Bruce's Code - Revision history

96.241.25.51: further rework information to improve readability additionally and fixed typos

2024-08-26T14:01:37Z

further rework information to improve readability additionally and fixed typos

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:31, 26 August 2024
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	'''Bruce's Code''' is a set of rules for the management and administration of temples of [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple\|Tirumala and Tirupati]] including the servants, enacted by [[East India Company]] in 1821 [[AD]].		'''Bruce's Code''' is a set of rules for the management and administration of temples of [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple\|Tirumala and Tirupati]] including the servants, enacted by [[East India Company]] in 1821 [[AD]].

	These were the well-defined rules formulated as a code having 42 provisions to ease the administration of temples of Tirumala and Tirupati on the basis of customs and previous usages without interfering in the day-to-day affairs.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110711170932/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2418/stories/20070921507609300.htm Well-defined rules contained in the Bruce Code drawn up in 1821 on the basis of previous usages and customs and did not interfere in its day-to-day affairs]</ref>		These were the well-defined rules formulated as a code having 42 provisions to ease the administration of temples of Tirumala and Tirupati on the basis of customs and previous usages without interfering in the day-to-day affairs.<ref>{{usurped\|[https://web.archive.org/web/20110711170932/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2418/stories/20070921507609300.htm Well-defined rules contained in the Bruce Code drawn up in 1821 on the basis of previous usages and customs and did not interfere in its day-to-day affairs]}}</ref>

	==Purpose==		==Purpose==
	The objective of the [[United Kingdom\|British]] in taking over Tirupati temples was to generate fixed revenue to the [[Circar]] ([[government]]) by organising the income of the temple to prevent misappropriation and mismanagement of temple funds through systematic administration.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ob5REUVgpVMC~~&pg=PA124&lpg=PA124~~&dq=Bruce+Code+rule+for+tirupati&~~source~~=~~bl&ots=c-s9gcef26&sig=_BV4UPBxmFEqYfACGLWRNNJYYUQ&hl=en&ei=S-JXTdA-weGsB_X0jYYH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBUQ6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q=Bruce%20Code%20rule%20for%20tirupati&f=false~~ Valuable work done by britishers in systematising the administration of the Tirupati Temple]</ref>		The objective of the [[United Kingdom\|British]] in taking over Tirupati temples was to generate fixed revenue to the [[Circar]] ([[government]]) by organising the income of the temple to prevent misappropriation and mismanagement of temple funds through systematic administration and to justify the transfer of the funds to the British coffers for their expenditure.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ob5REUVgpVMC&dq=Bruce+Code+rule+for+tirupati&pg=PA124 Valuable work done by britishers in systematising the administration of the Tirupati Temple]</ref>

	==History==		==History==
	After the fall of [[Hindu]] empires by 18th century [[AD]], the temples of Tirumala and Tirupati came under the [[Muslim]] rulers during the 18th century [[AD]]. With the arrival of [[United Kingdom\|British]], the management of temples were transferred from [[Nawabs of Arcot]] to [[East India Company]] in 1801 [[AD]].<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://blog.offstumped.in/2010/08/18/laissez-faire-for-our-temples \|title=After the fall of the Hindu empires, the Tirumala and Tirupati temples came under the sway of the Nawabs of Arcot, and with the advent of the English, the management passed into the hands of the East India Company in 1801. \|access-date=13 February 2011 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712214447/http://blog.offstumped.in/2010/08/18/laissez-faire-for-our-temples/ \|archive-date=12 July 2011 \|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ob5REUVgpVMC~~&pg=PA124&lpg=PA124~~&dq=Bruce+Code+rule+for+tirupati&~~source~~=~~bl&ots=c-s9gcef26&sig=_BV4UPBxmFEqYfACGLWRNNJYYUQ&hl=en&ei=S-JXTdA-weGsB_X0jYYH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBUQ6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q=Bruce%20Code%20rule%20for%20tirupati&f=false~~ History of the Hindu religious endowments in Andhra Pradesh By Koutha Nirmala Kumari - Page 123 - In the early years of Nineteenth Century, temple of Tirumala was taken over by East India Company from Nawab of Arcot]</ref>		After the fall of [[Hindu]] empires by 18th century [[AD]], the temples of Tirumala and Tirupati came under the [[Muslim]] rulers during the 18th century [[AD]]. With the arrival of [[United Kingdom\|British]], the management of temples were transferred from [[Nawabs of Arcot]] to [[East India Company]] in 1801 [[AD]].<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://blog.offstumped.in/2010/08/18/laissez-faire-for-our-temples \|title=After the fall of the Hindu empires, the Tirumala and Tirupati temples came under the sway of the Nawabs of Arcot, and with the advent of the English, the management passed into the hands of the East India Company in 1801. \|access-date=13 February 2011 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712214447/http://blog.offstumped.in/2010/08/18/laissez-faire-for-our-temples/ \|archive-date=12 July 2011 \|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ob5REUVgpVMC&dq=Bruce+Code+rule+for+tirupati&pg=PA124 History of the Hindu religious endowments in Andhra Pradesh By Koutha Nirmala Kumari - Page 123 - In the early years of Nineteenth Century, temple of Tirumala was taken over by East India Company from Nawab of Arcot]</ref>

