British Raj - Revision history

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← Older revision		Revision as of 21:26, 21 July 2023
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	===Princely states===		===Princely states===
	{{main\|Princely state}}		{{main\|Princely state}}
	A Princely State, also called a Native State or an Indian State, was a British [[vassal state]] in India with an indigenous nominal Indian ruler, subject to a [[subsidiary alliance]].<ref name="Markovits2004">{{Harvnb\|Markovits\|2004\|pp=386–409}}</ref> There were 565 princely states when India and Pakistan became independent from Britain in August 1947. The princely states did not form a part of [[British India]] (i.e. the presidencies and provinces), as they were not directly under British rule. The larger ones had treaties with Britain that specified which rights the princes had; in the smaller ones the princes had few rights. Within the princely states external affairs, defence and most communications were under British control.{{citation needed\|date=August 2020}} The British also exercised a general influence over the states' internal politics, in part through the granting or withholding of recognition of individual rulers. Although there were nearly 600 princely states, the great majority were very small and contracted out the business of government to the British. Some two hundred of the states had an area of less than {{Convert\|25\|km2\|mi2\|0\|abbr=off}}.<ref name="Markovits2004"/>The last vestige of the [[Mughal Empire\|Mughal empire]] in Delhi which was under [[East India Company\|Company]] authority prior to the advent of British Raj was finally abolished and seized by the [[The Crown\|Crown]] in the aftermath of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857\|Sepoy Mutiny of 1857]] for its support to the rebellion.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Ahmed \|first1=Waqas \|last2=Khan \|first2=Dr. Muhammad Hayat \|last3=Ul Haq \|first3=Dr. Sami \|date=2022-06-01 \|title=علم الإشارة في سورة الفاتحة من خلال تفسير معارف القرآن للکاندهلوي نموذجا \|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.51665/al-duhaa.003.01.0186 \|journal=Al-Duhaa \|volume=3 \|issue=1 \|pages=90–103 \|doi=10.51665/al-duhaa.003.01.0186 \|s2cid=251601027 \|issn=2710-3617}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Kumari \|first=Savita \|date=2016 \|title=Art and Politics: British Patronage in Delhi (1803–1857) \|url=https://hasp.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/journals/ao/article/view/8820 \|journal=Art of the Orient \|language=en \|volume=5 \|pages=217–229 \|doi=10.11588/ao.2016.0.8820 \|issn=2658-1671}}</ref>		A Princely State, also called a Native State or an Indian State, was a British [[vassal state]] in India with an indigenous nominal Indian ruler, subject to a [[subsidiary alliance]].<ref name="Markovits2004">{{Harvnb\|Markovits\|2004\|pp=386–409}}</ref> There were 565 princely states when India and Pakistan became independent from Britain in August 1947. The princely states did not form a part of [[British India]] (i.e. the presidencies and provinces), as they were not directly under British rule. The larger ones had treaties with Britain that specified which rights the princes had; in the smaller ones the princes had few rights. Within the princely states external affairs, defence and most communications were under British control.{{citation needed\|date=August 2020}} The British also exercised a general influence over the states' internal politics, in part through the granting or withholding of recognition of individual rulers. Although there were nearly 600 princely states, the great majority were very small and contracted out the business of government to the British. Some two hundred of the states had an area of less than {{Convert\|25\|km2\|mi2\|0\|abbr=off}}.<ref name="Markovits2004"/> The last vestige of the [[Mughal Empire\|Mughal empire]] in Delhi which was under [[East India Company\|Company]] authority prior to the advent of British Raj was finally abolished and seized by the [[The Crown\|Crown]] in the aftermath of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857\|Sepoy Mutiny of 1857]] for its support to the rebellion.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Ahmed \|first1=Waqas \|last2=Khan \|first2=Dr. Muhammad Hayat \|last3=Ul Haq \|first3=Dr. Sami \|date=2022-06-01 \|title=علم الإشارة في سورة الفاتحة من خلال تفسير معارف القرآن للکاندهلوي نموذجا \|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.51665/al-duhaa.003.01.0186 \|journal=Al-Duhaa \|volume=3 \|issue=1 \|pages=90–103 \|doi=10.51665/al-duhaa.003.01.0186 \|s2cid=251601027 \|issn=2710-3617}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Kumari \|first=Savita \|date=2016 \|title=Art and Politics: British Patronage in Delhi (1803–1857) \|url=https://hasp.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/journals/ao/article/view/8820 \|journal=Art of the Orient \|language=en \|volume=5 \|pages=217–229 \|doi=10.11588/ao.2016.0.8820 \|issn=2658-1671}}</ref>

