Bulgaria - Revision history

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	During the first year of [[World War II]] Bulgaria said it was neutral and refused to join sides with [[Nazi Germany]] or the [[Soviet Union]]. Bulgaria's military and economy were had a close connection with Germany. Bulgaria's leaders signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with Germany in March 1941. This let German forces go through Bulgaria to reach Greece.		During the first year of [[World War II]] Bulgaria said it was neutral and refused to join sides with [[Nazi Germany]] or the [[Soviet Union]]. Bulgaria's military and economy were had a close connection with Germany. Bulgaria's leaders signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with Germany in March 1941. This let German forces go through Bulgaria to reach Greece.

	Bulgaria's troops invaded Greece and Yugoslavia just after the governments of those countries [[Surrender (military)\|surrendered]]. Bulgaria occupied the lands of modern [[North Macedonia]] and parts of Greece. (Both areas had been part of Bulgaria before the Balkan Wars.) The Bulgarian government also sent [[Jew]]s to [[concentration camp]]s and [[~~Ghetto\|ghettoes~~]] in the [[Holocaust]]. The king of Bulgaria, [[Tsar]] Boris III, died after talking to Hitler in August 1943. Before the Tsar died, the Kingdom of Bulgaria had sent at least 11,343 Jews to the [[~~Extermination~~ camp~~\|extermination camps~~]].		Bulgaria's troops invaded Greece and Yugoslavia just after the governments of those countries [[Surrender (military)\|surrendered]]. Bulgaria occupied the lands of modern [[North Macedonia]] and parts of Greece. (Both areas had been part of Bulgaria before the Balkan Wars.) The Bulgarian government also sent [[Jew]]s to [[concentration camp]]s and [[ghetto]]es in the [[Holocaust]]. The king of Bulgaria, [[Tsar]] Boris III, died after talking to Hitler in August 1943. Before the Tsar died, the Kingdom of Bulgaria had sent at least 11,343 Jews to the [[extermination camp]]s.

	In 1944 when it became clear that the [[Allies of World War II\|Allied Powers]] would win the war, Bulgaria had to find another solution. Their leaders declared that they withdrew from the [[Axis countries\|Axis]] forces and helped the German army leave the Balkans through Bulgaria. The Soviet Union didn't respect Bulgaria's claim to be [[Neutrality (international relations)\|neutral]]. The [[Red Army]] invaded Bulgaria in September 1944. At the same time, a new pro-Soviet government took power in Sofia. At this point, the Jews were released from the ghettoes and concentration camps in Bulgaria. The new government joined the Allies, and the military started to attack the German army, which the Bulgarian government had helped to leave Bulgarian lands.		In 1944 when it became clear that the [[Allies of World War II\|Allied Powers]] would win the war, Bulgaria had to find another solution. Their leaders declared that they withdrew from the [[Axis countries\|Axis]] forces and helped the German army leave the Balkans through Bulgaria. The Soviet Union didn't respect Bulgaria's claim to be [[Neutrality (international relations)\|neutral]]. The [[Red Army]] invaded Bulgaria in September 1944. At the same time, a new pro-Soviet government took power in Sofia. At this point, the Jews were released from the ghettoes and concentration camps in Bulgaria. The new government joined the Allies, and the military started to attack the German army, which the Bulgarian government had helped to leave Bulgarian lands.

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	{{about\|the country}}		{{about\|the country}}

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	{{featured article}}{{short description\|Country in Southeast Europe}}		{{featured article}}{{short description\|Country in Southeast Europe}}

