Black panther (symbol) - Revision history

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			{{Short description\|Carinthian historical symbol}}
	[[File:Carantanian panther.png\|thumb\|Carantanian panther]]		[[File:Carantanian panther.png\|thumb\|Carantanian panther]]
	The '''black panther''' ({{~~lang-~~sl\|črni panter}}), also known as the '''Carantanian panther''' ({{lang\|sl\|karantanski panter}}) after the Medieval principality of [[Carantania]], is a [[Duchy of Carinthia\|Carinthian]] historical [[symbol]], which represents a stylized heraldic [[Panther (legendary creature)#Heraldry\|panther]]. As a heraldic symbol, it appeared on the coat of arms of the Carinthian Duke [[Herman II, Duke of Carinthia\|Herman II]] as well as of the [[Duchy of Styria\|Styrian]] Margrave [[Ottokar III of Styria\|Ottokar III]]. In this region it was most frequently imaged on various monuments and tombstones. The symbol can still be found in the coat of arms of the ~~[[Austria]]n~~ state of [[Styria]], although the ~~colours have changed~~. The symbol is also widely used within structures of the [[Slovenia]]n [[security forces]]; namely by the [[Slovenian Armed Forces]] and the [[Slovenian Police]]. Since 1991, there have been several proposals to replace the [[Coat of arms of Slovenia\|Slovenian coat of arms]] with the black panther.		The '''black panther''' ({{langx\|sl\|črni panter}}), also known as the '''Carantanian panther''' ({{lang\|sl\|karantanski panter}}) after the Medieval principality of [[Carantania]], is a [[Duchy of Carinthia\|Carinthian]] historical [[symbol]], which represents a stylized heraldic [[Panther (legendary creature)#Heraldry\|panther]]. As a heraldic symbol, it appeared on the coat of arms of the Carinthian Duke [[Herman II, Duke of Carinthia\|Herman II]] as well as of the [[Duchy of Styria\|Styrian]] Margrave [[Ottokar III of Styria\|Ottokar III]]. In this region it was most frequently imaged on various monuments and tombstones. The symbol can still be found in the [[Coat of arms of Styria\|coat of arms of the Austrian state of Styria]], although in a white version on green background, dating back to the 13th century.<ref>{{cite web\|access-date=5 February 2024\|language=sl\|title=Grb Štajerske\|trans-title=The Coat of Arms of Styria\|url=https://www.grboslovje.si/stajerska.php\|work=Grboslovje.si}}</ref> The symbol is also widely used within structures of the [[Slovenia]]n [[security forces]]; namely by the [[Slovenian Armed Forces]] and the [[Slovenian Police]]. Since 1991, there have been several proposals to replace the [[Coat of arms of Slovenia\|Slovenian coat of arms]] with the black panther.

	==Origin==		==Origin==
	The origins of the symbol are unclear. According to the archaeologist and historian Andrej Pleterski, it appears for the first time in the coat of arms of the [[Sponheim]] family from Carinthia.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.mladina.si/50763/mitoloske-prikazni/ \|title=Mitološke prikazni \|language=sl\|trans-title=Mythological Apparitions \|work=Mladina.si \|first=Erik \|last=Valenčič \|date=3 June 2010}}</ref> The historian [[Peter Štih]] has denied any historically attested relation to symbols of [[Carantania]].<ref>[http://www.mladina.si/93367/slo-intervju--gregor_cerar/ Intervju P. Štiha v Mladini, 15. 12. 2005]</ref> On the contrary, the economist [[Jožko Šavli]], an adherent of the autochthonist [[Venetic theory]], believed that it originated from the Roman province of [[Noricum]], was later adopted by Carantania, and then by the [[Duchy of Styria\|Styrian]] nobility.<ref>{{cite book \|title=Slovenska znamenja \|language=sl\|trans-title=Slovene Symbols \|year=1994 \|first=Jožko \|last=Šavli \|isbn=961-6097-00-8}}</ref>		The origins of the symbol are unclear. According to the archaeologist and historian Andrej Pleterski, it appears for the first time in the coat of arms of the [[Sponheim]] family from Carinthia.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.mladina.si/50763/mitoloske-prikazni/ \|title=Mitološke prikazni \|language=sl\|trans-title=Mythological Apparitions \|work=Mladina.si \|first=Erik \|last=Valenčič \|date=3 June 2010}}</ref> The historian [[Peter Štih]] has denied any historically attested relation to symbols of [[Carantania]].<ref>[http://www.mladina.si/93367/slo-intervju--gregor_cerar/ Intervju P. Štiha v Mladini, 15. 12. 2005]</ref> On the contrary, the economist [[Jožko Šavli]], an adherent of the [[Pseudohistory\|pseudohistorical]] autochthonist [[Venetic theory]], believed that it originated from the Roman province of [[Noricum]], was later adopted by Carantania, and then by the [[Duchy of Styria\|Styrian]] nobility.<ref>{{cite book \|title=Slovenska znamenja \|language=sl\|trans-title=Slovene Symbols \|year=1994 \|first=Jožko \|last=Šavli \|isbn=961-6097-00-8}}</ref>