	The princely states were grouped into [[Agencies of British India\|agencies]] and [[Residencies of British India\|residencies]].		The princely states were grouped into [[Agencies of British India\|agencies]] and [[Residencies of British India\|residencies]].

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← Older revision		Revision as of 01:16, 2 July 2023
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	{{About\|the rule of India by the British Crown from 1858 to 1947\|the rule of the East India Company from 1757 to 1858\|Company rule in India}}		{{About\|the rule of India by the British Crown from 1858 to 1947\|the rule of the East India Company from 1757 to 1858\|Company rule in India}}
	{{Redirect\|Indian Empire\|for other empires that occupied the Indian subcontinent\|List of Indian monarchs}}		{{Redirect\|Indian Empire\|for other empires that occupied the Indian subcontinent\|List of Indian monarchs}}
	~~{{Pp-protected\|small=yes}}~~
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=August 2015}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=August 2015}}
	{{Use British English\|date=May 2021}}		{{Use British English\|date=May 2021}}

Kamal Guha: Infobox edit

2023-06-23T04:18:48Z

Infobox edit

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:48, 23 June 2023
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	\| image_flag =		\| image_flag =
	\| alt_flag =		\| alt_flag =
	\| status = ~~[[British Empire\|Imperial political structure]]~~ (comprising British India{{efn\|a quasi-federation of [[Presidencies and provinces of British India\|presidencies and provinces]] directly governed by [[The Crown\|the British Crown]] through the [[Viceroy and Governor-General of India]]}} and the [[Princely States]].{{efn\| governed by Indian rulers, under the [[suzerainty]] of The British Crown exercised through the Viceroy of India)}}).<ref name="Interpretation Act 1889">Interpretation Act 1889 (52 & 53 Vict. c. 63), s. 18.</ref>		\| status = (comprising British India{{efn\|a quasi-federation of [[Presidencies and provinces of British India\|presidencies and provinces]] directly governed by [[The Crown\|the British Crown]] through the [[Viceroy and Governor-General of India]]}} and the [[Princely States]].{{efn\| governed by Indian rulers, under the [[suzerainty]] of The British Crown exercised through the Viceroy of India)}}).<ref name="Interpretation Act 1889">Interpretation Act 1889 (52 & 53 Vict. c. 63), s. 18.</ref>
	\| p1 = Mughal Empire{{!}}'''1858:'''<br />Mughal Empire (De jure)		\| p1 = Mughal Empire{{!}}'''1858:'''<br />Mughal Empire (De jure)
	\| p2 = Company rule in India{{!}} Company rule in India (De facto)		\| p2 = Company rule in India{{!}} Company rule in India (De facto)