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	Succeeding rulers strengthened the Bulgarian state throughout the 8th and 9th centuries. [[Krum of Bulgaria\|Krum]] introduced a written code of law<ref>{{cite book \|last=Vlasto \|first=Alexis P. \|title=The Entry of the Slavs Into Christendom: An Introduction to the Medieval History of the Slavs\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|page=157\|year=1970\|isbn=978-0521074599\|url={{Google books\|fpVOAAAAIAAJ\|page=157\|plainurl=yes}}}}</ref> and checked a major Byzantine incursion at the [[Battle of Pliska]], in which Byzantine emperor [[Nicephorus I]] was killed.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia\|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Krum\|title=Krum\|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica\|access-date=28 July 2018}}</ref> [[Boris I of Bulgaria\|Boris I]] abolished paganism in favour of [[Eastern Orthodox Church\|Eastern Orthodox Christianity]] in 864. The [[Christianization of Bulgaria\|conversion]] was followed by a Byzantine recognition of the [[Bulgarian Orthodox Church\|Bulgarian church]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia \|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Bulgaria/The-first-Bulgarian-empire#ref42725 \|title=The Spread of Christianity\|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica\|first=John D.\|last=Bell\|access-date=28 July 2018}}</ref> and the adoption of the [[Cyrillic script\|Cyrillic alphabet]], developed in the capital, [[Preslav]].{{Sfn\|Crampton\|2007\|pages=12–13}} The common language, religion and script strengthened central authority and gradually fused the Slavs and Bulgars into a unified people speaking a single [[Slavic languages\|Slavic language]].<ref name="EB">{{cite encyclopedia\|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Bulgaria/The-first-Bulgarian-empire#ref42726 \|title=Reign of Simeon I\|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica\|first=John D.\|last=Bell\|access-date=28 July 2018\|quote=Bulgaria's conversion had a political dimension, for it contributed both to the growth of central authority and to the merging of Bulgars and Slavs into a unified Bulgarian people.}}</ref>{{Sfn\|Crampton\|2007\|pages=12–13}} A golden age began during the 34-year rule of [[Simeon I of Bulgaria\|Simeon the Great]], who oversaw the largest territorial expansion of the state.{{Sfn\|The First Golden Age}}		Succeeding rulers strengthened the Bulgarian state throughout the 8th and 9th centuries. [[Krum of Bulgaria\|Krum]] introduced a written code of law<ref>{{cite book \|last=Vlasto \|first=Alexis P. \|title=The Entry of the Slavs Into Christendom: An Introduction to the Medieval History of the Slavs\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|page=157\|year=1970\|isbn=978-0521074599\|url={{Google books\|fpVOAAAAIAAJ\|page=157\|plainurl=yes}}}}</ref> and checked a major Byzantine incursion at the [[Battle of Pliska]], in which Byzantine emperor [[Nicephorus I]] was killed.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia\|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Krum\|title=Krum\|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica\|access-date=28 July 2018}}</ref> [[Boris I of Bulgaria\|Boris I]] abolished paganism in favour of [[Eastern Orthodox Church\|Eastern Orthodox Christianity]] in 864. The [[Christianization of Bulgaria\|conversion]] was followed by a Byzantine recognition of the [[Bulgarian Orthodox Church\|Bulgarian church]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia \|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Bulgaria/The-first-Bulgarian-empire#ref42725 \|title=The Spread of Christianity\|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica\|first=John D.\|last=Bell\|access-date=28 July 2018}}</ref> and the adoption of the [[Cyrillic script\|Cyrillic alphabet]], developed in the capital, [[Preslav]].{{Sfn\|Crampton\|2007\|pages=12–13}} The common language, religion and script strengthened central authority and gradually fused the Slavs and Bulgars into a unified people speaking a single [[Slavic languages\|Slavic language]].<ref name="EB">{{cite encyclopedia\|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Bulgaria/The-first-Bulgarian-empire#ref42726 \|title=Reign of Simeon I\|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica\|first=John D.\|last=Bell\|access-date=28 July 2018\|quote=Bulgaria's conversion had a political dimension, for it contributed both to the growth of central authority and to the merging of Bulgars and Slavs into a unified Bulgarian people.}}</ref>{{Sfn\|Crampton\|2007\|pages=12–13}} A golden age began during the 34-year rule of [[Simeon I of Bulgaria\|Simeon the Great]], who oversaw the largest territorial expansion of the state.{{Sfn\|The First Golden Age}}

