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	<id>https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?action=history&amp;feed=atom&amp;title=British_Pashtuns</id>
	<title>British Pashtuns - Revision history</title>
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	<updated>2026-10-26T11:14:34Z</updated>
	<subtitle>Revision history for this page on the wiki</subtitle>
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	<entry>
		<id>https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_Pashtuns&amp;diff=413361&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>CleanupBot II: Removed empty portal template using script</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_Pashtuns&amp;diff=413361&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2023-08-15T18:08:12Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Removed empty portal template using script&lt;/p&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Older revision&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Revision as of 23:38, 15 August 2023&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l69&quot;&gt;Line 69:&lt;/td&gt;
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&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;==See also==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;==See also==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;{{Portal|United Kingdom|Pakistan|Afghanistan}}&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* [[Pashtun diaspora]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* [[Pashtun diaspora]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* [[British Pakistanis]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* [[British Pakistanis]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
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		<author><name>CleanupBot II</name></author>
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	<entry>
		<id>https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_Pashtuns&amp;diff=413229&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Ajay Kumar: Creating a new article</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_Pashtuns&amp;diff=413229&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2023-08-15T10:02:22Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Creating a new article&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;New page&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;{{Infobox ethnic group&lt;br /&gt;
| native_name      = &lt;br /&gt;
| native_name_lang = &lt;br /&gt;
| image            = &lt;br /&gt;
| image_caption    = &lt;br /&gt;
| population       = {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;United Kingdom: 41,234 (2011)&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt; {{flagicon|England}} [[England]]: 48,163 (2021)&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;2021census&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt; {{flagicon|Scotland}} [[Scotland]]: 874 (2011)&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;SC2011&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt; {{flagicon|Wales}} [[Wales]]: 542 (2021)&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;2021census&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt; [[Northern Ireland]]: 96 (2021)&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;NISRA2021&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
| regions          = {{hlist|[[Greater London]]|[[Birmingham]]|[[Bradford]]|[[Manchester]]|[[Leeds]]|[[Sheffield]]|[[Luton]]|[[Coventry]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
| languages        = {{hlist|[[English language|English]]|[[Pashto]]|[[Urdu]]|[[Dari]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
| religions        = Predominantly [[Islam]]&lt;br /&gt;
| related_groups   = {{hlist|[[British Pakistanis]]|[[Afghans in the United Kingdom|British Afghans]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
| footnotes        = &lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;British Pashtuns&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; ({{lang-ps|انګرېز پښتانه}}) are citizens or residents of the [[United Kingdom]] who are of [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] ancestry. As of the [[2021 United Kingdom census|2021 census]], there were at least 48,000 Pashto-speakers living in the UK. According to other estimates, the total population of British Pashtuns is as high as 100,000, making them the largest [[Pashtun diaspora]] community in Europe.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Reuters&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A part of the wider [[British Pakistanis|British Pakistani]] and [[Afghans in the United Kingdom|British Afghan]] populations, and also known as Pathans in South Asia, most Pashtuns in Britain trace their origins to the [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] region of northwest Pakistan and to the country of Afghanistan, although sizeable minorities of Pathan ancestry from outside of these regions and of a non-Pashto speaking background also exist. The largest British Pashtun populations are principally found in [[Greater London]], followed by the cities of [[Birmingham]], [[Bradford]] and [[Manchester]] in England.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==History==&lt;br /&gt;
===Colonial era===&lt;br /&gt;
