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{{short description|Dutch international academic publisher}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{primary sources|date=March 2012}}
{{Third-party|date=January 2020}}
}}
{{Infobox publisher
| image = File:Brill Logo.png
| image_size = 180px
| traded_as = {{Euronext|BRILL|NL0000442523|XAMS}}
| parent =
| status =
| founded = {{start date and age|1683}}
| founder = Jordaan Luchtmans
| successor =
| country = [[Netherlands]]
| headquarters = [[Leiden]]
| distribution = Turpin Distribution<ref>[https://brill.com/page/Ordering-Trade/ordering Ordering from Brill]</ref>
| keypeople =
| publications = [[Book]]s, [[academic journal]]s
| topics =
| genre =
| imprints = Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, [[Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|Brill Nijhoff]], Brill Hes & De Graaf, [[Rodopi (publisher)|Brill Rodopi]], [[Wageningen Academic Publishers|Brill Wageningen Academic]]
| revenue =
| numemployees =
| nasdaq =
| url = {{URL|https://brill.com/}}
}}

'''Brill Academic Publishers''' (known as '''E. J. Brill''', '''Koninklijke Brill''', '''Brill''' ({{euronext|BRILL}})) is a Dutch [[Transnational corporation|international]] [[academic publisher]] founded in 1683 in [[Leiden]], [[Netherlands]]. With offices in [[Leiden]], [[Boston]], [[Paderborn]] and [[Singapore]], Brill today publishes 275 journals and around 1200 new books and reference works each year all of which are "subject to external, single or double-blind [[peer review]]."<ref>[https://brill.com/page/2091 Publish with Brill; High Quality]</ref> In addition, Brill provides of primary source materials online and on [[microform]] for researchers in the humanities and social sciences.
[[Image:Brill in Leiden.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Main office building of Brill, Leiden]]

==Areas of publication==
Brill publishes in the following subject areas:

{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* '''Humanities''':
:* African Studies
:* American Studies
:* Ancient Near East and Egypt Studies
:* Archaeology, Art & Architecture
:* Asian Studies (Hotei Publishing and Global Oriental imprints)
:* Classical Studies
:* Education
:* Jewish Studies
:* Literature and Cultural Studies (under the [[Rodopi (publisher)|Brill-Rodopi]] imprint)
:* Media Studies
:* Middle East and Islamic Studies
:* Philosophy
:* Religious Studies
:* Slavic and Eurasian Studies
* '''Law''' (under the [[Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|Brill-Nijhoff]] imprint):
:* Human Rights and Humanitarian Law
:* International Law
:* International Relations
* '''Sciences''':
:* Biology
* '''Social Sciences'''
:* Anthropology
:* Cartography
:* History
:* Language and Linguistics
:* Political Science
:* Sociology
* '''Ecclesiology'''
:* Biblical Studies and Early Christianity
:*Theology and World Christianity
{{div col end}}

==History==
===Luchtmans, 1683–1848===
The roots of Brill go back to 17 May 1683, when the Leiden booksellers' guild registered Jordaan Luchtmans as a bookseller.<ref>Sytze van der Veen, ''Brill: 325 Years of Scholarly Publishing'' (Leiden: Brill, 2008), {{ISBN|978-90-04-17032-2}}), p. 11.</ref> As was customary at the time, Luchtmans combined his bookselling business with publishing, primarily in the fields of biblical studies, theology, Asian languages, and ethnography. Luchtmans established close ties with the [[University of Leiden]], which was then a major center of study in these areas.

===E. J. Brill, 1848–1896===
[[File:EJBrill.jpg|thumb|E. J. Brill (''{{lang|de|Collection Deutsches Buch- und Schriftmuseum}}'')]]

In 1848, the business passed from the Luchtmans family to former employee E. J. (Evert Jan) Brill. In order to cover the financial obligations that he inherited, E. J. Brill liquidated the entire Luchtmans book stock in a series of auctions that took place between 1848 and 1850.<ref>van der Veen, 45.</ref> Brill continued to publish in the traditional core areas of the company, with occasional excursions into other fields. Thus, in 1882, the firm brought out a two-volume ''{{lang|nl|Leerboek der Stoomwerktuigkunde}}'' ("Handbook of Steam Engineering"). More programmatically, however, in 1855 ''{{lang|nl|Het Gebed des Heeren in veertien talen}}'' ("The Lord's Prayer in Fourteen Languages") was meant to publicize Brill's ability to typeset non-Latin alphabets, including Hebrew, Aramaic, Samaritan, Sanskrit, Coptic, Syriac, and Arabic, among others.<ref>van der Veen, 51.</ref>

