Booth capturing - Revision history

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2022-02-28T20:19:06Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:49, 1 March 2022
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	{{Use Indian English\|date=March 2019}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=March 2019}}

	'''Booth capturing or booth looting''' is an [[electoral fraud]] in which party loyalists or hired criminals "capture" a [[~~Polling~~ station\|polling booth]] and vote in place of legitimate voters to ensure that a particular candidate wins. It is a form of [[voter suppression]].		'''Booth capturing''', or '''booth looting''', is [[electoral fraud]] in which party loyalists or hired criminals "capture" a [[polling station\|polling booth]] and vote in place of legitimate voters to ensure that a particular candidate wins. It is a form of [[voter suppression]].

	== ~~Booth capturing in~~ India ==		== India ==
	It is a general rule in Indian elections that agents of every contesting candidates need to be present at the booth.{{Citation needed\|date=August 2021}} ~~But~~ in many areas ~~they are~~ threatened or assaulted, and ~~they~~ leave the polling premises. [[Election Commission of India~~\|ECI~~]] has a general abbreviation that ~~only giving one~~ or half ~~section CPMF(~~Central Para Military Forces) is enough to prevent ~~the~~ incidents.{{Citation needed\|date=August 2021}}		It is a general rule in Indian elections that agents of every contesting candidates need to be present at the booth.{{Citation needed\|date=August 2021}} However, they are in many areas threatened or assaulted and so leave the polling premises. The [[Election Commission of India]] has a general abbreviation that a section or half of onr of Central Para Military Forces is enough to prevent incidents.{{Citation needed\|date=August 2021}}

	The first instance of booth capturing in India was recorded in the [[1957 Indian general election\|1957 General Elections]] in Rachiyahi, in [[Begusarai District]]'s [[Matihani (Vidhan Sabha constituency)\|Matihani assembly seat]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Where-booth-capturing-was-born/articleshow/1020435.cms\|title=Where booth capturing was born}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/In-central-Bihar-development-runs-into-caste-wall/articleshow/49038630.cms\|title=In central Bihar, development runs into caste wall}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1151010/jsp/bihar/story_47122.jsp#.VhikSeyqqko\|title=Empty words in legend's forgotten village}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/politics/the-myth-of-historys-first-booth-capturing-taking-place-in-begusarais-rachiyahi-1150034.html\|title=The myth of history's first booth capturing taking place in Begusarai's Rachiyahi}}</ref> The word came into prominent use in the media during the late 1970s and 1980s when the number of parties and candidates multiplied. This resulted in some Parties using underhand methods including booth capturing, especially in the rural India.		The first instance of booth capturing in India was recorded in the [[1957 Indian general election\|1957 General Elections]] in Rachiyahi, in [[Begusarai District]]'s [[Matihani (Vidhan Sabha constituency)\|Matihani assembly seat]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Where-booth-capturing-was-born/articleshow/1020435.cms\|title=Where booth capturing was born}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/In-central-Bihar-development-runs-into-caste-wall/articleshow/49038630.cms\|title=In central Bihar, development runs into caste wall}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1151010/jsp/bihar/story_47122.jsp#.VhikSeyqqko\|title=Empty words in legend's forgotten village}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/politics/the-myth-of-historys-first-booth-capturing-taking-place-in-begusarais-rachiyahi-1150034.html\|title=The myth of history's first booth capturing taking place in Begusarai's Rachiyahi}}</ref> The word came into prominent use in the media during the late 1970s and 1980s when the number of parties and candidates multiplied. This resulted in some Parties using underhand methods including booth capturing, especially in the rural India.
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	In 1989 the Representation of the People Act, 1951 was modified to include booth capturing as an offense punishable by law and countermanding or adjourning any poll that was booth captured.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/320017/\|title=The Representation of the People Act, 1951\|website=indiankanoon.org\|access-date=2018-05-19}}</ref> The development of the [[Indian voting machines\|Electronic Voting Machine]] (EVM) was also intended to make it harder for booth capturers to stuff the ballot boxes with their votes by enabling a five-minute delay between each vote entered as against hundreds of votes in the same time using ballot papers (stamped by a group of 3–4).<ref>{{Cite news\|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/booth-capturing-is-history-now-thanks-to-evms-109082503018_1.html\|title=Booth capturing is history now, thanks to EVMs\|agency=Press Trust of India\|date=2009-08-25\|work=Business Standard India\|access-date=2018-05-19}}</ref> The [[Electronic Voting Machine\|EVMs]] also possess a "close" button which can be used by the polling officer to deactivate the machines. Despite this, booth capturing continues to happen, albeit at a much reduced rate.{{Citation needed\|date=August 2021}}		In 1989 the Representation of the People Act, 1951 was modified to include booth capturing as an offense punishable by law and countermanding or adjourning any poll that was booth captured.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/320017/\|title=The Representation of the People Act, 1951\|website=indiankanoon.org\|access-date=2018-05-19}}</ref> The development of the [[Indian voting machines\|Electronic Voting Machine]] (EVM) was also intended to make it harder for booth capturers to stuff the ballot boxes with their votes by enabling a five-minute delay between each vote entered as against hundreds of votes in the same time using ballot papers (stamped by a group of 3–4).<ref>{{Cite news\|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/booth-capturing-is-history-now-thanks-to-evms-109082503018_1.html\|title=Booth capturing is history now, thanks to EVMs\|agency=Press Trust of India\|date=2009-08-25\|work=Business Standard India\|access-date=2018-05-19}}</ref> The [[Electronic Voting Machine\|EVMs]] also possess a "close" button which can be used by the polling officer to deactivate the machines. Despite this, booth capturing continues to happen, albeit at a much reduced rate.{{Citation needed\|date=August 2021}}

