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← Older revision		Revision as of 12:41, 2 July 2021
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	~~{{other uses\|Bird (disambiguation)\|Birds (disambiguation)}}~~
	~~{{Pp-semi-indef}}~~
	~~{{pp-move-indef}}~~
	{{short description\|Warm-blooded, egg-laying vertebrates with wings, feathers, and beaks}}		{{short description\|Warm-blooded, egg-laying vertebrates with wings, feathers, and beaks}}
	{{redirect-multi\|2\|Aves\|Avifauna}}		{{redirect-multi\|2\|Aves\|Avifauna}}
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	{{Use dmy dates\|date=May 2020}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=May 2020}}
	{{Use British English\|date=September 2016}}		{{Use British English\|date=September 2016}}
	{{Automatic ~~taxobox~~		{{Automatic taxtbox
	\| name = Birds		\| name = Birds
	\| fossil_range = <br />{{fossilrange\|72\|0\|[[Late Cretaceous]] – [[Holocene\|present]],<ref name="kuhl2020">H Kuhl, C Frankl-Vilches, A Bakker, G Mayr, G Nikolaus, S T Boerno, S Klages, B Timmermann, M Gahr (2020) [https://academic.oup.com/mbe/advance-article/doi/10.1093/molbev/msaa191/5891114 An unbiased molecular approach using 3'UTRs resolves the avian family-level tree of life]. ''Molecular Biology and Evolution''. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msaa191</ref> 72–0 [[Year#SI prefix multipliers\|Ma]]\| \| earliest=160.8}}		\| fossil_range = <br />{{fossilrange\|72\|0\|[[Late Cretaceous]] – [[Holocene\|present]],<ref name="kuhl2020">H Kuhl, C Frankl-Vilches, A Bakker, G Mayr, G Nikolaus, S T Boerno, S Klages, B Timmermann, M Gahr (2020) [https://academic.oup.com/mbe/advance-article/doi/10.1093/molbev/msaa191/5891114 An unbiased molecular approach using 3'UTRs resolves the avian family-level tree of life]. ''Molecular Biology and Evolution''. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msaa191</ref> 72–0 [[Year#SI prefix multipliers\|Ma]]\| \| earliest=160.8}}

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:16, 9 July 2021
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	{{short description\|Warm-blooded, egg-laying vertebrates with wings, feathers, and beaks}}		{{short description\|Warm-blooded, egg-laying vertebrates with wings, feathers, and beaks}}
	{{redirect-multi\|2\|Aves\|Avifauna}}		{{redirect-multi\|2\|Aves\|Avifauna}}
	~~{{Featured article}}~~
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=May 2020}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=May 2020}}
	{{Use British English\|date=September 2016}}		{{Use British English\|date=September 2016}}
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	\| taxon = Aves		\| taxon = Aves
	\| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus\|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae\|1758]]<ref>{{cite web\| url= http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonTree.aspx?id=80129&tree=0.1\| title=Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification, Class Aves \| access-date=11 June 2012 \| last=Brands \| first=Sheila \| date=14 August 2008 \| work=Project: The Taxonomicon }}</ref>		\| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus\|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae\|1758]]<ref>{{cite web\| url= http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonTree.aspx?id=80129&tree=0.1\| title=Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification, Class Aves \| access-date=11 June 2012 \| last=Brands \| first=Sheila \| date=14 August 2008 \| work=Project: The Taxonomicon }}</ref>