	After Simeon's death, Bulgaria was weakened by wars with [[Magyars]] and [[Pechenegs]] and the spread of the [[Bogomilism\|Bogomil heresy]].<ref name="EB" /><ref>{{cite book\|last=Browning\|first=Robert\|title=Byzantium and Bulgaria\|year=1975\|publisher=Temple Smith\|pages=[https://archive.org/details/byzantiumbulgari0000brow/page/194 194–195]\|isbn=978-0520026704\|url=https://archive.org/details/byzantiumbulgari0000brow/page/194}}</ref> Preslav was seized by the Byzantine army in 971 after consecutive [[Kievan Rus'\|Rus']] and Byzantine invasions.<ref name="EB" /> The empire briefly recovered from the attacks under [[Samuel of Bulgaria\|Samuil]],<ref>{{cite encyclopedia \|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Samuel-tsar-of-western-Bulgaria\|title=Samuel\|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica\|access-date=20 January 2012}}</ref> but this ended when Byzantine emperor [[Basil II]] defeated the Bulgarian army at [[battle of Kleidion\|Klyuch]] in 1014. Samuil died shortly after the battle,<ref>{{cite book\|last=Scylitzae \|first=Ioannis \|title=Synopsis Historiarum\|work=Corpus Fontium Byzantiae Historiae\|publisher=De Gruyter\|page=457\|year=1973\|isbn=978-3-11-002285-8}}</ref> and by 1018 the Byzantines [[Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria\|had conquered the First Bulgarian Empire]].{{Sfn\|Crampton\|1987\|page=4}} After the conquest, Basil II prevented revolts by retaining the rule of local nobility, integrating them in [[Byzantine bureaucracy and aristocracy]], and relieving their lands of the obligation to pay taxes in gold, allowing [[tax in kind]] instead.<ref name=Averil/><ref name=Ostrog>{{cite book\|last=Ostrogorsky\|first=Georgije\|title=History of the Byzantine State\|publisher=Rutgers University Press\|page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofbyzanti00ostr/page/311 311]\|year=1969\|isbn=978-0813511986\|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofbyzanti00ostr/page/311}}</ref> The [[Bulgarian Orthodox Church\|Bulgarian Patriarchate]] was reduced to an [[Orthodox Archbishopric of Ohrid (ancient)\|archbishopric]], but retained its [[autocephaly\|autocephalous status]] and its [[diocese]]s.~~<ref name=Ostrog/>~~<ref name=Averil>{{cite book \|last=Cameron\|first=Averil\|title=The Byzantines\|url=https://archive.org/details/byzantinesthepeo00came\|url-access=limited\|publisher=Blackwell Publishing\|page= [https://archive.org/details/byzantinesthepeo00came/page/n186 170]\|year=2006\|isbn=978-1-4051-9833-2}}</ref>		After Simeon's death, Bulgaria was weakened by wars with [[Magyars]] and [[Pechenegs]] and the spread of the [[Bogomilism\|Bogomil heresy]].<ref name="EB" /><ref>{{cite book\|last=Browning\|first=Robert\|title=Byzantium and Bulgaria\|year=1975\|publisher=Temple Smith\|pages=[https://archive.org/details/byzantiumbulgari0000brow/page/194 194–195]\|isbn=978-0520026704\|url=https://archive.org/details/byzantiumbulgari0000brow/page/194}}</ref> Preslav was seized by the Byzantine army in 971 after consecutive [[Kievan Rus'\|Rus']] and Byzantine invasions.<ref name="EB" /> The empire briefly recovered from the attacks under [[Samuel of Bulgaria\|Samuil]],<ref>{{cite encyclopedia \|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Samuel-tsar-of-western-Bulgaria\|title=Samuel\|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica\|access-date=20 January 2012}}</ref> but this ended when Byzantine emperor [[Basil II]] defeated the Bulgarian army at [[battle of Kleidion\|Klyuch]] in 1014. Samuil died shortly after the battle,<ref>{{cite book\|last=Scylitzae \|first=Ioannis \|title=Synopsis Historiarum\|work=Corpus Fontium Byzantiae Historiae\|publisher=De Gruyter\|page=457\|year=1973\|isbn=978-3-11-002285-8}}</ref> and by 1018 the Byzantines [[Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria\|had conquered the First Bulgarian Empire]].{{Sfn\|Crampton\|1987\|page=4}} After the conquest, Basil II prevented revolts by retaining the rule of local nobility, integrating them in [[Byzantine bureaucracy and aristocracy]], and relieving their lands of the obligation to pay taxes in gold, allowing [[tax in kind]] instead.<ref name=Averil/><ref name=Ostrog>{{cite book\|last=Ostrogorsky\|first=Georgije\|title=History of the Byzantine State\|publisher=Rutgers University Press\|page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofbyzanti00ostr/page/311 311]\|year=1969\|isbn=978-0813511986\|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofbyzanti00ostr/page/311}}</ref> The [[Bulgarian Orthodox Church\|Bulgarian Patriarchate]] was reduced to an [[Orthodox Archbishopric of Ohrid (ancient)\|archbishopric]], but retained its [[autocephaly\|autocephalous status]] and its [[diocese]]s.<ref name=Averil>{{cite book \|last=Cameron\|first=Averil\|title=The Byzantines\|url=https://archive.org/details/byzantinesthepeo00came\|url-access=limited\|publisher=Blackwell Publishing\|page= [https://archive.org/details/byzantinesthepeo00came/page/n186 170]\|year=2006\|isbn=978-1-4051-9833-2}}</ref><ref name=Ostrog/>