===Brill goes public, 1896–1945; World War II===
In 1896, Brill became a public limited company, when E. J. Brill's successors, A. P. M. van Oordt and Frans de Stoppelaar, both businessmen with some academic background and interest, died. A series of directors followed, until Theunis Folkers took over the reins in 1934.<ref name=onehundredeight>van der Veen, 108.</ref> At the time, the annual turnover was 132,000 guilders.<ref name=onehundredthree>van der Veen, 103 and 109.</ref> His directorship marked a period of unprecedented growth in the history of the company, due to a large extent to Folkers' cooperation with the German occupying forces during [[World War II]]. For the Germans, Brill printed foreign-language textbooks so that they could manage the territories they occupied, but also military manuals, such as "a manual which trained German officers to distinguish the insignias of the Russian army".<ref name=onehundredeight /> By 1943, the company's turnover had reached 579,000 guilders.<ref name=onehundredthree />

===Brill's recent history, 1945–present===
After the war, the Dutch [[denazification]] committee determined the presence of "enemy money" in Brill's accounts. Folkers was arrested in September 1946, and deprived of the right to hold a managerial post.<ref>van der Veen, 111.</ref> The company itself, however, escaped the aftermath of the war relatively unscathed; after some negotiation its fines were fixed at 57,000 guilders.<ref>van der Veen, 115.</ref>

Brill's path in the post-war years was again marked by ups and downs, though the company remained faithful in its commitment to scholarly publishing. The late 1980s brought an acute crisis due to over-expansion, poor management, as well as general changes in the publishing industry. Thus, in 1988–91 under new management the company underwent a major restructuring, in the course of which it closed some of its foreign offices, including Cologne. Its London branch was already closed by then. Brill, moreover, sold its printing business, which amounted "to amputat[ing] its own limb".<ref>van der Veen, 144.</ref> This was considered painful, but necessary to save the company as a whole. No jobs were lost in the process. The reorganization saved the company, which has since expanded. As of 2008, Brill was publishing around 600 books and 100 journals each year, with a turnover of 26 million euros.<ref>van der Veen, 153.</ref>

===Martinus Nijhoff Publishers===
{{Infobox publisher
| name = Brill–Nijhoff
| image = MNP logo.png
| caption =
| parent = Brill Publishers
| status =
| traded_as =
| predecessor =
| founded = 1853
| founder = Martinus Nijhoff
| successor =
| country = Belgium
| headquarters = [[Leiden]]
| distribution =
| keypeople =
| publications = Books, Journals, E-books and Online platforms
| topics = International Law and Human Rights
| genre =
| imprints =
| revenue =
| owner =
| numemployees =
| website = {{URL|www.brill.com/brill-nijhoff}}
}}
'''Martinus Nijhoff Publishers''' was founded in 1853 by {{ill|Martinus Nijhoff (publisher)|lt=Martinus Nijhoff|nl|Martinus Nijhoff (uitgever)}}, grandfather of the Dutch poet [[Martinus Nijhoff|of the same name]] and a seller of rare books.<ref>{{cite book |title=[[Nieuw Nederlandsch Biografisch Woordenboek]] |chapter=Nijhoff (Martinus) |volume=2 |pages=1010–1011 |chapter-url=http://www.historici.nl/retroboeken/nnbw/#source=2&page=510&accessor=accessor_index |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109071643/http://www.historici.nl/retroboeken/nnbw/ |archive-date=9 January 2014}}</ref> In the 1970s and 80s it became well known as an independent [[international law]] publisher. It was acquired by [[Wolters Kluwer]] in the 1970s<ref name="Hajnal1997">{{cite book |editor=Peter I. Hajnal |title=International Information: Documents, Publications, and Electronic Information of International Governmental Organizations |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-umm7lfWcXEC&pg=PA335 |year=1997 |publisher=[[Libraries Unlimited]] |isbn=978-1-56308-147-7 |pages=335–337 |author=Annebeth Rosenboom |chapter=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers as Disseminator of UN Information}}</ref> and subsequently by Brill Publishers.<ref name=Brill /> The name was changed to '''Brill–Nijhoff''' in 2013,<ref name=Brill>{{cite web |url=http://www.brill.com/about/imprints/martinus-nijhoff-publishers/change-martinus-nijhoff-imprint |title=Change of Martinus Nijhoff Imprint |publisher=Brill Publishers |access-date=2014-11-04}}</ref> and it is now an imprint of Brill Publishers. Nijhoff's portfolio focuses on areas in [[public international law]], [[human rights]], on [[humanitarian law]] and increasingly on [[international relations]]. Its annual publication program consists of over 20 [[academic journal]]s, 20 annuals, and some 120 new book titles. Its back-list comprises over 2,000 titles.

