|date=2004|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=082238616X|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WfSmsuO6QugC|language=en}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Hartmann|first1=John F.|title=Phongsawadan Tai-Ahom: Ahom Buranji [Tai-Ahom Chronicles], 2 Vols. Transcribed and translated by Renu Wichasin. Bangkok: Amarin Printing and Publishing Ltd. Pp. xxiv, 993 [Continuous Pagination]. Map, Photos, Tables, Glossary. [In Thai]|journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies|date=7 April 2011|volume=28|issue=01|pages=227–229|doi=10.1017/S002246340001554X}}
* {{cite journal|year=2008|last1=Saikia|first1=Arupjyoti|title=History, buranjis and nation: Suryya Kumar Bhuyan’s histories in twentieth-century Assam|journal=The Indian Economic and Social History Review|volume=45|issue=4|pages=473–507|doi=10.1177/001946460804500401}}
* Sarkar, J. N. (1992) ''The Buranjis: Ahom and Assamese'' in The Comprehensive History of Assam Vol II (ed H K Barpujari), Publication Board, Assam
{{refend}}

[[Category:Indian literature]]
[[Category:Ahom kingdom]]
[[Category:Diplomatic correspondence]]
[[Category:Tai history]]

{{India-hist-book-stub}}
{{int-book-stub}}