Muskit Gergous at 11:13, 31 March 2023

2023-03-31T11:13:04Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:43, 31 March 2023
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	*{{citation\|last=Lowe\|first=Lisa\|title=The Intimacies of Four Continents\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UMMECgAAQBAJ&pg=PT71\|date= 2015\|publisher=Duke University Press\|isbn=978-0-8223-7564-7\|page=71\|quote=Company rule in India lasted effectively from the Battle of Plassey in 1757 until 1858, when following the 1857 Indian Rebellion, the British Crown assumed direct colonial rule of India in the new British Raj.}}</ref> and lasted from 1858 to 1947.<ref name=period-of-raj-stacked>		*{{citation\|last=Lowe\|first=Lisa\|title=The Intimacies of Four Continents\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UMMECgAAQBAJ&pg=PT71\|date= 2015\|publisher=Duke University Press\|isbn=978-0-8223-7564-7\|page=71\|quote=Company rule in India lasted effectively from the Battle of Plassey in 1757 until 1858, when following the 1857 Indian Rebellion, the British Crown assumed direct colonial rule of India in the new British Raj.}}</ref> and lasted from 1858 to 1947.<ref name=period-of-raj-stacked>
	*{{citation\|last=Vanderven\|first=Elizabeth\|chapter=National Education Systems: Asia\|editor1-last=Rury\|editor1-first=John L.\|editor2-last=Tamura\|editor2-first=Eileen H.\|title=The Oxford Handbook of the History of Education\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|pages=213–227, 222\|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mc-aDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA222\|year=2019\|isbn=978-0-19-934003-3\|quote=During the British East India Company's domination of the Indian subcontinent (1757–1858) and the subsequent British Raj (1858–1947), it was Western-style education that came to be promoted by many as the base upon which a national and uniform education system should be built.}}		*{{citation\|last=Vanderven\|first=Elizabeth\|chapter=National Education Systems: Asia\|editor1-last=Rury\|editor1-first=John L.\|editor2-last=Tamura\|editor2-first=Eileen H.\|title=The Oxford Handbook of the History of Education\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|pages=213–227, 222\|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mc-aDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA222\|year=2019\|isbn=978-0-19-934003-3\|quote=During the British East India Company's domination of the Indian subcontinent (1757–1858) and the subsequent British Raj (1858–1947), it was Western-style education that came to be promoted by many as the base upon which a national and uniform education system should be built.}}
	*{{citation\|last=Lapidus\|first=Ira M.\|title=A History of Islamic Societies\|edition=3\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZkJpBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA393\|page=393\|year=2014\|isbn=978-0-521-51430-9\|quote=Table 14. ''Muslim India: outline chronology''<br />Mughal Empire ... 1526–1858 <br />Akbar I ... 1556–1605 <br /> Aurengzeb ... 1658–1707 <br /> British victory at Plassey ... 1757 <br /> Britain becomes paramount power ... 1818<br />British Raj ... 1858–1947}}</ref> The region under British control was commonly called '''India''' in contemporaneous usage and included areas directly administered by the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland\|United Kingdom]], which were collectively called [[Presidencies and provinces of British India\|British India]], and areas ruled by indigenous rulers, but under British [[British paramountcy\|paramountcy]], called the [[princely state]]s. The region was sometimes called the '''Indian Empire''', though not officially.<ref>{{citation\|last1=Bowen\|first1=H. V.\|last2=Mancke\|first2=Elizabeth\|last3=Reid\|first3=John G.\|title=Britain's Oceanic Empire: Atlantic and Indian Ocean Worlds, C. 1550–1850\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oi9neJg39wcC&pg=PA106\|year=2012\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|isbn=978-1-107-02014-6\|page=106}} Quote: "British India, meanwhile, was itself the powerful 'metropolis' of its own colonial empire, 'the Indian empire'."</ref>		*{{citation\|last=Lapidus\|first=Ira M.\|title=A History of Islamic Societies\|edition=3\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZkJpBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA393\|page=393\|year=2014\|isbn=978-0-521-51430-9\|quote=Table 14. ''Muslim India: outline chronology''<br />Mughal Empire ... 1526–1858 <br />Akbar I ... 1556–1605 <br /> Aurengzeb ... 1658–1707 <br /> British victory at Plassey ... 1757 <br /> Britain becomes paramount power ... 1818<br />British Raj ... 1858–1947}}</ref> The region under British control was commonly called '''India''' in contemporaneous usage and included areas directly administered by the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland\|United Kingdom]], which were collectively called [[Presidencies and provinces of British India\|British India]], and areas ruled by indigenous rulers, but under [[British]] [[British paramountcy\|paramountcy]], called the [[princely state]]s. The region was sometimes called the '''Indian Empire''', though not officially.<ref>{{citation\|last1=Bowen\|first1=H. V.\|last2=Mancke\|first2=Elizabeth\|last3=Reid\|first3=John G.\|title=Britain's Oceanic Empire: Atlantic and Indian Ocean Worlds, C. 1550–1850\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oi9neJg39wcC&pg=PA106\|year=2012\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|isbn=978-1-107-02014-6\|page=106}} Quote: "British India, meanwhile, was itself the powerful 'metropolis' of its own colonial empire, 'the Indian empire'."</ref>