===Rodopi===
'''Rodopi''', founded in 1966 in [[Amsterdam]], [[Netherlands]], was an academic publishing company with offices in the Netherlands and the United States. It takes its name from [[Rhodope Mountains|a mountain range]] in Bulgaria which forms the border with northern Greece.

Rodopi publishes over 150 titles per year in around 70 [[Peer_review|peer-reviewed]] book series and journals. Rodopi publications are available in print and electronic formats. Although the main language of publication is English, the multilingual list includes German, French, and Spanish. The [[backlist]] contains around 4000 titles.

On January 1, 2014, Rodopi was taken over by Brill.<ref>{{cite web |title=Imprints and Trademarks |url=https://brill.com/page/ImprintsandTrademarks/imprints-and-trademarks |website=Brill |access-date=28 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
===Wageningen Academic Publishers===
In April 2022 Brill made the strategic acquisition of [[Wageningen Academic Publishers]].<ref>https://www.marketscreener.com/quote/stock/KONINKLIJKE-BRILL-NV-6354/news/Koninklijke-Brill-NV-acquired-Wageningen-Academic-Publishers-B-V-from-Enrico-Kunst-and-Mike-Jacobs-40096677/</ref> In their press release, Brill states that the purchase of Wageningen Academic Publishers strengthens the biology and agriculture contents of Brill including topics on food and environmental law. In addition, experience of Wageningen Academic Publishers in [[open access]] publication supports Brill in their endeavours on this topic. <ref>https://brill.com/fileasset/downloads_static/static_investorrelations_brill_press_release_19_april_2022_wap.pdf</ref>

==Open access==
Brill publishes several [[open access]] journals<ref>{{cite web|url=https://brill.com/page/OpenAccess/open-access-at-brill|title=Open Access with Brill|work=brill.com}}</ref> and is one of thirteen publishers to participate in the [[Knowledge Unlatched]] pilot, a global library consortium approach to funding [[Open-access monograph|open access books]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.knowledgeunlatched.org/publishers/|title=KU Select For Publishers|work=knowledgeunlatched.org}}</ref>

In 2013, Brill created the IFLA/Brill Open Access Award for initiatives in the area of open access monograph publishing together with the [[International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions]].<ref>{{cite web |date=15 January 2013 |title=Brill and IFLA announce new OA prize |website=Research Information |url=https://www.researchinformation.info/news/news_story.php?news_id=1081}}</ref>

Brill is a member of the [[Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association]].

==Brill Typeface==
Brill has developed a commercial font, free for personal use, that supports most of the Latin, Greek and Cyrillic character ranges, including IPA and historical forms. It has better diacritic rendering than most pre-packaged computer fonts, though not complete IPA coverage.<ref>[https://brill.com/page/1228?language=en Brill Typeface]</ref>

==See also==
* [[:Category:Brill Publishers academic journals|List of Brill academic journals]]
* [[Books in the Netherlands]]
* ''[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]'' – reference work published by Brill

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* The most up-to-date history of the company is Sytze van der Veen, ''Brill: 325 Years of Scholarly Publishing'' (Leiden: Brill, 2008), {{ISBN|978-90-04-17032-2}}
* Verde, Tom. [https://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/201503/brill.s.bridge.to.arabic.htm "Brill's Bridge to Arabic"], ''[[Aramco World]]'', '''66''' (May/June 2015), nr. 3, pp. 30–39. [https://archive.today/2015.07.29-085029/https://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/201503/brill.s.bridge.to.arabic.htm Archived version].

==Further reading==
* Ophuijsen, J.M. van. (1994). ''E. J. Brill, three centuries of scholarly publishing, since 1683.'' Leiden: Brill Publishers.

==External links==
* {{Official website}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930181702/http://isbndb.com/d/publisher/e_j_brill.html A list of books published by E. J. Brill Leiden]
* [http://www.nijhoffonline.nl Nijhoff online]
* [http://www.brill.com/about/imprints/brill-nijhoff Brill | Nijhoff]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1683 establishments in the Dutch Republic]]
[[Category:Academic publishing companies|Brill]]
[[Category:Book publishing companies of the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Companies established in 1683]]
[[Category:Companies listed on Euronext Amsterdam]]
[[Category:Companies based in Leiden]]
[[Category:Mass media in Leiden]]
[[Category:Publishing companies established in the 17th century]]
[[Category:Brill Publishers academic journals|*]]

Brill Publishers - Revision history

185.69.145.12: small changes

Ajay Kumar: Created a new article