The Pashtuns, also historically referred to as ethnic [[Afghan (ethnonym)|Afghans]] and as Pathans in other parts of South Asia, speak [[Pashto]] and originate from the [[Pashtunistan]] region of northwest [[Pakistan]] and [[Afghanistan]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Reuters&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/pakistan-violence-pashtuns-idINL86125020090610|title=Support for Taliban dives among British Pashtuns|work=Reuters|date=10 June 2009|access-date=28 July 2023|first=William|last=Maclean}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Bokhari&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://eprints.worc.ac.uk/4069/1/Sophia%20Bokhari%20Final%20Thesis%20September%202015.pdf|title=North Western Pakistani Pashtun Perspectives on the Educational Achievement of their Children in England|work=University of Worcester|date=July 2015|access-date=29 July 2023|first=Sophia|last=Bokhari}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; They comprise a sizeable segment of the over one-million strong [[British Pakistanis|British Pakistani]] community.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Reuters&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;DCLG1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20120919132719/http:/www.communities.gov.uk/documents/communities/pdf/1170952.pdf|title=The Pakistani Muslim Community in England|work=[[Department for Communities and Local Government]]|author=Change Institute|date=March 2009|access-date=28 July 2023|pages=7, 8, 38, 41}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; They also represent the largest ethnicity amongst the [[Afghans in the United Kingdom|British Afghan]] community.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;DCLG2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20120919122719/http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/communities/pdf/1203127.pdf|title=The Afghan Muslim Community in England|work=Department for Communities and Local Government|author=Change Institute|date=April 2009|access-date=28 July 2023|pages=35, 36}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; [[Afghanistan–United Kingdom relations|Anglo-Afghan relations]] date back to the early 19th century. Following the conclusion of the [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]] in 1849, the [[Second Anglo-Afghan War]] in 1880 and the demarcation of the [[Durand Line]] with Afghanistan in 1893, Pashtun territories east of the frontier were [[Military history of the North-West Frontier|annexed by Britain]] and amalgamated into the [[North-West Frontier Province]] (NWFP) and upper [[Baluchistan (Chief Commissioner&amp;#039;s Province)|Baluchistan]] regions of [[British Raj|British India]] – now part of Pakistan – with the [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas|Frontier Tribal Areas]] forming a &amp;quot;buffer zone&amp;quot; between British India and Afghanistan.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/pashto.htm|title=Pashto under the British Empire|work=The British Empire|access-date=31 July 2023|first=Ali|last=Jan}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Contesting_Justice_in_South_Asia/bIdDDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;amp;gbpv=1&amp;amp;pg=PA94|title=Contesting Justice in South Asia|first=Deepak|last=Mehta|first2=Rahil|last2=Roy|publisher=SAGE Publications|date=2017|isbn=9789352805259|page=94}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As British subjects, Pashtuns were amongst the [[Indian indenture system|indentured workers]] who were transported for labour from British India to various other British colonies starting in the 19th century.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.guyana.org/features/afghanguyanese_muslim.html|title=The Afghan Muslims of Guyana and Suriname|work=Guyana.org|date=March 2003|access-date=31 July 2023|first=Raymond|last=Chickrie|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829174647/http://www.guyana.org/features/afghanguyanese_muslim.html|archive-date=29 August 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6HEMAQAAMAAJ|title=A History of Pashtun Migration, 1775-2006|first=Robert|last=Nichols|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2008|isbn=9780195476002}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In the first half of the 20th century, Pashtun men from British India were actively recruited as seamen, or &amp;#039;&amp;#039;[[lascar]]s&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, for British steamship companies while others arrived to work industrial jobs in Britain. They lived mostly in working-class neighbourhoods and some of these men are known to have married local British women.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Holland&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; In addition, the North-West Frontier was a fertile recruiting ground for the [[British Indian Army]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;BBC1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Bokhari&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; The outbreak of [[Indian Army during World War I|World War I]] and [[Indian Army during World War II|World War II]] saw the deployment of thousands of Pashtun soldiers to other parts of the [[British Empire]] in support of the imperial war effort. Many of these men would end up in Great Britain to help fill up labour shortages, working in army canteens and munitions factories, and some stayed on in the UK after the wars ended.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Bokhari&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; There were also those who travelled to Britain during the colonial era to pursue higher education at major educational institutions, although most of them were temporary migrants and returned home upon the completion of their studies.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Bokhari&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Postcolonial era===&lt;br /&gt;