	As ''India'', it was a founding member of the [[League of Nations]], a participating nation in the [[India at the Olympics\|Summer Olympics]] in [[India at the 1900 Summer Olympics\|1900]], [[India at the 1920 Summer Olympics\|1920]], [[India at the 1928 Summer Olympics\|1928]], [[India at the 1932 Summer Olympics\|1932]], and [[India at the 1936 Summer Olympics\|1936]], and a [[Member states of the United Nations\|founding member]] of the [[United Nations]] in [[United Nations Conference on International Organization\|San Francisco in 1945]].<ref name="mansergh-UN-SanFrancisco">{{citation\|last=Mansergh\|first=Nicholas\|author-link=Nicholas Mansergh\|title=Constitutional relations between Britain and India\|year=1974\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DJkOAQAAMAAJ\|access-date=19 September 2013\|publisher=His Majesty's Stationery Office\|location=London\|page=xxx\|isbn=9780115800160}} Quote: "[[Viceroy's Executive Council\|India Executive Council]]: Sir [[Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar]], Sir [[Firoz Khan Noon]] and Sir [[V. T. Krishnamachari]] served as India's delegates to the London Commonwealth Meeting, April 1945, and the U.N. San Francisco Conference on International Organisation, April–June 1945."</ref>		As ''India'', it was a founding member of the [[League of Nations]], a participating nation in the [[India at the Olympics\|Summer Olympics]] in [[India at the 1900 Summer Olympics\|1900]], [[India at the 1920 Summer Olympics\|1920]], [[India at the 1928 Summer Olympics\|1928]], [[India at the 1932 Summer Olympics\|1932]], and [[India at the 1936 Summer Olympics\|1936]], and a [[Member states of the United Nations\|founding member]] of the [[United Nations]] in [[United Nations Conference on International Organization\|San Francisco in 1945]].<ref name="mansergh-UN-SanFrancisco">{{citation\|last=Mansergh\|first=Nicholas\|author-link=Nicholas Mansergh\|title=Constitutional relations between Britain and India\|year=1974\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DJkOAQAAMAAJ\|access-date=19 September 2013\|publisher=His Majesty's Stationery Office\|location=London\|page=xxx\|isbn=9780115800160}} Quote: "[[Viceroy's Executive Council\|India Executive Council]]: Sir [[Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar]], Sir [[Firoz Khan Noon]] and Sir [[V. T. Krishnamachari]] served as India's delegates to the London Commonwealth Meeting, April 1945, and the U.N. San Francisco Conference on International Organisation, April–June 1945."</ref>

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← Older revision		Revision as of 01:16, 2 July 2023
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	{{About\|the rule of India by the British Crown from 1858 to 1947\|the rule of the East India Company from 1757 to 1858\|Company rule in India}}		{{About\|the rule of India by the British Crown from 1858 to 1947\|the rule of the East India Company from 1757 to 1858\|Company rule in India}}
	{{Redirect\|Indian Empire\|for other empires that occupied the Indian subcontinent\|List of Indian monarchs}}		{{Redirect\|Indian Empire\|for other empires that occupied the Indian subcontinent\|List of Indian monarchs}}
	~~{{Pp-protected\|small=yes}}~~
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=August 2015}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=August 2015}}
	{{Use British English\|date=May 2021}}		{{Use British English\|date=May 2021}}