	===Second Bulgarian Empire===		===Second Bulgarian Empire===
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	Byzantine domestic policies changed after Basil's death and a series of unsuccessful rebellions broke out, [[Bulgarian uprising against the Byzantine Empire (1040-1041)\|the largest]] being led by [[Peter Delyan]]. The empire's authority declined after a catastrophic military [[Battle of Manzikert\|defeat at Manzikert]] against [[Seljuk Empire\|Seljuk]] invaders, and was further disturbed by the [[Crusades]]. This prevented Byzantine attempts at [[Hellenisation]] and created fertile ground for further revolt. In 1185 [[Asen dynasty]] nobles [[Ivan Asen I]] and [[Peter IV of Bulgaria\|Peter IV]] organized a [[Uprising of Asen and Peter\|major uprising]] and succeeded in re-establishing the Bulgarian state. Ivan Asen and Peter laid the foundations of the Second Bulgarian Empire with its capital at [[Veliko Tarnovo\|Tarnovo]].<ref name="EBSecondEmpire">{{cite encyclopedia \|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Bulgaria/The-second-Bulgarian-empire\|title=Bulgaria – Second Bulgarian Empire\|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica\|first=John D.\|last=Bell\|access-date=27 July 2018}}</ref>		Byzantine domestic policies changed after Basil's death and a series of unsuccessful rebellions broke out, [[Bulgarian uprising against the Byzantine Empire (1040-1041)\|the largest]] being led by [[Peter Delyan]]. The empire's authority declined after a catastrophic military [[Battle of Manzikert\|defeat at Manzikert]] against [[Seljuk Empire\|Seljuk]] invaders, and was further disturbed by the [[Crusades]]. This prevented Byzantine attempts at [[Hellenisation]] and created fertile ground for further revolt. In 1185 [[Asen dynasty]] nobles [[Ivan Asen I]] and [[Peter IV of Bulgaria\|Peter IV]] organized a [[Uprising of Asen and Peter\|major uprising]] and succeeded in re-establishing the Bulgarian state. Ivan Asen and Peter laid the foundations of the Second Bulgarian Empire with its capital at [[Veliko Tarnovo\|Tarnovo]].<ref name="EBSecondEmpire">{{cite encyclopedia \|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Bulgaria/The-second-Bulgarian-empire\|title=Bulgaria – Second Bulgarian Empire\|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica\|first=John D.\|last=Bell\|access-date=27 July 2018}}</ref>