After the [[Partition of India|partition of British India]] and Pakistan&amp;#039;s [[Pakistan Movement|independence]] in 1947, emigrants from the erstwhile NWFP – now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa – were among the first group of Pakistanis to arrive in Britain in the 1950s and 1960s, alongside [[British Mirpuris|Mirpuris]] and [[British Punjabis|Punjabis]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Bokhari&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;BBC1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/uk_1.shtml|title=History of Islam in the UK|work=BBC News|date=7 September 2009|access-date=28 July 2023|quote=Most immigrants came from farming areas such as Azad Kashmir and the Northwest Frontier, which had close connections with Britain as established recruiting grounds for the British army and the merchant navy.}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Immigration to Britain was made easier by the fact that Pakistan was a [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] member state.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;BBC1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; These early migrants tended to be from rural areas in the NWFP and they too found employment in various British manufacturing industries, helping plug workforce scarcity in the post-war economy.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Bokhari&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;BBC1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; It was not uncommon for men to migrate first, in order to support extended family members back home through [[remittance]]s, before settling their wives and children in the UK permanently.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Bokhari&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rnQOEAAAQBAJ|title=Arc of the Journeyman: Afghan Migrants in England|first=Nichola|last=Khan|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|date=2021|isbn=9781452963891}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; A professional and more urbanised stream of Pakistani immigrants including doctors entered the UK in the 1960s.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Bokhari&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; The beginning of the decades-long [[Afghan conflict]] in 1979 led to a [[Afghan refugees|large exodus]] of Afghan Pashtun immigrants to Western countries, with many settling in the UK.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;DCLG2&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Demographics==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:City of London skyline from London City Hall - Sept 2015 - Crop Aligned.jpg|thumb|250px|The [[Greater London]] area is home to the largest British Pashtun population.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Population===&lt;br /&gt;
As the [[Census in the United Kingdom|British census]] only collects data based on national origin, Pashtuns usually self-report their ethnicity as Pakistani or Afghan for statistical purposes.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Bokhari&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; As of 2009, the total Pashtun population in the UK was estimated to number 100,000.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Reuters&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; The language database &amp;#039;&amp;#039;[[Ethnologue]]&amp;#039;&amp;#039; reported at least 87,000 Pashto-speakers in the UK.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/country/GB|title=United Kingdom|work=Ethnologue|access-date=4 August 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407085109/http://www.ethnologue.com/country/GB|archive-date=7 April 2014}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; According to another estimate, Pashtuns accounted for about 11 percent of the British Pakistani population as of 2014, which numbered over 1.1 million at the time.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;IGC&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.theigc.org/sites/default/files/2014/09/Amid-and-Arif-2014.pdf|title=Analysing the impact of overseas migration and workers&amp;#039; remittances in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|work=[[International Growth Centre]]|first=Rashid|last=Amjad|first2=G.M.|last2=Arif|date=January 2014|access-date=7 August 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807090055/https://www.theigc.org/sites/default/files/2014/09/Amid-and-Arif-2014.pdf|archive-date=7 August 2023|page=5|url-status=live|quote=However, available statistics show that about 11% of Pakistani-origin in UK are Pushto speaking...