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{{Short description|Indian Buddhist monk and translator}}
{{about|the 8th century Buddhist monk translator from South India|the 6th century Buddhist monk translator from North India|Bodhiruci}}
{{Buddhism}}

'''Bodhiruci''' (also written '''Bodhiruchi''' or '''Bodairushi'''; {{Langx|zh|菩提流志}}; 562 or 571 – 727 CE) was an Indian translator and [[Bhikkhu|Buddhist monk]] from [[South India]]. Originally named Dharmaruci (達磨流支), he is believed to have lived for 156 years.<ref name="Cheung 2014 p203" >[https://books.google.com/books?id=7ZC3AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA203&lpg=PA203&dq=An+anthologie+of+chinese+discourse+bodhiruci&source=bl&ots=lSFwpAyOO_&sig=ACfU3U3cwybumLw-HRSvCNwD-jvdUY9FIw&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjPsZ-3q4PoAhVJJaYKHUvMBKoQ6AEwAHoECAcQAQ#v=onepage&q=An%20anthologie%20of%20chinese%20discourse%20bodhiruci&f=false Martha Cheung. ''An Anthology of Chinese Discourse on Translation.'' Vol.1'': From Earliest Times to the Buddhist Project'', 2014, p. 203.]. {{access-date|6 January 2025}}</ref> Bodhiruci travelled to [[China]] in the late 7th century, where he translated numerous texts, [[sutra]]s, and commentaries from [[Sanskrit]] into [[Middle Chinese]].

== Biography ==
Bodhiruci was born into a family of [[Brahmin gotra|Brahmins from the Kashyapa Gotra]],<ref name="Bapat 1959 p218">[https://books.google.com/books?id=CyLiDQAAQBAJ&hl=fr&source=gbs_navlinks_s P.V. Bapat,''2500 Years of Buddhism'', 1959, p. 218]. {{access-date|6 January 2025}}</ref> in [[South India]]. The year of his birth is uncertain, with sources suggesting either 562 or 571 CE.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}} He died in 727 CE, purportedly at the age of 156.<ref name="Cheung 2014 p203"/>{{refn|group=note |If Bodhiruci died in 727 at the age of 156, this means that he was born in 571 (although 562 is sometimes mentioned by historians).}}. He was educated according to the principles of his [[Caste system in India|caste]], but when he reached adulthood, he chose the path of Buddhism.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

In 663 CE, [[Emperor Gaozong of Tang]] invited him to China. However, he delayed for 30 years, finally arriving in 693 CE, during the reign of empress [[Wu Zetian#Religion|Wu Zetian]], who requested that he change his name from Dharmaruci to Bodhiruci.<ref name="Buswell 2013 pp133-134">[https://books.google.com/books?id=DXN2AAAAQBAJ&dq=Chos+grub&hl=fr&source=gbs_navlinks_s Robert Buswell Jr. The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism , 2013, pp. 133–134]. {{access-date|6 January 2025}}</ref>

He first settled in the monastery of Foshoujisi, in [[Chang'an]], the ancient Chinese capital, (now [[Xi'an]]). He also stayed in [[Luoyang]], the empire's secondary capital named Dongdu (東都), the "Eastern Capital". In 699 CE, under the direction of [[Śikṣānanda]] (652–710), he took part in the second translation of the ''Buddhāvataṃsaka Sūtra'', better known as the [[Avataṃsaka Sūtra]].<ref name="Buswell 2013 pp133-134" /><ref name="Cheung 2014 p203"/>

In 706 CE, he moved to the monastery of Chongfusi where he translated the [[Mahāratnakūṭa Sūtra]]. It took him seven years to complete the translation of the 49 sutras that make up the whole. By 713 CE, the completed edition contained 120 scrolls. During his life, he also translated other texts, sutras and commentaries.<ref name="Buswell 2013 pp133-134" /><ref name="Cheung 2014 p203" /><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=2vqGDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover Paul.W. Kroll. ''Critical Readings on Tang China,'' Vol. 4, 2018, p.1655.] {{access-date|6 January 2025}}</ref>

At the age of 90, he renounced worldly life to devote himself entirely to meditation and devotion. He isolated himself completely and stopped writing, reading only his manuscripts written in [[Sanskrit]].<ref name="Cheung 2014 p203" /><ref name="Buswell 2013 pp133-134" />