	[[Kaloyan]], the third of the Asen monarchs, extended his dominion to [[Belgrade]] and [[Ohrid]]. He acknowledged the spiritual supremacy of [[the pope]] and received a royal crown from a [[papal legate]].<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911 \|last=Bourchier \|first=James \|author-link=James David Bourchier \|wstitle=Bulgaria/History \|display=History of Bulgaria \|volume=4 \|pages=779–784}}</ref> The empire reached its zenith under [[Ivan Asen II]] (1218–1241), when its borders expanded as far as the coast of [[Albania]], Serbia and [[Epirus]], while commerce and culture flourished.<ref name=~~EB1911~~/><ref name=~~"EBSecondEmpire"~~/> Ivan Asen's rule was also marked by a shift away from Rome in religious matters.{{Sfn\|Crampton\|1987\|page=6}}		[[Kaloyan]], the third of the Asen monarchs, extended his dominion to [[Belgrade]] and [[Ohrid]]. He acknowledged the spiritual supremacy of [[the pope]] and received a royal crown from a [[papal legate]].<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911 \|last=Bourchier \|first=James \|author-link=James David Bourchier \|wstitle=Bulgaria/History \|display=History of Bulgaria \|volume=4 \|pages=779–784}}</ref> The empire reached its zenith under [[Ivan Asen II]] (1218–1241), when its borders expanded as far as the coast of [[Albania]], Serbia and [[Epirus]], while commerce and culture flourished.<ref name="EBSecondEmpire"/><ref name=EB1911/> Ivan Asen's rule was also marked by a shift away from Rome in religious matters.{{Sfn\|Crampton\|1987\|page=6}}

	The Asen dynasty became extinct in 1257. Internal conflicts and incessant Byzantine and Hungarian attacks followed, enabling the [[Golden Horde\|Mongols]] to [[Mongol invasion of Bulgaria and Serbia\|establish suzerainty]] over the weakened Bulgarian state.<ref name=EB1911/>{{Sfn\|Crampton\|1987\|page=6}} In 1277, swineherd [[Ivaylo of Bulgaria\|Ivaylo]] led a [[Uprising of Ivaylo\|great peasant revolt]] that expelled the Mongols from Bulgaria and briefly made him emperor.<ref name="Martin 2017">{{cite book \|last=Martin \|first=Michael \|title=City of the Sun: Development and Popular Resistance in the Pre-Modern West\|publisher=Algora Publishing\|page=344\|year=2017\|isbn=978-1628942798\|url={{Google books\|gN8lDwAAQBAJ\|page=344\|plainurl=yes}}}}</ref~~><ref name="EBSecondEmpire"/~~> He was overthrown in 1280 by [[boyars\|the feudal landlords]],<ref name="Martin 2017"/> whose factional conflicts caused the Second Bulgarian Empire to disintegrate into small feudal dominions by the 14th century.<ref name="EBSecondEmpire"/> These fragmented [[rump state]]s—two tsardoms at [[Tsardom of Vidin\|Vidin]] and [[Second Bulgarian Empire#Ivan Alexander and fall of Bulgaria\|Tarnovo]] and the [[Despotate of Dobruja\|Despotate of Dobrudzha]]—became easy prey for a new threat arriving from the Southeast: the [[Ottoman Turks]].<ref name=EB1911/>		The Asen dynasty became extinct in 1257. Internal conflicts and incessant Byzantine and Hungarian attacks followed, enabling the [[Golden Horde\|Mongols]] to [[Mongol invasion of Bulgaria and Serbia\|establish suzerainty]] over the weakened Bulgarian state.<ref name=EB1911/>{{Sfn\|Crampton\|1987\|page=6}} In 1277, swineherd [[Ivaylo of Bulgaria\|Ivaylo]] led a [[Uprising of Ivaylo\|great peasant revolt]] that expelled the Mongols from Bulgaria and briefly made him emperor.<ref name="EBSecondEmpire"/><ref name="Martin 2017">{{cite book \|last=Martin \|first=Michael \|title=City of the Sun: Development and Popular Resistance in the Pre-Modern West\|publisher=Algora Publishing\|page=344\|year=2017\|isbn=978-1628942798\|url={{Google books\|gN8lDwAAQBAJ\|page=344\|plainurl=yes}}}}</ref> He was overthrown in 1280 by [[boyars\|the feudal landlords]],<ref name="Martin 2017"/> whose factional conflicts caused the Second Bulgarian Empire to disintegrate into small feudal dominions by the 14th century.<ref name="EBSecondEmpire"/> These fragmented [[rump state]]s—two tsardoms at [[Tsardom of Vidin\|Vidin]] and [[Second Bulgarian Empire#Ivan Alexander and fall of Bulgaria\|Tarnovo]] and the [[Despotate of Dobruja\|Despotate of Dobrudzha]]—became easy prey for a new threat arriving from the Southeast: the [[Ottoman Turks]].<ref name=EB1911/>

	===Ottoman rule===		===Ottoman rule===

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