	==Later disputed usage==		==Later disputed usage==
	===Symbol of Carantania===		===Symbol of Carantania===
	The symbol of the black panther in its current version was first reconstructed by the historian [[Jožko Šavli]] in the 1980s. Šavli claimed that he had discovered several feudal families originating from the old [[Carantania]]n area that had a black panther in their dynastic coat of arms. He also claimed that he had discovered several documents mentioning the black panther as an ancient symbol of Carantania. From all these evidences he reconstructed the probable appearance of the symbol of [[Carolingian]] Carantania.		The symbol of the black panther in its current version was first reconstructed by the self-proclaimed historian, and high school economics teacher, [[Jožko Šavli]] in the 1980s. Šavli claimed that he had discovered several feudal families originating from the old [[Carantania]]n area that had a black panther in their dynastic coat of arms. He also claimed that he had discovered several documents mentioning the black panther as an ancient symbol of Carantania. From all these evidences he reconstructed the probable appearance of the symbol of [[Carolingian]] Carantania. These claims are not backed by any real evidence and have been refuted by academic historians.

	Šavli's reconstruction soon gained some popularity among younger generations of Slovenian patriots and nationalists.		Šavli's reconstruction soon gained some popularity among younger generations of Slovenian patriots and nationalists.

	===Symbol of Carinthia===		===Symbol of Carinthia===
	Several academic historians, such as [[Peter Štih]], have disputed the hypothesis that the black panther was the symbol of Carolingian and [[Ottonian]] [[Duchy of Carinthia]]. According to their views, all mentions which would suggest such a conclusion are vague. Furthermore, there is no direct evidence of the symbol dating to the time of the Slavic principality of Carantania.		Several academic historians, such as [[Peter Štih]], have disputed the hypothesis that the black panther was the symbol of Carolingian and [[Ottonian]] [[Duchy of Carinthia]]. According to their views, all mentions which would suggest such a conclusion are vague. Furthermore, there is no direct evidence of the symbol dating to the time of the Slavic principality of Carantania.