	During the reign of the [[Nawabs of Arcot]], the net income of the temple was appreciated by the secular authorities for their own functioning by depriving the temple lands from the non-Hindu rulers either through self-aggrandizement or through alienation of certain hereditary servants of the temple in order to ensure permanency of service in the temple. Consequent to the death of [[Chanda Shahib]], the then [[Nawab of the Carnatic\|Nawab of Arcot]], [[United Kingdom\|British]]'s installed [[Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah]] as Nawab of Arcot serving as [[vassal]] of the [[United Kingdom\|British]]. Consequently, [[Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah]] along with his successors ran into enormous debts to British. Nawabs of Arcot assigned the revenues of the temples to the [[East India Company]] to enable them recoup its expenditure incurred as a loan to the Nawab of Arcot, in spite of temple along with Paragana of Tirupati was held as property of Nawabs of Arcot nominally.{{fact\|date=August 2018}}		During the reign of the [[Nawabs of Arcot]], the net income of the temple was appreciated by the secular authorities for their own functioning by depriving the temple lands from the non-Hindu rulers either through self-aggrandizement or through alienation of certain hereditary servants of the temple in order to ensure permanency of service in the temple. Consequent to the death of [[Chanda Shahib]], the then [[Nawab of the Carnatic\|Nawab of Arcot]], [[United Kingdom\|British]]'s installed [[Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah]] as Nawab of Arcot serving as [[vassal]] of the [[United Kingdom\|British]]. Consequently, [[Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah]] along with his successors ran into enormous debts to British. Nawabs of Arcot assigned the revenues of the temples to the [[East India Company]] to enable them recoup its expenditure incurred as a loan to the Nawab of Arcot, in spite of temple along with Paragana of Tirupati was held as property of Nawabs of Arcot nominally.{{fact\|date=August 2018}}
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	Between 1805-16, due to many instances and complaints about misappropriation and mismanagement of [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple\|Tirumala and Tirupati]] temple funds were brought to the notice of board, the British East India Company passed the Regulation VII of 1817 to check the abuses. Through the regulation provided, the duty of the board was only "general superintendence and not detailed management". However, the Board interfered in almost all aspects of the administration of the Tirumala and Tirupati temple.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Business-with-Balaji-/articleshow/5108821.cms There has always been lots of money floating around Balaji, tempting the East India Company in 1748, nine years before the battle of Plassey, to devise insidious ways of wresting control of the unending revenue source. A few years later, it finally browbeat the Nawab of Arcot into giving the Company total and direct control of the temple's administration. This continued till 1843]</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Business-with-Balaji-/articleshow/5108821.cms "The temple controlled a lot of land and the East India Company was quite open about its greed, as were the French and the Mysore kings," said Varadachary, a Tirupati historian.The East India Company made around 25,000 pounds every year from the temple in the mid-1750s.]</ref> Bruce, the then Commissioner of the [[Chittoor]] district formulated a Code containing 42 provisions, known as "Bruce's code" for the guidance of the [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple\|Tirumala and Tirupati]] temple administration.		Between 1805-16, due to many instances and complaints about misappropriation and mismanagement of [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple\|Tirumala and Tirupati]] temple funds were brought to the notice of board, the British East India Company passed the Regulation VII of 1817 to check the abuses. Through the regulation provided, the duty of the board was only "general superintendence and not detailed management". However, the Board interfered in almost all aspects of the administration of the Tirumala and Tirupati temple.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Business-with-Balaji-/articleshow/5108821.cms There has always been lots of money floating around Balaji, tempting the East India Company in 1748, nine years before the battle of Plassey, to devise insidious ways of wresting control of the unending revenue source. A few years later, it finally browbeat the Nawab of Arcot into giving the Company total and direct control of the temple's administration. This continued till 1843]</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Business-with-Balaji-/articleshow/5108821.cms "The temple controlled a lot of land and the East India Company was quite open about its greed, as were the French and the Mysore kings," said Varadachary, a Tirupati historian.The East India Company made around 25,000 pounds every year from the temple in the mid-1750s.]</ref> Bruce, the then Commissioner of the [[Chittoor]] district formulated a Code containing 42 provisions, known as "Bruce's code" for the guidance of the [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple\|Tirumala and Tirupati]] temple administration.