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:43, 31 March 2023
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	*{{citation\|last=Lowe\|first=Lisa\|title=The Intimacies of Four Continents\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UMMECgAAQBAJ&pg=PT71\|date= 2015\|publisher=Duke University Press\|isbn=978-0-8223-7564-7\|page=71\|quote=Company rule in India lasted effectively from the Battle of Plassey in 1757 until 1858, when following the 1857 Indian Rebellion, the British Crown assumed direct colonial rule of India in the new British Raj.}}</ref> and lasted from 1858 to 1947.<ref name=period-of-raj-stacked>		*{{citation\|last=Lowe\|first=Lisa\|title=The Intimacies of Four Continents\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UMMECgAAQBAJ&pg=PT71\|date= 2015\|publisher=Duke University Press\|isbn=978-0-8223-7564-7\|page=71\|quote=Company rule in India lasted effectively from the Battle of Plassey in 1757 until 1858, when following the 1857 Indian Rebellion, the British Crown assumed direct colonial rule of India in the new British Raj.}}</ref> and lasted from 1858 to 1947.<ref name=period-of-raj-stacked>
	*{{citation\|last=Vanderven\|first=Elizabeth\|chapter=National Education Systems: Asia\|editor1-last=Rury\|editor1-first=John L.\|editor2-last=Tamura\|editor2-first=Eileen H.\|title=The Oxford Handbook of the History of Education\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|pages=213–227, 222\|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mc-aDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA222\|year=2019\|isbn=978-0-19-934003-3\|quote=During the British East India Company's domination of the Indian subcontinent (1757–1858) and the subsequent British Raj (1858–1947), it was Western-style education that came to be promoted by many as the base upon which a national and uniform education system should be built.}}		*{{citation\|last=Vanderven\|first=Elizabeth\|chapter=National Education Systems: Asia\|editor1-last=Rury\|editor1-first=John L.\|editor2-last=Tamura\|editor2-first=Eileen H.\|title=The Oxford Handbook of the History of Education\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|pages=213–227, 222\|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mc-aDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA222\|year=2019\|isbn=978-0-19-934003-3\|quote=During the British East India Company's domination of the Indian subcontinent (1757–1858) and the subsequent British Raj (1858–1947), it was Western-style education that came to be promoted by many as the base upon which a national and uniform education system should be built.}}
	*{{citation\|last=Lapidus\|first=Ira M.\|title=A History of Islamic Societies\|edition=3\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZkJpBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA393\|page=393\|year=2014\|isbn=978-0-521-51430-9\|quote=Table 14. ''Muslim India: outline chronology''<br />Mughal Empire ... 1526–1858 <br />Akbar I ... 1556–1605 <br /> Aurengzeb ... 1658–1707 <br /> British victory at Plassey ... 1757 <br /> Britain becomes paramount power ... 1818<br />British Raj ... 1858–1947}}</ref> The region under British control was commonly called '''India''' in contemporaneous usage and included areas directly administered by the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland\|United Kingdom]], which were collectively called [[Presidencies and provinces of British India\|British India]], and areas ruled by indigenous rulers, but under British [[British paramountcy\|paramountcy]], called the [[princely state]]s. The region was sometimes called the '''Indian Empire''', though not officially.<ref>{{citation\|last1=Bowen\|first1=H. V.\|last2=Mancke\|first2=Elizabeth\|last3=Reid\|first3=John G.\|title=Britain's Oceanic Empire: Atlantic and Indian Ocean Worlds, C. 1550–1850\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oi9neJg39wcC&pg=PA106\|year=2012\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|isbn=978-1-107-02014-6\|page=106}} Quote: "British India, meanwhile, was itself the powerful 'metropolis' of its own colonial empire, 'the Indian empire'."</ref>		*{{citation\|last=Lapidus\|first=Ira M.\|title=A History of Islamic Societies\|edition=3\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZkJpBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA393\|page=393\|year=2014\|isbn=978-0-521-51430-9\|quote=Table 14. ''Muslim India: outline chronology''<br />Mughal Empire ... 1526–1858 <br />Akbar I ... 1556–1605 <br /> Aurengzeb ... 1658–1707 <br /> British victory at Plassey ... 1757 <br /> Britain becomes paramount power ... 1818<br />British Raj ... 1858–1947}}</ref> The region under British control was commonly called '''India''' in contemporaneous usage and included areas directly administered by the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland\|United Kingdom]], which were collectively called [[Presidencies and provinces of British India\|British India]], and areas ruled by indigenous rulers, but under [[British]] [[British paramountcy\|paramountcy]], called the [[princely state]]s. The region was sometimes called the '''Indian Empire''', though not officially.<ref>{{citation\|last1=Bowen\|first1=H. V.\|last2=Mancke\|first2=Elizabeth\|last3=Reid\|first3=John G.\|title=Britain's Oceanic Empire: Atlantic and Indian Ocean Worlds, C. 1550–1850\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oi9neJg39wcC&pg=PA106\|year=2012\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|isbn=978-1-107-02014-6\|page=106}} Quote: "British India, meanwhile, was itself the powerful 'metropolis' of its own colonial empire, 'the Indian empire'."</ref>