	==Current usage==		==Current usage==
	===Slovenia===		===Slovenia===
	[[Jožko Šavli]]'s stylized version of the black panther is widely used within structures of the [[Slovenia]]n [[security forces]]; namely by the [[Slovenian Armed Forces]] and the [[Slovenian Police]]. Within the Slovenian military the symbol is present on a ~~Coat~~ of ~~Arms~~ of the General Staff of the Slovenian Armed Forces ({{~~lang-~~sl\|Generalštab Slovenske vojske}})<ref>{{cite news \| url = http://www.slovenskavojska.si/struktura/generalstab/ \| title = Generalštab Slovenske vojske \|trans-title=General Staff of the Slovenian Army \| publisher = [[Slovenian Armed Forces]] official website \| access-date = 25 March 2016 \| language = sl }}</ref> and the United Operational Center ({{~~lang-~~sl\|Združeni operativni center}}), although in the latter case the symbol is reversed and is facing to the right.<ref>{{cite news \| url = http://www.slovenskavojska.si/struktura/zdruzeni-operativni-center/ \| title = Združeni operativni center \|trans-title=United Operational Center \| publisher = [[Slovenian Armed Forces]] official website \| access-date = 25 March 2016 \| language = sl }}</ref> The panther is also used in the ~~Coat~~ of ~~Arms~~ of the [[Specialna Enota Policije\|special forces unit]] of the Slovenian Police, although in their case stylized in red and presented on a black shield.<ref>{{cite news \| url = http://www.policija.si/index.php/delovna-podroja/175 \| title = Specialna enota \|trans-title=Special unit \| publisher = [[Slovenian Police]] official website \| access-date = 25 March 2016 \| language = sl }}</ref> This unit is commonly referred to as the ''Red Panthers'' ({{lang\|sl\|Rdeči panterji}}).<ref>{{cite news \| url = http://www.delo.si/novice/slovenija/rdeci-panterji-se-dan-za-dnem-urijo-za-pomoc-udarnost-in-ostrino.html \| title = Rdeči panterji se dan za dnem urijo za pomoč, udarnost in ostrino \|trans-title=Red Panthers train day-to-day for help, strike and sharpness \| author = Mitja Felc \| publisher = [[Delo (Slovenia)\|Delo]] official website \| date = 2 August 2011 \| access-date = 25 March 2016 \| language = sl }}</ref><ref>{{cite news \| url = http://www.policija.si/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=67167 \| title = Rdeči panterji sodelovali v taktični vaji Atlas Common Challenge 2013 \|trans-title=Red Panthers participated in a tactical exercise Atlas Common Challenge 2013 \| publisher = [[Slovenian Police]] official website \| date = 19 April 2013 \| access-date = 25 March 2016 \| language = sl }}</ref><ref>{{cite news \| url = http://www.rtvslo.si/slovenija/foto-policijski-specialci-najprej-znoj-in-kri-nato-zvestoba-do-groba/309411 \| title = Foto: Policijski specialci – najprej znoj in kri, nato zvestoba do groba \|trans-title=Foto: Police special forces – first sweat and blood, then loyalty until the end \| author = Tina Hacler \| publisher = [[RTV Slovenija]] official website \| date = 23 May 2013 \| access-date = 25 March 2016 \| language = sl }}</ref><ref>{{cite news \| url = http://www.24ur.com/novice/slovenija/specialna.html \| title = Foto: Policijski specialci – najboljši med najboljšimi \|trans-title=Foto: Police special forces – the best among the best \| author = M. M., U. Z. \| publisher = [[POP TV\|24ur]] official website \| date = 22 May 2013 \| access-date = 25 March 2016 \| language = sl }}</ref>		[[Jožko Šavli]]'s stylized version of the black panther is widely used within structures of the [[Slovenia]]n [[security forces]]; namely by the [[Slovenian Armed Forces]] and the [[Slovenian Police]]. Within the Slovenian military the symbol is present on a coat of arms of the General Staff of the Slovenian Armed Forces ({{langx\|sl\|Generalštab Slovenske vojske}})<ref>{{cite news \| url = http://www.slovenskavojska.si/struktura/generalstab/ \| title = Generalštab Slovenske vojske \| trans-title = General Staff of the Slovenian Army \| publisher = [[Slovenian Armed Forces]] official website \| access-date = 25 March 2016 \| language = sl \| archive-date = 7 April 2016 \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160407195915/http://www.slovenskavojska.si/struktura/generalstab/ \| url-status = dead }}</ref> and the United Operational Center ({{langx\|sl\|Združeni operativni center}}), although in the latter case the symbol is reversed and is facing to the right.<ref>{{cite news \| url = http://www.slovenskavojska.si/struktura/zdruzeni-operativni-center/ \| title = Združeni operativni center \| trans-title = United Operational Center \| publisher = [[Slovenian Armed Forces]] official website \| access-date = 25 March 2016 \| language = sl \| archive-date = 7 April 2016 \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160407154630/http://www.slovenskavojska.si/struktura/zdruzeni-operativni-center/ \| url-status = dead }}</ref> The black panther on a white shield is also present within the official emblem of the Medical Rescue Center of [[Carinthia (Slovenia)\|Carinthia]] ({{langx\|sl\|Zdravstveno reševalni center Koroške}}).<ref>{{cite news \| url = https://www.zrck.si/ \| title = Zdravstveno reševalni center Koroške \| trans-title = Medical rescue center of Carinthia \| publisher = Medical rescue center of Carinthia official website \| access-date = 26 October 2022 \| language = sl }}</ref><ref>{{cite news \| url = https://www.zrck.si/index.php/logotip \| title = Logotip ZRCK \| trans-title = ZRKC's logo \| publisher = Medical rescue center of Carinthia official website \| access-date = 26 October 2022 \| language = sl }}</ref> The panther is also used in the coat of arms of the [[Specialna Enota Policije\|special forces unit]] of the Slovenian Police, although in their case stylized in red and presented on a black shield.<ref>{{cite news \| url = https://www.policija.si/o-slovenski-policiji/organiziranost/generalna-policijska-uprava/specialna-enota \| title = Specialna enota \| trans-title = Special unit \| publisher = [[Slovenian Police]] official website \| access-date = 20 March 2026 \| language = sl }}</ref><ref>{{cite news \| url = http://www.policija.si/index.php/delovna-podroja/175 \| title = Specialna enota \| trans-title = Special unit \| publisher = [[Slovenian Police]] official website \| access-date = 25 March 2016 \| language = sl \| archive-date = 5 April 2016 \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160405073557/http://www.policija.si/index.php/delovna-podroja/175 \| url-status = dead }}</ref> This unit is commonly referred to as the ''Red Panthers'' ({{lang\|sl\|Rdeči panterji}}).<ref>{{cite news \| url = http://www.delo.si/novice/slovenija/rdeci-panterji-se-dan-za-dnem-urijo-za-pomoc-udarnost-in-ostrino.html \| title = Rdeči panterji se dan za dnem urijo za pomoč, udarnost in ostrino \|trans-title=Red Panthers train day-to-day for help, strike and sharpness \| author = Mitja Felc \| publisher = [[Delo (Slovenia)\|Delo]] official website \| date = 2 August 2011 \| access-date = 25 March 2016 \| language = sl }}</ref><ref>{{cite news \| url = http://www.policija.si/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=67167 \| title = Rdeči panterji sodelovali v taktični vaji Atlas Common Challenge 2013 \| trans-title = Red Panthers participated in a tactical exercise Atlas Common Challenge 2013 \| publisher = [[Slovenian Police]] official website \| date = 19 April 2013 \| access-date = 25 March 2016 \| language = sl \| archive-date = 5 April 2016 \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160405070959/http://www.policija.si/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=67167 \| url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news \| url = http://www.rtvslo.si/slovenija/foto-policijski-specialci-najprej-znoj-in-kri-nato-zvestoba-do-groba/309411 \| title = Foto: Policijski specialci – najprej znoj in kri, nato zvestoba do groba \|trans-title=Foto: Police special forces – first sweat and blood, then loyalty until the end \| author = Tina Hacler \| publisher = [[RTV Slovenija]] official website \| date = 23 May 2013 \| access-date = 25 March 2016 \| language = sl }}</ref><ref>{{cite news \| url = http://www.24ur.com/novice/slovenija/specialna.html \| title = Foto: Policijski specialci – najboljši med najboljšimi \|trans-title=Foto: Police special forces – the best among the best \| author = M. M., U. Z. \| publisher = [[POP TV\|24ur]] official website \| date = 22 May 2013 \| access-date = 25 March 2016 \| language = sl }}</ref>