	This interference continued till the "Court of Directors" in [[England]] strongly resented the participation of the Company's officers and men in the idolatry conducted in [[Hindu]] temples by reason of its management of these religious institutions and ordered its relinquishment of their administration of religious endowments. It came into effect in 1842-43 [[AD]], in the early years of the reign of [[Queen Victoria]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ob5REUVgpVMC~~&pg=PA124&lpg=PA124~~&dq=Bruce+Code+rule+for+tirupati&~~source~~=~~bl&ots=c-s9gcef26&sig=_BV4UPBxmFEqYfACGLWRNNJYYUQ&hl=en&ei=S-JXTdA-weGsB_X0jYYH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBUQ6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q=Bruce%20Code%20rule%20for%20tirupati&f=false~~ History of the Hindu religious endowments in Andhra Pradesh - Page 124 - Court of Directors strongly resented the participation of officers in administration and management of Hindu Temple during the reign of Queen Victoria]</ref>		This interference continued till the "Court of Directors" in [[England]] strongly resented the participation of the Company's officers and men in the idolatry conducted in [[Hindu]] temples by reason of its management of these religious institutions and ordered its relinquishment of their administration of religious endowments. It came into effect in 1842-43 [[AD]], in the early years of the reign of [[Queen Victoria]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ob5REUVgpVMC&dq=Bruce+Code+rule+for+tirupati&pg=PA124 History of the Hindu religious endowments in Andhra Pradesh - Page 124 - Court of Directors strongly resented the participation of officers in administration and management of Hindu Temple during the reign of Queen Victoria]</ref>

	==References==		==References==
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	==External links==		==External links==
	* {{cite web\|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2418/stories/20070921507609300.htm\|title=Benign benefactor\|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101102230757/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2418/stories/20070921507609300.htm\|archivedate=2 November 2010}}		* {{cite web\|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2418/stories/20070921507609300.htm\|title=Benign benefactor\|url-status=usurped\|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101102230757/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2418/stories/20070921507609300.htm\|archivedate=2 November 2010}}
	* {{cite web\|url=http://blog.offstumped.in/2010/08/18/laissez-faire-for-our-temples/\|title=Laissez Faire for our Temples\|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721175749/http://blog.offstumped.in/2010/08/18/laissez-faire-for-our-temples/\|archivedate=21 July 2011}}		* {{cite web\|url=http://blog.offstumped.in/2010/08/18/laissez-faire-for-our-temples/\|title=Laissez Faire for our Temples\|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721175749/http://blog.offstumped.in/2010/08/18/laissez-faire-for-our-temples/\|archivedate=21 July 2011}}
	*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110721161712/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2010/July/engpdf/52-59.pdf A Comparative Study – Lord Jagannath Temple and T.T. Devasthanam]		*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110721161712/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2010/July/engpdf/52-59.pdf A Comparative Study – Lord Jagannath Temple and T.T. Devasthanam]
	* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110629011526/http://www.hindu.com/2008/07/07/stories/2008070751770300.htm As to the medieval history of the TTD with the advent of the British, the management of the temple of Lord Venkateswara had passed into the hands of the East India Company in 1801]		* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110629011526/http://www.hindu.com/2008/07/07/stories/2008070751770300.htm As to the medieval history of the TTD with the advent of the British, the management of the temple of Lord Venkateswara had passed into the hands of the East India Company in 1801]
			{{Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala}}