}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the [[2011 United Kingdom census|2011 census]], Pashto was identified as a native tongue by 40,277 individuals in [[England]] and [[Wales]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;2011census&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/aboutus/transparencyandgovernance/freedomofinformationfoi/listallthelanguagesspokenintheukin2021census|title=List all the languages spoken in the UK in 2021 census|work=Office for National Statistics|date=27 May 2022|access-date=4 August 2023}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In [[Scotland]] and [[Northern Ireland]], this figure stood at 874 and 83 respectively.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;SC2011&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/documents/additional_tables/AT_002_2011.xls|title=Language used at home other than English (detailed), Scotland|work=Scotland&amp;#039;s Census 2011 – [[National Records of Scotland]]|date=2011|access-date=4 August 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712224727/https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/documents/additional_tables/AT_002_2011.xls|archive-date=12 July 2017}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nisra.gov.uk/publications/2011-census-quick-statistics-tables-ethnicity-identity-language-and-religion|title=QS210NI Main Language – Full Detail|work=Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency|date=28 February 2013|access-date=4 August 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922143830/https://www.nisra.gov.uk/publications/2011-census-quick-statistics-tables-ethnicity-identity-language-and-religion|archive-date=22 September 2022|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In the [[England school census]] of 2012, 12,035 pupils with [[English as a second or foreign language|English as a second language]] in state-funded schools listed Pashto as their first language; this marked an increase from 7,090 pupils in 2008 and 10,950 pupils in 2011.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Bokhari&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.naldic.org.uk/research-and-information/eal-statistics/lang/|title=Languages in schools|work=National Association for Language Development in the Curriculum|date=2015|access-date=4 August 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322020611/http://www.naldic.org.uk/research-and-information/eal-statistics/lang/|archive-date=22 March 2022|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In the [[2021 United Kingdom census|2021 census]] results, there were 48,163 speakers of Pashto in England, 542 in Wales and 96 in Northern Ireland, reflecting an overall increase in the British Pashtun population; census figures for Scotland were yet to release.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;2021census&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/census/2021/bulk|title=Ethnicity, Identity, Language and Religion, TS024 – Main language (detailed)|work=[[Office for National Statistics]]|date=2023|access-date=4 August 2023}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;NISRA2021&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nisra.gov.uk/publications/census-2021-main-statistics-language-tables|title=MS-B13 Main language – Full Detail|work=[[Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency]]|date=22 September 2022|access-date=4 August 2023}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Population distribution===&lt;br /&gt;
England, and the [[Greater London]] region in particular, are home to the largest Pashtun communities in the UK.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;DCLG1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;DCLG2&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; The regions with the next biggest populations are the [[West Midlands (region)|West Midlands]], [[Yorkshire and the Humber]], [[North West England]], [[South East England]] and the [[East of England]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;2021census&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; The London boroughs with the largest Pashtun populations are [[London Borough of Barnet|Barnet]], [[London Borough of Harrow|Harrow]], [[London Borough of Brent|Brent]], [[London Borough of Ealing|Ealing]], [[London Borough of Hillingdon|Hillingdon]], [[London Borough of Hounslow|Hounslow]], [[London Borough of Newham|Newham]], [[London Borough of Redbridge|Redbridge]] and [[London Borough of Croydon|Croydon]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;2021census&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; Outside of London, the most significant concentration of Pashtuns is in the city of [[Birmingham]], followed by [[Bradford]], [[Manchester]], [[Leeds]], [[Sheffield]], [[Luton]] and [[Coventry]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;2021census&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; Many Pashtuns reside in [[ethnic enclave]]s where Pakistanis and other [[British Asians|Asians]] form a substantial population.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Bokhari&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