	\| subdivision_ranks = Extant [[Order (biology)\|orders]] and temporal ranges of [[~~Crown_group~~#Pan-group\|total groups]]		\| subdivision_ranks = Extant [[Order (biology)\|orders]] and temporal ranges of [[Crown group#Pan-group\|total groups]]
	\| subdivision = {{show		\| subdivision = {{show
	\|1=See orders		\|1=See orders
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	*** [[Trogoniformes]] (Trogons) – 55–0 Mya, Early [[Eocene]]–present<ref name="Mayr2009" />		*** [[Trogoniformes]] (Trogons) – 55–0 Mya, Early [[Eocene]]–present<ref name="Mayr2009" />
	*** [[Bucerotiformes]] (Hornbills, hoopoes and wood-hoopoes) – 55–0 Mya, Early [[Eocene]]–present<ref name="Mayr2009" />		*** [[Bucerotiformes]] (Hornbills, hoopoes and wood-hoopoes) – 55–0 Mya, Early [[Eocene]]–present<ref name="Mayr2009" />
	*** [[Coraciiformes]] (Rollers, bee eaters, todies, kingfishers, etc) – 55–0 Mya, Early [[Eocene]]–present<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Bourdon \|first1=Estelle \|last2=Kristoffersen \|first2=Anette V. \|last3=Bonde \|first3=Niels \|title=A roller-like bird (Coracii) from the Early Eocene of Denmark \|journal=Scientific Reports \|date=December 2016 \|volume=6 \|issue=1 \|pages=34050 \|doi=10.1038/srep34050\|pmid=27670387 \|pmc=5037458 \|bibcode=2016NatSR...634050B \|doi-access=free }}</ref~~><ref name="Smith&Ksepka2015" /~~>		*** [[Coraciiformes]] (Rollers, bee eaters, todies, kingfishers, etc) – 55–0 Mya, Early [[Eocene]]–present<ref name="Smith&Ksepka2015" /><ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Bourdon \|first1=Estelle \|last2=Kristoffersen \|first2=Anette V. \|last3=Bonde \|first3=Niels \|title=A roller-like bird (Coracii) from the Early Eocene of Denmark \|journal=Scientific Reports \|date=December 2016 \|volume=6 \|issue=1 \|pages=34050 \|doi=10.1038/srep34050\|pmid=27670387 \|pmc=5037458 \|bibcode=2016NatSR...634050B \|doi-access=free }}</ref>
	*** [[Piciformes]] (Woodpeckers, toucans, puffbirds, etc) – 47?–0 Mya, Middle [[Eocene]]?–present<ref name="Mayr2017" />		*** [[Piciformes]] (Woodpeckers, toucans, puffbirds, etc) – 47?–0 Mya, Middle [[Eocene]]?–present<ref name="Mayr2017" />
	*** [[Cariamiformes]] (Seriemas) – 53–0 Mya, Early [[Eocene]]–present<ref name="Mayr2017" /><ref name="Woodburne2014" /><ref name="Oliveros2019">{{cite journal \|last1=Oliveros \|first1=Carl H. \|last2=Field \|first2=Daniel J. \|last3=Ksepka \|first3=Daniel T. \|last4=Barker \|first4=F. Keith \|last5=Aleixo \|first5=Alexandre \|last6=Andersen \|first6=Michael J. \|last7=Alström \|first7=Per \|last8=Benz \|first8=Brett W. \|last9=Braun \|first9=Edward L. \|last10=Braun \|first10=Michael J. \|last11=Bravo \|first11=Gustavo A. \|last12=Brumfield \|first12=Robb T. \|last13=Chesser \|first13=R. Terry \|last14=Claramunt \|first14=Santiago \|last15=Cracraft \|first15=Joel \|last16=Cuervo \|first16=Andrés M. \|last17=Derryberry \|first17=Elizabeth P. \|last18=Glenn \|first18=Travis C. \|last19=Harvey \|first19=Michael G. \|last20=Hosner \|first20=Peter A. \|last21=Joseph \|first21=Leo \|last22=Kimball \|first22=Rebecca T. \|last23=Mack \|first23=Andrew L. \|last24=Miskelly \|first24=Colin M. \|last25=Peterson \|first25=A. Townsend \|last26=Robbins \|first26=Mark B. \|last27=Sheldon \|first27=Frederick H. \|last28=Silveira \|first28=Luís Fábio \|last29=Smith \|first29=Brian Tilston \|last30=White \|first30=Noor D. \|last31=Moyle \|first31=Robert G. \|last32=Faircloth \|first32=Brant C. \|title=Earth history and the passerine superradiation \|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences \|date=16 April 2019 \|volume=116 \|issue=16 \|pages=7916–7925 \|doi=10.1073/pnas.1813206116\|pmid=30936315 \|pmc=6475423 \|doi-access=free }}</ref>		*** [[Cariamiformes]] (Seriemas) – 53–0 Mya, Early [[Eocene]]–present<ref name="Mayr2017" /><ref name="Woodburne2014" /><ref name="Oliveros2019">{{cite journal \|last1=Oliveros \|first1=Carl H. \|last2=Field \|first2=Daniel J. \|last3=Ksepka \|first3=Daniel T. \|last4=Barker \|first4=F. Keith \|last5=Aleixo \|first5=Alexandre \|last6=Andersen \|first6=Michael J. \|last7=Alström \|first7=Per \|last8=Benz \|first8=Brett W. \|last9=Braun \|first9=Edward L. \|last10=Braun \|first10=Michael J. \|last11=Bravo \|first11=Gustavo A. \|last12=Brumfield \|first12=Robb T. \|last13=Chesser \|first13=R. Terry \|last14=Claramunt \|first14=Santiago \|last15=Cracraft \|first15=Joel \|last16=Cuervo \|first16=Andrés M. \|last17=Derryberry \|first17=Elizabeth P. \|last18=Glenn \|first18=Travis C. \|last19=Harvey \|first19=Michael G. \|last20=Hosner \|first20=Peter A. \|last21=Joseph \|first21=Leo \|last22=Kimball \|first22=Rebecca T. \|last23=Mack \|first23=Andrew L. \|last24=Miskelly \|first24=Colin M. \|last25=Peterson \|first25=A. Townsend \|last26=Robbins \|first26=Mark B. \|last27=Sheldon \|first27=Frederick H. \|last28=Silveira \|first28=Luís Fábio \|last29=Smith \|first29=Brian Tilston \|last30=White \|first30=Noor D. \|last31=Moyle \|first31=Robert G. \|last32=Faircloth \|first32=Brant C. \|title=Earth history and the passerine superradiation \|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences \|date=16 April 2019 \|volume=116 \|issue=16 \|pages=7916–7925 \|doi=10.1073/pnas.1813206116\|pmid=30936315 \|pmc=6475423 \|doi-access=free }}</ref>
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	The discovery of ''[[Vegavis]]'' from the [[Maastrichtian]], the last stage of the Late Cretaceous proved that the diversification of modern birds started before the [[Cenozoic\|Cenozoic era]].<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Clarke \|first1=Julia A. \|last2=Tambussi \|first2=Claudia P. \|last3=Noriega \|first3=Jorge I. \|last4=Erickson \|first4=Gregory M. \|last5=Ketcham \|first5=Richard A. \|title=Definitive fossil evidence for the extant avian radiation in the Cretaceous \|journal=Nature \|date=January 2005 \|volume=433 \|issue=7023 \|pages=305–308 \|doi=10.1038/nature03150 \|pmid=15662422 \|bibcode=2005Natur.433..305C \|s2cid=4354309 }}</ref> The affinities of an earlier fossil, the possible [[Galliformes\|galliform]] ''[[Austinornis]] lentus'', dated to about 85 million years ago,<ref>{{cite journal \| last1 = Clarke \| first1 = J.A. \| year = 2004 \| title = Morphology, phylogenetic taxonomy, and systematics of ''Ichthyornis'' and ''Apatornis'' (Avialae: Ornithurae) \| url = http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/bitstream/handle/2246/454/B286.?sequence=1 \| journal = Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History \| volume = 286 \| pages = 1–179 \| doi=10.1206/0003-0090(2004)286<0001:mptaso>2.0.co;2\| hdl = 2246/454 }}</ref> are still too controversial to provide a fossil evidence of modern bird diversification. In 2020, ''[[Asteriornis]]'' from the Maastrichtian was described, it appears to be a close relative of [[Galloanserae]], the earliest diverging lineage within Neognathae.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal\|last1=Field\|first1=Daniel J.\|last2=Benito\|first2=Juan\|last3=Chen\|first3=Albert\|last4=Jagt\|first4=John W. M.\|last5=Ksepka\|first5=Daniel T.