== Translations ==
The following sutras, listed in the ''[[Korean Buddhist Canon]]'': ''A Descriptive Catalogue'', by [[Lewis Lancaster]] and Sun-bae Park, are among the 69 sutras mentioned, and include an incomplete list of translations attributed to Bodhiruci.<ref name="KBC">[http://www.acmuller.net/descriptive_catalogue/indexes/index-authors-editors-translators.html ''The Korean Buddhist Canon''. « Bodhiruci » in section "''Authors, editors, translators''" (then sutra number).]. {{access-date|6 January 2025}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Tripitaka Koreana {{center|Number}}
!Sanskrit Title and Translation Year (CE) <ref name="KBC" />
!English title
!Chinese title{{center|<ref name="KBC" />}}
!Korean title{{center|<ref name="KBC" />}}
!English translations {{refn|group=note|Most of the texts that Bodhiruci translated into Chinese have not, to date, been translated into English or any other Western language. For this reason, in the "English translations" column of the table, a question mark (?) has been included, instead of the words "Not available", because one day, perhaps, translations published in English will be able to constitute reliable sources.}}
|-
|K.18<ref>[http://www.acmuller.net/descriptive_catalogue/files/k0018.html The Korean Buddhist Canon :K.18.]. {{access-date|6 January 2025}}</ref>
|''Adhyardhaśatikāprajñāpāramitā sūtra'' {{center|(693)}}
|[[Diamond Sutra]]
|實相般若波羅蜜多經
|실상반야바라밀다경
|style="text=align:center"|?
|-
|K.22<ref>[http://www.acmuller.net/descriptive_catalogue/files/k0022.html The Korean Buddhist Canon: K.22.]. {{access-date|6 January 2025}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|Concerning the [[Mahāratnakūṭa Sūtra]] K.22, which is made up of 49 sutras, only 27 are listed in The Korean Buddhist Canon. This means that there are 27 different web links. Not all of them have been listed here, it would have taken up too much space in the "References" section of this article. They are easily accessible via the web link [http://www.acmuller.net/descriptive_catalogue/indexes/index-authors-editors-translators.html Bodhiruci]. {{access-date|6 January 2025}}}} K.22(1–49)
|style="text=align:center"|''Mahāratnakūṭa'' (706)
|style="text=align:center"|[[Mahāratnakūṭa Sūtra]]
|大寶積經
|대보자경
|style="text=align:center"|[[Mahāratnakūṭa Sūtra|see details on article page]]
|-
|K.36<ref>[http://www.acmuller.net/descriptive_catalogue/files/k0036.html The Korean Buddhist Canon: K.36.]. {{access-date|6 January 2025}}</ref>
|style="text=align:center"|''Sumatidārikāparipṛcchā sūtra'' (693)
|style="text=align:center"|Sumati Sūtra
|須摩提經
|수마제경
|style="text=align:center"|?
|-
|K.287<ref>[http://www.acmuller.net/descriptive_catalogue/files/k0287.html The Korean Buddhist Canon: K.287.]. {{access-date|6 January 2025}}</ref>
|style="text=align:center"|''Amoghapāśakalparāja sūtra'' (707)
|[[Mantra of Light]]
|不空羂索神變眞言經
|불공견삭신변진언경
|style="text=align:center"|<ref>[https://84000.co/translation/toh686?id=&part= 84000. coThe Sovereign Ritual of Amoghapāśa]. {{access-date|6 January 2025}}</ref>
|-
|K.293<ref>[http://www.acmuller.net/descriptive_catalogue/files/k0293.html The Korean Buddhist Canon: K.293.]. {{access-date|6 January 2025}}</ref>
|style="text=align:center"|''Nīlakaṇṭhaka sūtra'' (709)
|style="text=align:center"|[[Nīlakaṇṭha Dhāraṇī]] {{refn|group=note|''Nilakantha'': this title can refer to several texts (Sutras or [[Dharani]]s), all of which have been translated under the generic title ''Nīlakaṇṭha''. Some are invocations addressed to [[Avalokiteśvara]], in her feminine form [[Guanyin]]; others, including the Bodhiruci one mentioned here, are addressed to the triad [[Amitābha]], Avalokiteśvara and [[Mahasthamaprapta]]<ref>Source: [https://books.google.com/books?id=0kBSFcX-K4wC&pg=PA238&hl=fr&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=2#v=onepage&q&f=false ''The Thousand-armed Avalokiteśvara,'' Vol. 1, p. 44; 238–9.], by [[Lokesh Chandra]], 1988. {{access-date|6 January 2025}}</ref>). For further information on ''Nilakantha'', see also the article [[Eleven-Faced Avalokitesvara Heart Dharani Sutra#Relationship to the Great Compassion Mantra|Eleven-Faced Avalokitesvara Heart Dharani Sutra]].}}
|千手千眼觀世音菩薩姥陀羅尼身經