British-Pakistani Pashtuns are often broadly categorised into two demographic groups. The first and larger group comprises ethnic Pashtuns hailing from their native region, [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], who are predominately Pashto-speaking.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Shaw&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K_pGGU0cOT4C|title=Kinship and Continuity: Pakistani Families in Britain|first=Alison|last=Shaw|publisher=Psychology Press|date=2000|isbn=9789058230768|pages=17, 26–32, 116, 120}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; They originate from various districts in the province, including [[Peshawar District|Peshawar]], [[Mardan District|Mardan]], [[Swat District|Swat]], [[Nowshera District|Nowshera]], [[Kohat District|Kohat]], [[Bannu District|Bannu]] and [[Swabi District|Swabi]], as well as the [[Hazara Division|Hazara]] region.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Bokhari&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Lewis&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QLLLEAAAQBAJ&amp;amp;pg=PT56|title=Islamic Britain: Religion, Politics and Identity Among British Muslims|first=Philip|last=Lewis|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|date=2002|isbn=9780755615667|pages=56, 76}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Reuters&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;BBC2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-birmingham-10908372|title=Birmingham couple murdered on trip to Pakistan|work=BBC|date=8 August 2010|access-date=7 August 2023}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The village of [[Saleh Khana]] in Nowshera District has been referred to as &amp;quot;Little England&amp;quot; due to its large expatriate population in Britain, primarily in the West Midlands region.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;BBC2&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2010/aug/09/british-couple-killed-in-pakistan-176777.html|title=British couple killed in Pakistan|work=New Indian Express|date=9 August 2010|access-date=7 August 2023}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The second group consists of the Pathan ethnic minorities belonging to other provinces, who are primarily non-Pashto speaking but are of Pashtun ancestry. This latter group includes, for example, the [[Pathans of Punjab|Punjabi-speaking Pathans]] of [[Attock District|Attock]], located in the [[Chhachh]] region of northern [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], whose history of emigration to the UK dates back to the pre-independence era.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Shaw&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Holland&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/24413/1/David%20Holland%20-%20Complete%20thesis%20final%20draft%2007%2007%202019.pdf|title=Natives and Newcomers, Marriage and Belonging|first=David|last=Holland|work=University of Sheffield|date=1 February 2019|access-date=7 August 2023}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
British-Afghan Pashtuns also originate from different regions in Afghanistan, such as [[Kabul Province|Kabul]], [[Nangarhar Province|Nangarhar]], [[Kandahar Province|Kandahar]], [[Maidan Wardak Province|Wardak]], [[Logar Province|Logar]], [[Khost Province|Khost]] and [[Loya Paktia]], as well as some from the northern regions of the country.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;DCLG2&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Culture==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Chapli Kebab.jpg|thumb|left|A plate of lamb [[chapli kebab]] served at a restaurant in Birmingham.]]&lt;br /&gt;
British Pashtuns belong to several [[Pashtun tribes|tribes]] and speak a variety of [[Pashto dialects]], depending on their geographical origin.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;DCLG2&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Bokhari&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; [[Urdu in the United Kingdom|Urdu]] and [[Dari]], which are national languages in Pakistan and Afghanistan respectively, are commonly spoken as additional languages.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://sites.manchester.ac.uk/mlm-datatool/language-profiles/pashto/|title=Pashto|work=Multilingual Manchester Data Tool|access-date=12 August 2023}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; They are a predominately [[Muslim]] community, traditional in outlook, and follow the cultural code known as [[Pashtunwali]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Shaw&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Bokhari&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Holland&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; Many of them carry the surname [[Khan (surname)|Khan]], although not all Khans are necessarily Pashtun.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Shaw&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