	As ''India'', it was a founding member of the [[League of Nations]], a participating nation in the [[India at the Olympics\|Summer Olympics]] in [[India at the 1900 Summer Olympics\|1900]], [[India at the 1920 Summer Olympics\|1920]], [[India at the 1928 Summer Olympics\|1928]], [[India at the 1932 Summer Olympics\|1932]], and [[India at the 1936 Summer Olympics\|1936]], and a [[Member states of the United Nations\|founding member]] of the [[United Nations]] in [[United Nations Conference on International Organization\|San Francisco in 1945]].<ref name="mansergh-UN-SanFrancisco">{{citation\|last=Mansergh\|first=Nicholas\|author-link=Nicholas Mansergh\|title=Constitutional relations between Britain and India\|year=1974\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DJkOAQAAMAAJ\|access-date=19 September 2013\|publisher=His Majesty's Stationery Office\|location=London\|page=xxx\|isbn=9780115800160}} Quote: "[[Viceroy's Executive Council\|India Executive Council]]: Sir [[Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar]], Sir [[Firoz Khan Noon]] and Sir [[V. T. Krishnamachari]] served as India's delegates to the London Commonwealth Meeting, April 1945, and the U.N. San Francisco Conference on International Organisation, April–June 1945."</ref>		As ''India'', it was a founding member of the [[League of Nations]], a participating nation in the [[India at the Olympics\|Summer Olympics]] in [[India at the 1900 Summer Olympics\|1900]], [[India at the 1920 Summer Olympics\|1920]], [[India at the 1928 Summer Olympics\|1928]], [[India at the 1932 Summer Olympics\|1932]], and [[India at the 1936 Summer Olympics\|1936]], and a [[Member states of the United Nations\|founding member]] of the [[United Nations]] in [[United Nations Conference on International Organization\|San Francisco in 1945]].<ref name="mansergh-UN-SanFrancisco">{{citation\|last=Mansergh\|first=Nicholas\|author-link=Nicholas Mansergh\|title=Constitutional relations between Britain and India\|year=1974\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DJkOAQAAMAAJ\|access-date=19 September 2013\|publisher=His Majesty's Stationery Office\|location=London\|page=xxx\|isbn=9780115800160}} Quote: "[[Viceroy's Executive Council\|India Executive Council]]: Sir [[Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar]], Sir [[Firoz Khan Noon]] and Sir [[V. T. Krishnamachari]] served as India's delegates to the London Commonwealth Meeting, April 1945, and the U.N. San Francisco Conference on International Organisation, April–June 1945."</ref>

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	{{Short description\|1858–1947 British colonial rule on the Indian subcontinent}}		{{Short description\|1858–1947 British colonial rule on the Indian subcontinent}}
	{{Redirect\|British Empire in India\|other uses\|India (disambiguation)\|other Indian empires\|History of India}}		{{Redirect\|British Empire in India\|other uses\|India (disambiguation)\|other Indian empires\|History of India}}
	{{About\|the rule of India by the British Crown from 1858 to 1947\|the rule of the East India Company from 1757 to 1858\|Company rule in India}}		{{About\|the rule of India by the British Crown from 1858 to 1947\|the rule of the East India Company from 1757 to 1858\|Company rule in India\|British directly-ruled administrative divisions in India\|Presidencies and provinces of British India}}
	~~{{for~~\|British directly-ruled administrative divisions in India\|Presidencies and provinces of British India}}
	{{Redirect\|Indian Empire\|other empires that occupied the Indian subcontinent\|List of Indian monarchs}}		{{Redirect\|Indian Empire\|other empires that occupied the Indian subcontinent\|List of Indian monarchs}}