|천수천안관세음보살모타라니신경
|style="text=align:center"|?
|-
|K.298<ref>[http://www.acmuller.net/descriptive_catalogue/files/k0298.html The Korean Buddhist Canon: K.298.]. {{access-date|6 January 2025}}</ref>
|style="text=align:center"|''Padmacintāmaṇi dhāraṇī sūtra'' (709)
|Dharani Sutra of the Great Wheel of Love
|如意輪陀羅尼經
|여의륜 다라니경
|style="text=align:center"|?
|-
|K.351<ref>[http://www.acmuller.net/descriptive_catalogue/files/k0351.html The Korean Buddhist Canon: K.351.]. {{access-date|6 January 2025}}</ref>
|style="text=align:center"|''Sumukhanāmadhāraṇī sūtra'' (693)
|Dharani Sutra for Protecting Life
|護命法門神咒經
|호명법문신주경
|style="text=align:center"|?
|-
|K.422<ref>[http://www.acmuller.net/descriptive_catalogue/files/k0422.html The Korean Buddhist Canon: K.422.]. {{access-date|6 January 2025}}</ref>
|''Mahāmaṇivipulavimānaviśvasupratiṣṭhita'' ''guhyaparamarahasyakalparāja dhāraṇī sūtra'' {{center|(706)}}
|Dharani Sutra of the Great and Powerful Palace of Virtue and Mystery
|廣大寶樓閣善住祕密陀羅尼經
|광대보루각선주비밀타라니경
|style="text=align:center"|?
|-
|K.489<ref>[http://www.acmuller.net/descriptive_catalogue/files/k0489.html The Korean Buddhist Canon: K.489.]. {{access-date|6 January 2025}}</ref>
|style="text=align:center"|''Śrīmatībrāhmāṇiparipṛcchā sūtra'' (693)
|The Mahayana Sutra Asked by A Virtuous Woman
|有德女所問大乘經
|유덕녀소문대승경
|style="text=align:center"|?
|-
|}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book|author=P.V (Purushottam Vishvanath) Bapat|title=2500 Years of Buddhism|publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Government of India, New Delhi|date=1959|pages=492|isbn=9788123023045 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CyLiDQAAQBAJ}} (Note: The book has been republished several times since 1959, with a different total number of pages from that shown here). {{access-date|6 January 2025}}
* {{cite book|author=[[Lokesh Chandra]]|title=The Thousand-armed Avalokiteśvara|publisher=Abhinav Publications, Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts, New Delhi|date=1988|pages=303|isbn=81-7017-247-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0kBSFcX-K4wC|volume=1}} {{access-date|6 January 2025}}
* {{cite book|author=[[Martha Cheung]]|title=An Anthology of Chinese Discourse on Translation. Volume 1: From Earliest Times to the Buddhist Project|publisher=[[Routledge]], Abingdon-on-Thames,Royaume-Uni |date=2014|pages=268|isbn=978-1-317-63928-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ZC3AwAAQBAJ}}. {{access-date|6 January 2025}}
* {{cite book|author=Paul W. Kroll|title=Critical Readings on Tang China|volume=4|publisher=Éditions Brill, Leyde|date=2018|pages=420|isbn=978-9-004-38020-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2vqGDwAAQBAJ}}. {{access-date|6 January 2025}}
* {{cite book|author1=[[Lewis Lancaster]]|author2=Sung-bae Park|title=The Korean Buddhist Canon: A Descriptive Catalogue|publisher=University of California Press. Center for Japanese and Korean Studies |date=1979|pages=724|isbn=978-0-520-03159-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fx1grPgzHEMC}}. {{access-date|6 January 2025}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.acmuller.net/descriptive_catalogue/index.html ''The Korean Buddhist Canon: A Descriptive Catalogue''.]. {{access-date|6 January 2025}}
* [http://21dzk.l.u-tokyo.ac.jp/SAT/index_en.html The SAT Daizōkyō Text Database] at the [[University of Tokyo]]. {{access-date|6 January 2025}}
* [http://www.cbeta.org Chinese Buddhist Electronic Text Association (CBETA)]. {{access-date|6 January 2025}}
*[http://ntireader.org/taisho/taisho.html NTI Buddhist Text Reader]. {{access-date|6 January 2025}}

{{Buddhism topics}}
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[[Category:Mahayana]]
[[Category:Mahayana Buddhists]]
[[Category:6th-century births]]
[[Category:8th-century deaths]]
[[Category:8th-century Buddhist monks]]
[[Category:Indian scholars of Buddhism]]
[[Category:Indian Buddhist monks]]
[[Category:Indian Buddhist missionaries]]
[[Category:Indian missionaries in China]]
[[Category:Translators to Chinese]]
[[Category:Missionary linguists]]
[[Category:8th-century Indian Buddhists]]

Bodhiruci (8th century CE) - Revision history

Vineettandon at 08:57, 28 March 2026