Vilianapcm: expanded content

2026-01-19T16:47:22Z

expanded content

Ajay Kumar: Created a new article

2023-08-24T07:09:16Z

Created a new article

New page

{{Short description|Series of riots and protest actions}}
{{Infobox civil conflict
| title = Bombay Dog Riots
| subtitle =
| partof =
| image =
| caption =
| date =
| place = [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
| coordinates =
| causes = Culling of stray dogs by the Bombay Magistrates of Police
| goals = Stop the mass-culling of dogs
| methods = Civil disobedience, boycotting, rioting
| status =
| result = Several arrests, Magistrate policy towards dog culling changed to allow for dog relocation
| side1 = Mumbai parsis
| side2 = British garrison, Bombay Magistrates of Police
| side3 =
| leadfigures1 =
| leadfigures2 =
| leadfigures3 =
| howmany1 = Several thousand protesters
| howmany2 = Several hundred garrison soldiers and city officials
| howmany3 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| casualties3 =
| fatalities =
| injuries = several
| arrests = several
| detentions =
| charged =
| fined =
| casualties_label =
| notes =
| sidebox =
}}
The '''Bombay Dog Riots''', also known as the '''1832 Bombay Riots''', were a series of protest actions that devolved into rioting in the city of [[Mumbai, India]]. The riots were sparked by an attempt by the British government to exterminate the city's [[Free-ranging dog|stray dogs]], controversial for [[Parsis]] due to dogs being considered sacred in the [[Zoroastrian]] religion. The event was the first instance of rioting in the modern history of Mumbai.

== History ==
=== Background ===
Mumbai, known as Bombay until the late 20th century, has long been a center for trade and commerce in [[Western India]]. Due to the city's important position at the mouth of four rivers, the city became a haven for both domestic and foreign merchant communities.<ref>Palsetia, Jesse S. (2001). ''The Parsis of India: Preservation of Identity in Bombay City''. Brill. {{ISBN|978-90-04-12114-0}}. Retrieved 11 November 2008. pp. 189</ref> One such group was the Parsis, whom had fled [[Iran|Persia]] in the aftermath of the [[Muslim conquest of Persia]] in the 7th century.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.managementtoday.co.uk/worlds-successful-diasporas/article/648273|title=The world's successful diasporas|access-date=2018-11-03}}</ref> The Parsis followed the teachings of the [[Zoroaster|Prophet Zoroaster]], and subscribed to [[Zoroastrians in Iran|Iranian Zoroastrianism]]. Once in Bombay, the Parsis quickly ingrained themselves into the city's thriving trade network; thus, the Parsi population of the city grew wealthy and influential.<ref name=":0" /> They also developed their own [[Zoroastrianism in India|sub-sect of Zoroastrianism]] which melded Persian and Indian beliefs.<ref name=":1">Palsetia, Jesse S. "Mad Dogs and Parsis: The Bombay Dog Riots of 1832." ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society'', vol. 11, no. 1, 2001, pp. 13–30. ''JSTOR'', JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/25188081.</ref>

Beginning in the 16th century, European powers began to send merchants and soldiers to India to take control of local trade. Bombay was taken by the Portuguese in 1534, who held the city until the [[East India Company|British East India Company]] took control of the port in 1661. Whereas the Portuguese had used Bombay as a trade outpost in India, the East India Company chose instead to invest company funds in developing the city. In addition, the British began a policy (formulated by [[Gerald Aungier]], the 2nd [[Governor of Bombay]]<ref>Murray, Sarah Elizabeth (2007). ''Moveable Feasts: From Ancient Rome to the 21st century, the Incredible Journeys of the Food We Eat''. Macmillan. {{ISBN|978-0-312-35535-7}}. Retrieved 2 February 2008. pp. 79</ref>) of cooperation with Bombay's merchant communities by offering them protection and business incentives; one of the groups that took advantage of this was the Parsis, who were sometimes referred to as the Shetias.<ref name=":1" /> The Parsis and the British administration were noted as having gotten along well, as many Parsis were employed by the British administration and the British allowed the practice of the Parsi faith in Bombay. By 1826, around 10,000 Parsis lived in Bombay, which had a total population of 200,000.<ref name=":1" />

=== Riots ===
In 1832, the British-administered magistrate of police decided to adopt measures to control the city's [[stray dog]] population. The city was filled with so-called "Pariah dogs", which were seen by authorities as a nuisance and a threat to public safety.<ref name=":1" /> A regulation had been in place since 1813 that allowed for the killing of owner-less dogs during the hottest parts of the Bombay summer (15 April - 15 May, and 15 September - 15 October<ref name=":1" />); the new regulation would extend the first period of culling from 15 May to 15 June. The change in the regulation was not controversial, but the Magistrate also chose to adopt new methods to cull the dog population. Most significantly, it was decided that a bounty would be paid for each dog killed. This new policy resulted in unscrupulous or overzealous dog catchers killing dogs that were not overly aggressive; it was also reported that dog catchers were invading homes and killing private pets.<ref name=":1" />

A backlash formed against the dog culling policy. As noted by the contemporary ''[[Bombay Courier]]'', the city magistrate was seen by Bombay's Indian population as overusing its power.<ref name=":1" /> The Parsi community was particularity offended, as the extended culling period meant that the slaughter coincided with a Parsi holy day; furthermore, some Parsis revered dogs as objects of religious significance and began to protest the magistrate's efforts. On 6 June, a crowd of Parsis attacked a group of dog catchers near Bombay's fort and then marched on the city's court to demand an end to the culling.<ref name=":1" /> The next day, many in the Parsi community closed their businesses, causing economic chaos in the city. Lower class Parsis and a collection of Hindus and Muslims went on strike, paralyzing more of the city's day-to-day activities.<ref name=":1" /> When word circulated that the British were mobilizing the city's garrison, the Parsis organized crowds to block porters and laborers in a successful attempt to prevent the British troops from receiving food and water. In the evening, the British garrison gathered in the city's fort and the [[Riot Act]] was read aloud; the crowd was subsequently broken up, and the leaders of the strike were arrested. The British government then began to negotiate with the leaders of the Parsi community in an attempt to return order to the city. It was decided that, rather than cull stray dogs on sight, the Magistrate would instead try to relocate dogs outside of the city. This was done, and the imprisoned protesters were released as they had not had a political motivation for striking.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R6oNt3M_yLgC&q=Bombay+Dog+Riots&pg=PA124|title=The Parsis of India: Preservation of Identity in Bombay City|last=Palsetia|first=Jesse S.|date=2001-01-01|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9004121145|language=en}}</ref>

=== Aftermath ===
The year after the riots, the new dog culling policy resulted in many of the animals being relocated to the outskirts of Bombay.<ref name=":1" /> The event also increased the already-prevalent influence of the Parsi community in Bombay.<ref name=":1" />

==See also==
* [[Dogs in religion]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Riots in India}}

[[Category:Riots and civil disorder in India]]
[[Category:Protests in India]]
[[Category:Parsi people]]

Bombay Dog Riots - Revision history

Vilianapcm: expanded content

Ajay Kumar: Created a new article