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	</ref><ref>{{Harvnb\|Brown\|1994\|p=330}} Quote: "India had always been a minority interest in British public life; no great body of public opinion now emerged to argue that war-weary and impoverished Britain should send troops and money to hold it against its will in an empire of doubtful value. By late 1946 both Prime Minister and Secretary of State for India recognized that neither international opinion no their own voters would stand for any reassertion of the ''raj'', even if there had been the men, money, and administrative machinery with which to do so." {{Harvnb\|Sarkar\|2004\|p=418}} Quote: "With a war weary army and people and a ravaged economy, Britain would have had to retreat; the Labour victory only quickened the process somewhat." {{Harvnb\|Metcalf\|Metcalf\|2006\|p=212}} Quote: "More importantly, though victorious in war, Britain had suffered immensely in the struggle. It simply did not possess the manpower or economic resources required to coerce a restive India."</ref> decided to end British rule of India, and in early 1947 Britain announced its intention of transferring power no later than June 1948.<ref name="British Raj Independence movement">{{cite web\|title=From Empire to Independence: The British Raj in India 1858–1947\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/modern/independence1947_01.shtml\|website= History\|publisher=BBC\|access-date=2 August 2014 \| last=Dr Chandrika Kaul \|date=3 March 2011}}</ref>		</ref><ref>{{Harvnb\|Brown\|1994\|p=330}} Quote: "India had always been a minority interest in British public life; no great body of public opinion now emerged to argue that war-weary and impoverished Britain should send troops and money to hold it against its will in an empire of doubtful value. By late 1946 both Prime Minister and Secretary of State for India recognized that neither international opinion no their own voters would stand for any reassertion of the ''raj'', even if there had been the men, money, and administrative machinery with which to do so." {{Harvnb\|Sarkar\|2004\|p=418}} Quote: "With a war weary army and people and a ravaged economy, Britain would have had to retreat; the Labour victory only quickened the process somewhat." {{Harvnb\|Metcalf\|Metcalf\|2006\|p=212}} Quote: "More importantly, though victorious in war, Britain had suffered immensely in the struggle. It simply did not possess the manpower or economic resources required to coerce a restive India."</ref> decided to end British rule of India, and in early 1947 Britain announced its intention of transferring power no later than June 1948.<ref name="British Raj Independence movement">{{cite web\|title=From Empire to Independence: The British Raj in India 1858–1947\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/modern/independence1947_01.shtml\|website= History\|publisher=BBC\|access-date=2 August 2014 \| last=Dr Chandrika Kaul \|date=3 March 2011}}</ref>

	As independence approached, the violence between Hindus and Muslims in the provinces of Punjab and Bengal continued unabated. With the British army unprepared for the potential for increased violence, the new viceroy, [[Louis Mountbatten]], advanced the date for the transfer of power, allowing less than six months for a mutually agreed plan for independence.<ref name="Indian Independence movement">{{cite web\|title=Indian Independence\|url=http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelpregion/asia/india/indianindependence/\|website=British Library: Help for Researchers\|publisher=British Library\|access-date=2 August 2014 \|quote=portal to educational sources available in the India Office Records}}</ref~~><ref name="British Raj Independence movement"/~~> With the [[partition of India]], the end of the British rule in India in August 1947 saw the creation of two separate states of India and Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web\|title=The Road to Partition 1939–1947\|url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/the-road-to-partition/\|website=Nationalarchives.gov.uk Classroom Resources\|publisher=National Archives\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214075020/http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/the-road-to-partition/ \|access-date=2 August 2014\|archive-date=14 February 2015 }}</ref>		As independence approached, the violence between Hindus and Muslims in the provinces of Punjab and Bengal continued unabated. With the British army unprepared for the potential for increased violence, the new viceroy, [[Louis Mountbatten]], advanced the date for the transfer of power, allowing less than six months for a mutually agreed plan for independence.<ref name="British Raj Independence movement"/><ref name="Indian Independence movement">{{cite web\|title=Indian Independence\|url=http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelpregion/asia/india/indianindependence/\|website=British Library: Help for Researchers\|publisher=British Library\|access-date=2 August 2014 \|quote=portal to educational sources available in the India Office Records}}</ref> With the [[partition of India]], the end of the British rule in India in August 1947 saw the creation of two separate states of India and Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web\|title=The Road to Partition 1939–1947\|url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/the-road-to-partition/\|website=Nationalarchives.gov.uk Classroom Resources\|publisher=National Archives\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214075020/http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/the-road-to-partition/ \|access-date=2 August 2014\|archive-date=14 February 2015 }}</ref>