	{{DEFAULTSORT:Bruce's Code, TTD}}		{{DEFAULTSORT:Bruce's Code, TTD}}
	[[Category:Tirumala Venkateswara Temple]]		[[Category:Tirumala Venkateswara Temple]]

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{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
'''Bruce's Code''' is a set of rules for the management and administration of temples of [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple|Tirumala and Tirupati]] including the servants, enacted by [[East India Company]] in 1821 [[AD]].

These were the well-defined rules formulated as a code having 42 provisions to ease the administration of temples of Tirumala and Tirupati on the basis of customs and previous usages without interfering in the day-to-day affairs.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110711170932/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2418/stories/20070921507609300.htm Well-defined rules contained in the Bruce Code drawn up in 1821 on the basis of previous usages and customs and did not interfere in its day-to-day affairs]</ref>

==Purpose==
The objective of the [[United Kingdom|British]] in taking over Tirupati temples was to generate fixed revenue to the [[Circar]] ([[government]]) by organising the income of the temple to prevent misappropriation and mismanagement of temple funds through systematic administration.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ob5REUVgpVMC&pg=PA124&lpg=PA124&dq=Bruce+Code+rule+for+tirupati&source=bl&ots=c-s9gcef26&sig=_BV4UPBxmFEqYfACGLWRNNJYYUQ&hl=en&ei=S-JXTdA-weGsB_X0jYYH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBUQ6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q=Bruce%20Code%20rule%20for%20tirupati&f=false Valuable work done by britishers in systematising the administration of the Tirupati Temple]</ref>

==History==
After the fall of [[Hindu]] empires by 18th century [[AD]], the temples of Tirumala and Tirupati came under the [[Muslim]] rulers during the 18th century [[AD]]. With the arrival of [[United Kingdom|British]], the management of temples were transferred from [[Nawabs of Arcot]] to [[East India Company]] in 1801 [[AD]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://blog.offstumped.in/2010/08/18/laissez-faire-for-our-temples |title=After the fall of the Hindu empires, the Tirumala and Tirupati temples came under the sway of the Nawabs of Arcot, and with the advent of the English, the management passed into the hands of the East India Company in 1801. |access-date=13 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712214447/http://blog.offstumped.in/2010/08/18/laissez-faire-for-our-temples/ |archive-date=12 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ob5REUVgpVMC&pg=PA124&lpg=PA124&dq=Bruce+Code+rule+for+tirupati&source=bl&ots=c-s9gcef26&sig=_BV4UPBxmFEqYfACGLWRNNJYYUQ&hl=en&ei=S-JXTdA-weGsB_X0jYYH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBUQ6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q=Bruce%20Code%20rule%20for%20tirupati&f=false History of the Hindu religious endowments in Andhra Pradesh By Koutha Nirmala Kumari - Page 123 - In the early years of Nineteenth Century, temple of Tirumala was taken over by East India Company from Nawab of Arcot]</ref>

During the reign of the [[Nawabs of Arcot]], the net income of the temple was appreciated by the secular authorities for their own functioning by depriving the temple lands from the non-Hindu rulers either through self-aggrandizement or through alienation of certain hereditary servants of the temple in order to ensure permanency of service in the temple. Consequent to the death of [[Chanda Shahib]], the then [[Nawab of the Carnatic|Nawab of Arcot]], [[United Kingdom|British]]'s installed [[Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah]] as Nawab of Arcot serving as [[vassal]] of the [[United Kingdom|British]]. Consequently, [[Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah]] along with his successors ran into enormous debts to British. Nawabs of Arcot assigned the revenues of the temples to the [[East India Company]] to enable them recoup its expenditure incurred as a loan to the Nawab of Arcot, in spite of temple along with Paragana of Tirupati was held as property of Nawabs of Arcot nominally.{{fact|date=August 2018}}