British Pashtuns remain socially active within their communities through cultural organisations such as the Pukhtoon Cultural Society, United Pashtun Society, Pak Pashtoon Association and the Pashtun Trust.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Lewis&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KYVu75ghfuM|title=United Pashtun Society UK organizes convention for unity against all anti-Pakistan forces|work=[[Geo News]]|language=ur|date=12 July 2019|access-date=12 August 2023|via=YouTube}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.pakpashtoon.co.uk/|title=Homepage|work=Pak Pashtoon Association|access-date=12 August 2023}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.pashtuntrust.com/|title=Homepage|work=Pashtun Trust|access-date=12 August 2023}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; They also maintain ties with their homeland, socially and politically.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Reuters&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; Pakistani political parties, including those with strong Pashtun constituencies such as the [[Awami National Party]] and [[Pashtun Tahaffuz Movement]], operate in the UK through their locally registered chapters.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PQqzxOGgKn8|title=Geo News Special - MNA Nisar meets ANP UK leaders|work=Geo News|via=YouTube|language=ur|date=29 December 2019|access-date=13 August 2023}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;PTM&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-56067724|title=Yousaf Ali Khan: British-Pakistani activist held in Pakistan over London speech|work=BBC|date=17 February 2021|access-date=7 August 2023}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Restaurants and eateries serving authentic [[Pashtun cuisine]] are readily available in major cities of England. Popular dishes include the [[Chicken karahi|gosht karahi]], [[Kabuli pulao]], chapli kebab, [[naan]] bread and various kinds of barbecued [[Tikka (food)|tikka]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://london.eater.com/2019/7/30/20732092/pakistani-restaurants-london-namak-mandi-tooting-peshawar|title=Karahi and Pulao Are the Stars at South London’s Peerless Pashtun Restaurant|work=Eater London|date=30 July 2019|access-date=13 August 2023|first=Rida|last=Bilgrami}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.theinfatuation.com/london/guides/best-pakistani-restaurants-london|title=The 16 Best Pakistani Restaurants In London|work=[[The Infatuation]]|date=28 April 2023|access-date=13 August 2023|first=Rianne|last=Shlebak|first2=Sinéad|last2=Cranna|first3=Jake|last3=Missing|first4=Daisy|last4=Meager}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; [[BBC Pashto]], based out of London, is the largest media service catering to the Pashtun community in Britain.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;DCLG2&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Cricket]] and [[Association football|football]] are the most popular sports played among young British Pashtuns.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/2019-world-cup-afghanistan-vs-pakistan-clashes-in-stands-at-headingley-as-afghanistan-pakistan-turns-ugly-1191551|title=Clashes in stands at Headingley as Afghanistan-Pakistan turns ugly|work=espnCricinfo|date=29 June 2019|access-date=13 August 2023|first=Sidharth|last=Monga}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/3015029/Londons-Afghan-FC-play-on-despite-concern-over-fate-of-their-homeland.html|title=London&amp;#039;s Afghan FC play on despite concern over fate of their homeland|work=Telegraph|date=18 October 2001|access-date=13 August 2023|first=Gareth A|last=Davies}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Afghan-born cricketer [[Hamidullah Qadri]] has played for England at the [[England under-19 cricket team|under-19]] level.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Donald&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Notable people==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Dynamic list}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:IvsOiqYz.jpg|thumb|[[Nazir Afzal]], former prosecutor in the [[Crown Prosecution Service]] and current chancellor of the University of Manchester.]]&lt;br /&gt;
The following is a list of notable personalities; the listees are British citizens or residents unless otherwise noted:&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Nazir Afzal]], solicitor and crown prosecutor.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2012/nov/21/nazir-afzal-cps-child-abuse|title=Nazir Afzal: how the CPS plans to bring more child abusers to justice|work=The Guardian|date=21 November 2012|access-date=5 August 2023|quote=One of seven children, Afzal was born in the UK to a patriotic Pashtun ex‑British Army tea wallah.}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Salma Agha]], playback singer and actress who worked in Pakistani and Bollywood films.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/web-stories/all-you-need-to-know-about-salma-agha/photostory/87758885.cms|title=All you need to know about Salma Agha|work=Times of India|date=17 November 2021|access-date=5 August 2023}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Shaheen Sardar Ali]], law academic.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-law-and-religion/article/abs/modern-challenges-to-islamic-law-by-shaheen-sardar-ali-cambridge-cambridge-university-press-2016-pp-324-4199-paper-isbn-9781107639096/15770F758D6E3FF41C43871C579E0997|title=Modern Challenges to Islamic Law|work=Cambridge|first=Shaheen Sardar|last=Ali|quote=Navigating through multiple identities as a Pashtun, Muslim, Pakistani, and Briton, she draws a picture of Islamic law...}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Bat for Lashes]], singer and songwriter.