	On 15 August 1947, the new [[Dominion of Pakistan]] (later [[Islamic Republic of Pakistan]]), with Muhammad Ali Jinnah as the governor-general; and the [[Dominion of India]], (later [[Republic of India]]) with [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] as the [[Prime Minister of India\|prime minister]], and the viceroy, [[Louis Mountbatten]], staying on as its first governor-general came into being; with official ceremonies taking place in [[Karachi]] on 14 August and [[New Delhi]] on 15 August. This was done so that Mountbatten could attend both ceremonies.<ref>Ian Talbot and Gurharpal Singh, The Partition of India (2009), passim</ref>		On 15 August 1947, the new [[Dominion of Pakistan]] (later [[Islamic Republic of Pakistan]]), with Muhammad Ali Jinnah as the governor-general; and the [[Dominion of India]], (later [[Republic of India]]) with [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] as the [[Prime Minister of India\|prime minister]], and the viceroy, [[Louis Mountbatten]], staying on as its first governor-general came into being; with official ceremonies taking place in [[Karachi]] on 14 August and [[New Delhi]] on 15 August. This was done so that Mountbatten could attend both ceremonies.<ref>Ian Talbot and Gurharpal Singh, The Partition of India (2009), passim</ref>
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	* Philips, Cyril H. ed. ''Historians of India, Pakistan and Ceylon'' (1961), reviews the older scholarship.		* Philips, Cyril H. ed. ''Historians of India, Pakistan and Ceylon'' (1961), reviews the older scholarship.
	* {{cite journal \| last1 = Stern \| first1 = Philip J \| year = 2009 \| title = History and Historiography of the English East India Company: Past, Present, and Future \| journal = History Compass \| volume = 7 \| issue = 4\| pages = 1146–80 \| doi=10.1111/j.1478-0542.2009.00617.x}}		* {{cite journal \| last1 = Stern \| first1 = Philip J \| year = 2009 \| title = History and Historiography of the English East India Company: Past, Present, and Future \| journal = History Compass \| volume = 7 \| issue = 4\| pages = 1146–80 \| doi=10.1111/j.1478-0542.2009.00617.x}}
	* Stern, Philip J. "Early Eighteenth-Century British India: Antimeridian or antemeridiem?". ''Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History'' 21.2 (2020), pp. 1–26, focus on C.A. Bayly, ''Imperial Meridian'' [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/761127/summary online].		* Stern, Philip J. "Early Eighteenth-Century British India: Antimeridian or antemeridiem?". ''Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History'' 21.2 (2020), pp. 1–26, focus on C.A. Bayly, ''Imperial Meridian'' [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/761127/summary online].
	* {{cite journal \|last=Whitehead \|first=Clive \|year=2005 \|title=The historiography of British imperial education policy, Part I: India \|journal=History of Education \|volume=34 \|issue=3 \|pages=315–329 \|doi=10.1080/00467600500065340\|s2cid=144515505 }}		* {{cite journal \|last=Whitehead \|first=Clive \|year=2005 \|title=The historiography of British imperial education policy, Part I: India \|journal=History of Education \|volume=34 \|issue=3 \|pages=315–329 \|doi=10.1080/00467600500065340\|s2cid=144515505 }}
	* Winks, Robin, ed. ''[https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofb0005unse/page/n5/mode/2up Historiography]'' (1999), vol. 5 in William Roger Louis, eds. ''The Oxford History of the British Empire''.		* Winks, Robin, ed. ''[https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofb0005unse/page/n5/mode/2up Historiography]'' (1999), vol. 5 in William Roger Louis, eds. ''The Oxford History of the British Empire''.