	== See also ==		== See also ==
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	[[Category:Heraldic beasts]]		[[Category:Heraldic beasts]]
	[[Category:Medieval Slovenia]]		[[Category:Medieval history of Slovenia]]
	[[Category:Slovenian nationalism]]		[[Category:Slovenian nationalism]]

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[[File:Carantanian panther.png|thumb|Carantanian panther]]
The '''black panther''' ({{lang-sl|črni panter}}), also known as the '''Carantanian panther''' ({{lang|sl|karantanski panter}}) after the Medieval principality of [[Carantania]], is a [[Duchy of Carinthia|Carinthian]] historical [[symbol]], which represents a stylized heraldic [[Panther (legendary creature)#Heraldry|panther]]. As a heraldic symbol, it appeared on the coat of arms of the Carinthian Duke [[Herman II, Duke of Carinthia|Herman II]] as well as of the [[Duchy of Styria|Styrian]] Margrave [[Ottokar III of Styria|Ottokar III]]. In this region it was most frequently imaged on various monuments and tombstones. The symbol can still be found in the coat of arms of the [[Austria]]n state of [[Styria]], although the colours have changed. The symbol is also widely used within structures of the [[Slovenia]]n [[security forces]]; namely by the [[Slovenian Armed Forces]] and the [[Slovenian Police]]. Since 1991, there have been several proposals to replace the [[Coat of arms of Slovenia|Slovenian coat of arms]] with the black panther.

==Origin==
The origins of the symbol are unclear. According to the archaeologist and historian Andrej Pleterski, it appears for the first time in the coat of arms of the [[Sponheim]] family from Carinthia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mladina.si/50763/mitoloske-prikazni/ |title=Mitološke prikazni |language=sl|trans-title=Mythological Apparitions |work=Mladina.si |first=Erik |last=Valenčič |date=3 June 2010}}</ref> The historian [[Peter Štih]] has denied any historically attested relation to symbols of [[Carantania]].<ref>[http://www.mladina.si/93367/slo-intervju--gregor_cerar/ Intervju P. Štiha v Mladini, 15. 12. 2005]</ref> On the contrary, the economist [[Jožko Šavli]], an adherent of the autochthonist [[Venetic theory]], believed that it originated from the Roman province of [[Noricum]], was later adopted by Carantania, and then by the [[Duchy of Styria|Styrian]] nobility.<ref>{{cite book |title=Slovenska znamenja |language=sl|trans-title=Slovene Symbols |year=1994 |first=Jožko |last=Šavli |isbn=961-6097-00-8}}</ref>

==Later disputed usage==
===Symbol of Carantania===
The symbol of the black panther in its current version was first reconstructed by the historian [[Jožko Šavli]] in the 1980s. Šavli claimed that he had discovered several feudal families originating from the old [[Carantania]]n area that had a black panther in their dynastic coat of arms. He also claimed that he had discovered several documents mentioning the black panther as an ancient symbol of Carantania. From all these evidences he reconstructed the probable appearance of the symbol of [[Carolingian]] Carantania.