	== ~~Booth capturing in~~ Nepal ==		== Nepal ==
	Booth capturing was prevalent in [[1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly]]. ~~Reelection~~ was required in 106 polling stations ~~due to~~ electoral fraud which included booth capturing.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Nepal\|first=Dev Raj\|date=August 2010\|title=Elections and Conflict in Nepal\|url=https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/iez/07722.pdf\|journal=Friedrich Ebert Stiftung\|pages=20}}</ref> Political parties have accused each other of booth capturing and demanded ~~reelections~~ as ~~recent~~ as 2017.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=NC alleges ‘booth capture’\|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2017/06/30/nc-alleges-booth-capture\|access-date=2021-08-05\|website=kathmandupost.com\|language=English}}</ref>		Booth capturing was prevalent in the [[1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly]]. Another election was required in 106 polling stations because of electoral fraud, which included booth capturing.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Nepal\|first=Dev Raj\|date=August 2010\|title=Elections and Conflict in Nepal\|url=https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/iez/07722.pdf\|journal=Friedrich Ebert Stiftung\|pages=20}}</ref> Political parties have accused each other of booth capturing and demanded another election as recently as 2017.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=NC alleges ‘booth capture’\|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2017/06/30/nc-alleges-booth-capture\|access-date=2021-08-05\|website=kathmandupost.com\|language=English}}</ref>

	==See also==		==See also==

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	{{Use Indian English\|date=March 2019}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=March 2019}}

	'''Booth capturing''' is ~~a type of~~ [[electoral fraud]] in which party loyalists or hired criminals "capture" a [[Polling station\|polling booth]] and vote in place of legitimate voters to ensure that a particular candidate wins. ~~Though it~~ is a ~~kind~~ of [[voter suppression]], unlike other forms of voting fraud, booth-capturing is a malpractice witnessed mainly in India and the least subtle of all. There are many instances that the people do not come openly to vote. In a broad point of view it can described as village capturing or area capturing. It is a general rule that agents of every contesting candidates will be present at the booth. But in many areas they are threatened or beaten, as a consequence they leave the polling premises. ECI has a general abbreviation that only giving one or half section CPMF is enough to prevent the incidents. But the new practice is that the many goons of a political party is used to threaten the voters before one or two weeks ago and they create an atmosphere of terror in those areas, so that the many voters do not come up to vote openly. The first instance of booth capturing in India was recorded in the [[1957 Indian general election\|1957 General Elections]] in Rachiyahi, in [[Begusarai District]]'s [[Matihani (Vidhan Sabha constituency)\|Matihani assembly seat]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Where-booth-capturing-was-born/articleshow/1020435.cms\|title=Where booth capturing was born}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/In-central-Bihar-development-runs-into-caste-wall/articleshow/49038630.cms\|title=In central Bihar, development runs into caste wall}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1151010/jsp/bihar/story_47122.jsp#.VhikSeyqqko\|title=Empty words in legend's forgotten village}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/politics/the-myth-of-historys-first-booth-capturing-taking-place-in-begusarais-rachiyahi-1150034.html\|title=The myth of history's first booth capturing taking place in Begusarai's Rachiyahi}}</ref> The word came into prominent use in the media during the late 1970s and 1980s when the number of parties and candidates multiplied. This resulted in some Parties using underhand methods including booth capturing, especially in the rural hinterland of India.		'''Booth capturing or booth looting''' is an [[electoral fraud]] in which party loyalists or hired criminals "capture" a [[Polling station\|polling booth]] and vote in place of legitimate voters to ensure that a particular candidate wins. It is a form of [[voter suppression]].