After the establishment of Board of Revenue at [[Fort St. George (India)|Fort St.George]] in 1789, [[East India Company]] took over the management of temple from [[Nawabs of Arcot]] to generate fixed revenue per annum to the [[circar]] by organising the income of the temple. By 1801 [[AD]], the [[British East India Company]] dispossessed the Nawabs of Arcot, annexed [[Arcot, Vellore|Arcot]] into their domain and whereby assumed the direct administration of the Tirupati temples for the sake of income of the temple.{{fact|date=August 2018}}

In 1803, the then Collector of [[Chittoor]], within which Tirupati district is situated had sent a report to the board of revenues showing the full account of the institution, together with schedules, pujas, expenses, and extent of lands etc., known as "Statton's Report" on the tirupati Pagoda. These reports though small are in the same lines as the earliest report submitted to the British government on [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath Temple]] by "Grome" and "Garrett". British rulers used "Statton's Report" to control and manage the institution till a set of rules for the management of the temple and the servants, were framed in 1821 A.D known as "Bruce's Code".<ref>[http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2010/July/engpdf/52-59.pdf - Page 2 - Bruce's Code] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721161712/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2010/July/engpdf/52-59.pdf |date=21 July 2011 }}</ref>

Between 1805-16, due to many instances and complaints about misappropriation and mismanagement of [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple|Tirumala and Tirupati]] temple funds were brought to the notice of board, the British East India Company passed the Regulation VII of 1817 to check the abuses. Through the regulation provided, the duty of the board was only "general superintendence and not detailed management". However, the Board interfered in almost all aspects of the administration of the Tirumala and Tirupati temple.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Business-with-Balaji-/articleshow/5108821.cms There has always been lots of money floating around Balaji, tempting the East India Company in 1748, nine years before the battle of Plassey, to devise insidious ways of wresting control of the unending revenue source. A few years later, it finally browbeat the Nawab of Arcot into giving the Company total and direct control of the temple's administration. This continued till 1843]</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Business-with-Balaji-/articleshow/5108821.cms "The temple controlled a lot of land and the East India Company was quite open about its greed, as were the French and the Mysore kings," said Varadachary, a Tirupati historian.The East India Company made around 25,000 pounds every year from the temple in the mid-1750s.]</ref> Bruce, the then Commissioner of the [[Chittoor]] district formulated a Code containing 42 provisions, known as "Bruce's code" for the guidance of the [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple|Tirumala and Tirupati]] temple administration.

This interference continued till the "Court of Directors" in [[England]] strongly resented the participation of the Company's officers and men in the idolatry conducted in [[Hindu]] temples by reason of its management of these religious institutions and ordered its relinquishment of their administration of religious endowments. It came into effect in 1842-43 [[AD]], in the early years of the reign of [[Queen Victoria]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ob5REUVgpVMC&pg=PA124&lpg=PA124&dq=Bruce+Code+rule+for+tirupati&source=bl&ots=c-s9gcef26&sig=_BV4UPBxmFEqYfACGLWRNNJYYUQ&hl=en&ei=S-JXTdA-weGsB_X0jYYH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBUQ6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q=Bruce%20Code%20rule%20for%20tirupati&f=false History of the Hindu religious endowments in Andhra Pradesh - Page 124 - Court of Directors strongly resented the participation of officers in administration and management of Hindu Temple during the reign of Queen Victoria]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2418/stories/20070921507609300.htm|title=Benign benefactor|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101102230757/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2418/stories/20070921507609300.htm|archivedate=2 November 2010}}
* {{cite web|url=http://blog.offstumped.in/2010/08/18/laissez-faire-for-our-temples/|title=Laissez Faire for our Temples|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721175749/http://blog.offstumped.in/2010/08/18/laissez-faire-for-our-temples/|archivedate=21 July 2011}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110721161712/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2010/July/engpdf/52-59.pdf A Comparative Study – Lord Jagannath Temple and T.T. Devasthanam]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110629011526/http://www.hindu.com/2008/07/07/stories/2008070751770300.htm As to the medieval history of the TTD with the advent of the British, the management of the temple of Lord Venkateswara had passed into the hands of the East India Company in 1801]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bruce's Code, TTD}}
[[Category:Tirumala Venkateswara Temple]]