Šavli's reconstruction soon gained some popularity among younger generations of Slovenian patriots and nationalists.

===Symbol of Carinthia===
Several academic historians, such as [[Peter Štih]], have disputed the hypothesis that the black panther was the symbol of Carolingian and [[Ottonian]] [[Duchy of Carinthia]]. According to their views, all mentions which would suggest such a conclusion are vague. Furthermore, there is no direct evidence of the symbol dating to the time of the Slavic principality of Carantania.

==Current usage==
===Slovenia===
[[Jožko Šavli]]'s stylized version of the black panther is widely used within structures of the [[Slovenia]]n [[security forces]]; namely by the [[Slovenian Armed Forces]] and the [[Slovenian Police]]. Within the Slovenian military the symbol is present on a Coat of Arms of the General Staff of the Slovenian Armed Forces ({{lang-sl|Generalštab Slovenske vojske}})<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.slovenskavojska.si/struktura/generalstab/ | title = Generalštab Slovenske vojske |trans-title=General Staff of the Slovenian Army | publisher = [[Slovenian Armed Forces]] official website | access-date = 25 March 2016 | language = sl }}</ref> and the United Operational Center ({{lang-sl|Združeni operativni center}}), although in the latter case the symbol is reversed and is facing to the right.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.slovenskavojska.si/struktura/zdruzeni-operativni-center/ | title = Združeni operativni center |trans-title=United Operational Center | publisher = [[Slovenian Armed Forces]] official website | access-date = 25 March 2016 | language = sl }}</ref> The panther is also used in the Coat of Arms of the [[Specialna Enota Policije|special forces unit]] of the Slovenian Police, although in their case stylized in red and presented on a black shield.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.policija.si/index.php/delovna-podroja/175 | title = Specialna enota |trans-title=Special unit | publisher = [[Slovenian Police]] official website | access-date = 25 March 2016 | language = sl }}</ref> This unit is commonly referred to as the ''Red Panthers'' ({{lang|sl|Rdeči panterji}}).<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.delo.si/novice/slovenija/rdeci-panterji-se-dan-za-dnem-urijo-za-pomoc-udarnost-in-ostrino.html | title = Rdeči panterji se dan za dnem urijo za pomoč, udarnost in ostrino |trans-title=Red Panthers train day-to-day for help, strike and sharpness | author = Mitja Felc | publisher = [[Delo (Slovenia)|Delo]] official website | date = 2 August 2011 | access-date = 25 March 2016 | language = sl }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.policija.si/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=67167 | title = Rdeči panterji sodelovali v taktični vaji Atlas Common Challenge 2013 |trans-title=Red Panthers participated in a tactical exercise Atlas Common Challenge 2013 | publisher = [[Slovenian Police]] official website | date = 19 April 2013 | access-date = 25 March 2016 | language = sl }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.rtvslo.si/slovenija/foto-policijski-specialci-najprej-znoj-in-kri-nato-zvestoba-do-groba/309411 | title = Foto: Policijski specialci – najprej znoj in kri, nato zvestoba do groba |trans-title=Foto: Police special forces – first sweat and blood, then loyalty until the end | author = Tina Hacler | publisher = [[RTV Slovenija]] official website | date = 23 May 2013 | access-date = 25 March 2016 | language = sl }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.24ur.com/novice/slovenija/specialna.html | title = Foto: Policijski specialci – najboljši med najboljšimi |trans-title=Foto: Police special forces – the best among the best | author = M. M., U. Z. | publisher = [[POP TV|24ur]] official website | date = 22 May 2013 | access-date = 25 March 2016 | language = sl }}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[National symbols of Slovenia]]
*[[Prince's Stone]]
*[[Duke's Chair]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*Andrej Pleterski, "Karantanski Rašamon ali mit pred mitom" in [[Delo (newspaper)|Delo]], y. 39, n. 118 (May 24, 1997).
*Peter Štih, "Brskanje po zgodovini in iskanje slovenskih simbolov" in Delo, y. 30, n. 130 (June 6, 1990).
*Jožko Šavli, ''Slovenski simboli'' (Bilje: Založba Humar, 1995).

[[Category:Heraldic beasts]]
[[Category:Medieval Slovenia]]
[[Category:Slovenian nationalism]]