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://thegentlewoman.co.uk/library/natasha-khan|title=Natasha Khan|work=The Gentlewoman|date=2016|access-date=5 August 2023|first=Sheryl|last=Garratt|quote=Her father, Rahmat Khan, moved to London from Pashtun, northern Pakistan, in the early 1970s.}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Dynamo (magician)|Dynamo]], magician.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/dynamo-reveals-how-magic-saved-11480756|title=Dynamo reveals how magic saved him from horrific bullying and racial abuse: &amp;#039;I got beaten up every day&amp;#039;|work=Daily Mirror|date=28 November 2017|access-date=5 August 2023|first=Jessica|last=Gibb|quote=Dynamo came from a mixed background - his mum is English and his dad Pathan - and he had a tough time at school.}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Zahid Hussain (author)|Zahid Hussain]], fiction author and Manchester councillor.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite book|last=Chambers|first=Claire|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304681282|title=British Muslim Fictions|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|year=2011|isbn=978-0-230-34308-5|pages=257–269|chapter=Zahid Hussain}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Nazia Iqbal]], Pashto folk singer.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1496605|title=Pashto folk singer shifts to England with family|work=Dawn|date=28 July 2019|access-date=13 August 2023}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Ahsan Khan]], actor.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q2NLmGYCiho&amp;amp;t=6m53s|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/Q2NLmGYCiho|archive-date=21 December 2021|url-status=live|title=Ahsan Khan&amp;#039;s interview with The Current Life|work=The Current Life|via=YouTube|date=24 November 2019|access-date=12 August 2023|quote=Because my father is half Pathan and my mother is a Punjabi...}}{{cbignore}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Hasnat Khan]], heart surgeon; known for his relationship with [[Diana, Princess of Wales]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/style/royals/2013/09/princess-diana-love-hasnat-khan|title=Diana’s Impossible Dream|work=Vanity Fair|date=14 August 2013|access-date=5 August 2023|first=Sarah|last=Ellison|quote=Both Imran and Hasnat (who were distant cousins) were from traditional Pashtun families, and Diana sought out Jemima, who was nearly 15 years her junior, to discuss what it was like to be married to a Pakistani man.}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Reham Khan]], journalist, author and filmmaker.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|url=https://scroll.in/article/887343/theres-much-more-to-reham-khans-memoir-than-imran-khans-scandals|title=There’s much more to Reham Khan’s memoir than Imran Khan’s scandals|work=Scroll|date=21 July 2018|access-date=5 August 2023|first=Devapriya|last=Roy}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Hamidullah Qadri]], first-class cricketer.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Donald&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2017/jul/18/hamid-qadri-spin-kandahar-derby-the-magician-cricket|title=Hamid Qadri: the 16-year-old spinning a message of joy from Kandahar to Derby|work=The Guardian|date=18 July 2017|access-date=5 August 2023|first=Donald|last=McRae}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Robert Warburton]], soldier and administrator in British India.&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Malala Yousafzai]], Pakistani female education activist and Nobel Prize laureate.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-56062789|title=Malala Yousafzai tells Desert Island Discs: &amp;#039;Birmingham has become a second home&amp;#039;|work=BBC|date=14 February 2021|access-date=5 August 2023|first=Hazel|last=Shearing}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Osman Yousefzada]], artist, writer and social activist.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.anothermag.com/design-living/13904/the-go-between-osman-yousefzada-book-review-author-interview-202|title=Osman Yousefzada’s Memoir Will Change the Way You Look at Britain Forever|work=Another Magazine|date=24 February 2022|access-date=5 August 2023|first=Ted|last=Stansfield|quote=Written from Yousefzada’s own perspective, the book details his memories growing up in a Pashtun community...}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Portal|United Kingdom|Pakistan|Afghanistan}}&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Pashtun diaspora]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[British Pakistanis]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Afghans in the United Kingdom]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist|2}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Pashtun diaspora}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Pakistani Diaspora}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Afghan diaspora}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{AsiansinUK}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:British people of Pashtun descent| ]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Pakistani diaspora in the United Kingdom]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Pashtun diaspora]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ajay Kumar</name></author>
	</entry>
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