	In 1989 the Representation of the People Act, 1951 was modified to include booth capturing as an offense punishable by law and countermanding or adjourning any poll that was booth captured.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/320017/\|title=The Representation of the People Act, 1951\|website=indiankanoon.org\|access-date=2018-05-19}}</ref> The development of the [[Indian voting machines\|Electronic Voting Machine]] (EVM) was also intended to make it harder for booth capturers to stuff the ballot boxes with their votes by enabling a five-minute delay between each vote entered as against hundreds of votes in the same time using ballot papers (stamped by a group of 3–4).<ref>{{Cite news\|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/booth-capturing-is-history-now-thanks-to-evms-109082503018_1.html\|title=Booth capturing is history now, thanks to EVMs\|agency=Press Trust of India\|date=2009-08-25\|work=Business Standard India\|access-date=2018-05-19}}</ref> The [[Electronic Voting Machine\|EVMs]] also possess a "close" button which can be used by the polling officer to deactivate the machines. Despite this, booth capturing continues to happen, albeit at a much reduced rate.		== Booth capturing in India ==
			It is a general rule in Indian elections that agents of every contesting candidates need to be present at the booth.{{Citation needed\|date=August 2021}} But in many areas they are threatened or assaulted, and they leave the polling premises. [[Election Commission of India\|ECI]] has a general abbreviation that only giving one or half section CPMF(Central Para Military Forces) is enough to prevent the incidents.{{Citation needed\|date=August 2021}}

			The first instance of booth capturing in India was recorded in the [[1957 Indian general election\|1957 General Elections]] in Rachiyahi, in [[Begusarai District]]'s [[Matihani (Vidhan Sabha constituency)\|Matihani assembly seat]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Where-booth-capturing-was-born/articleshow/1020435.cms\|title=Where booth capturing was born}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/In-central-Bihar-development-runs-into-caste-wall/articleshow/49038630.cms\|title=In central Bihar, development runs into caste wall}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1151010/jsp/bihar/story_47122.jsp#.VhikSeyqqko\|title=Empty words in legend's forgotten village}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/politics/the-myth-of-historys-first-booth-capturing-taking-place-in-begusarais-rachiyahi-1150034.html\|title=The myth of history's first booth capturing taking place in Begusarai's Rachiyahi}}</ref> The word came into prominent use in the media during the late 1970s and 1980s when the number of parties and candidates multiplied. This resulted in some Parties using underhand methods including booth capturing, especially in the rural India.

			In 1989 the Representation of the People Act, 1951 was modified to include booth capturing as an offense punishable by law and countermanding or adjourning any poll that was booth captured.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/320017/\|title=The Representation of the People Act, 1951\|website=indiankanoon.org\|access-date=2018-05-19}}</ref> The development of the [[Indian voting machines\|Electronic Voting Machine]] (EVM) was also intended to make it harder for booth capturers to stuff the ballot boxes with their votes by enabling a five-minute delay between each vote entered as against hundreds of votes in the same time using ballot papers (stamped by a group of 3–4).<ref>{{Cite news\|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/booth-capturing-is-history-now-thanks-to-evms-109082503018_1.html\|title=Booth capturing is history now, thanks to EVMs\|agency=Press Trust of India\|date=2009-08-25\|work=Business Standard India\|access-date=2018-05-19}}</ref> The [[Electronic Voting Machine\|EVMs]] also possess a "close" button which can be used by the polling officer to deactivate the machines. Despite this, booth capturing continues to happen, albeit at a much reduced rate.{{Citation needed\|date=August 2021}}

			== Booth capturing in Nepal ==
			Booth capturing was prevalent in [[1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly]]. Reelection was required in 106 polling stations due to electoral fraud which included booth capturing.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Nepal\|first=Dev Raj\|date=August 2010\|title=Elections and Conflict in Nepal\|url=https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/iez/07722.pdf\|journal=Friedrich Ebert Stiftung\|pages=20}}</ref> Political parties have accused each other of booth capturing and demanded reelections as recent as 2017.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=NC alleges ‘booth capture’\|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2017/06/30/nc-alleges-booth-capture\|access-date=2021-08-05\|website=kathmandupost.com\|language=English}}</ref>

	==See also==		==See also==

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{{Multiple issues|
{{essay-like|date=July 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2017}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}

'''Booth capturing''' is a type of [[electoral fraud]] in which party loyalists or hired criminals "capture" a [[Polling station|polling booth]] and vote in place of legitimate voters to ensure that a particular candidate wins. Though it is a kind of [[voter suppression]], unlike other forms of voting fraud, booth-capturing is a malpractice witnessed mainly in India and the least subtle of all. There are many instances that the people do not come openly to vote. In a broad point of view it can described as village capturing or area capturing. It is a general rule that agents of every contesting candidates will be present at the booth. But in many areas they are threatened or beaten, as a consequence they leave the polling premises. ECI has a general abbreviation that only giving one or half section CPMF is enough to prevent the incidents. But the new practice is that the many goons of a political party is used to threaten the voters before one or two weeks ago and they create an atmosphere of terror in those areas, so that the many voters do not come up to vote openly. The first instance of booth capturing in India was recorded in the [[1957 Indian general election|1957 General Elections]] in Rachiyahi, in [[Begusarai District]]'s [[Matihani (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Matihani assembly seat]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Where-booth-capturing-was-born/articleshow/1020435.cms|title=Where booth capturing was born}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/In-central-Bihar-development-runs-into-caste-wall/articleshow/49038630.cms|title=In central Bihar, development runs into caste wall}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1151010/jsp/bihar/story_47122.jsp#.VhikSeyqqko|title=Empty words in legend's forgotten village}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/politics/the-myth-of-historys-first-booth-capturing-taking-place-in-begusarais-rachiyahi-1150034.html|title=The myth of history's first booth capturing taking place in Begusarai's Rachiyahi}}</ref> The word came into prominent use in the media during the late 1970s and 1980s when the number of parties and candidates multiplied. This resulted in some Parties using underhand methods including booth capturing, especially in the rural hinterland of India.

In 1989 the Representation of the People Act, 1951 was modified to include booth capturing as an offense punishable by law and countermanding or adjourning any poll that was booth captured.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/320017/|title=The Representation of the People Act, 1951|website=indiankanoon.org|access-date=2018-05-19}}</ref> The development of the [[Indian voting machines|Electronic Voting Machine]] (EVM) was also intended to make it harder for booth capturers to stuff the ballot boxes with their votes by enabling a five-minute delay between each vote entered as against hundreds of votes in the same time using ballot papers (stamped by a group of 3–4).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/booth-capturing-is-history-now-thanks-to-evms-109082503018_1.html|title=Booth capturing is history now, thanks to EVMs|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2009-08-25|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2018-05-19}}</ref> The [[Electronic Voting Machine|EVMs]] also possess a "close" button which can be used by the polling officer to deactivate the machines. Despite this, booth capturing continues to happen, albeit at a much reduced rate.

==See also==
*[[Corruption in India]]
*[[Electoral reform in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
*Nedumpara, Jose (2004). ''Political Economy and Class Contradictions: A Study''. New Delhi: Anmol.
*Omvedt, Gail (1993). ''Reinventing Revolution: New Social Movements and the Socialist Tradition in India''. Armonk: M.E. Sharpe.
*(2005). "Poll Booth Rerun Infamy in Churulia." ''The Statesman'' (India). 29 September.
*Shakder, S. L. (1992). ''The Law and Practice of Elections in India''. Mumbai: National Publishing House.
*Singh, Bhim (2002). ''Murder of Democracy in Jammu and Kashmir''. New Delhi: Amand Niketan.

== Further reading ==

* {{Cite book|last=Vaishnav|first=Milan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g0nJDQAAQBAJ|title=When Crime Pays: Money and Muscle in Indian Politics|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2017|isbn=9780300224740}}

[[Category:Electoral fraud in India]]
[[Category:Political corruption in India]]
[[Category:Elections in Bihar]]
[[Category:Corruption in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Voter suppression]]
[[Category:Corruption in Bihar]]
{{crime-stub}}