\|date=18 March 2020\|title=Late Cretaceous neornithine from Europe illuminates the origins of crown birds\|url=https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/303639\|journal=Nature\|language=en\|volume=579\|issue=7799\|pages=397–401\|doi=10.1038/s41586-020-2096-0\|issn=1476-4687\|pmid=32188952}}</ref>		The discovery of ''[[Vegavis]]'' from the [[Maastrichtian]], the last stage of the Late Cretaceous proved that the diversification of modern birds started before the [[Cenozoic\|Cenozoic era]].<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Clarke \|first1=Julia A. \|last2=Tambussi \|first2=Claudia P. \|last3=Noriega \|first3=Jorge I. \|last4=Erickson \|first4=Gregory M. \|last5=Ketcham \|first5=Richard A. \|title=Definitive fossil evidence for the extant avian radiation in the Cretaceous \|journal=Nature \|date=January 2005 \|volume=433 \|issue=7023 \|pages=305–308 \|doi=10.1038/nature03150 \|pmid=15662422 \|bibcode=2005Natur.433..305C \|s2cid=4354309 }}</ref> The affinities of an earlier fossil, the possible [[Galliformes\|galliform]] ''[[Austinornis]] lentus'', dated to about 85 million years ago,<ref>{{cite journal \| last1 = Clarke \| first1 = J.A. \| year = 2004 \| title = Morphology, phylogenetic taxonomy, and systematics of ''Ichthyornis'' and ''Apatornis'' (Avialae: Ornithurae) \| url = http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/bitstream/handle/2246/454/B286.?sequence=1 \| journal = Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History \| volume = 286 \| pages = 1–179 \| doi=10.1206/0003-0090(2004)286<0001:mptaso>2.0.co;2\| hdl = 2246/454 }}</ref> are still too controversial to provide a fossil evidence of modern bird diversification. In 2020, ''[[Asteriornis]]'' from the Maastrichtian was described, it appears to be a close relative of [[Galloanserae]], the earliest diverging lineage within Neognathae.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal\|last1=Field\|first1=Daniel J.\|last2=Benito\|first2=Juan\|last3=Chen\|first3=Albert\|last4=Jagt\|first4=John W. M.\|last5=Ksepka\|first5=Daniel T.\|date=18 March 2020\|title=Late Cretaceous neornithine from Europe illuminates the origins of crown birds\|url=https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/303639\|journal=Nature\|language=en\|volume=579\|issue=7799\|pages=397–401\|doi=10.1038/s41586-020-2096-0\|issn=1476-4687\|pmid=32188952}}</ref>

	Most studies agree on a Cretaceous age for the most recent common ancestor of modern birds but estimates range from the [[Middle Cretaceous]]<ref name=divergence>{{Cite journal \| last1 = Lee \| first1 = Michael SY \| last2 = Cau \| first2 = Andrea \| last3 = Naish \| first3 = Darren \| last4 = Dyke \| first4 = Gareth J. \| date = May 2014 \| title = Morphological Clocks in Paleontology, and a Mid-Cretaceous Origin of Crown Aves \| journal = Systematic Biology \| publisher = Oxford Journals \| doi = 10.1093/sysbio/syt110 \| volume=63 \|issue=1 \| pages=442–449 \| pmid=24449041\| url = https://academic.oup.com/sysbio/article-pdf/63/3/442/9164850/syt110.pdf \| doi-access = free }}</ref> to the latest [[Late Cretaceous]].<ref name=Prum2015>{{cite journal \| last1 = Prum \| first1 = R.O. \| display-authors = et al \| year = 2015 \| title = A comprehensive phylogeny of birds (Aves) using targeted next-generation DNA sequencing \| journal = Nature \| volume = 526 \| issue = 7574 \| pages = 569–573 \| bibcode = 2015Natur.526..569P \| doi = 10.1038/nature15697 \| pmid = 26444237 \| s2cid = 205246158 }}</ref~~><ref name="kuhl2020"/~~> Similarly, there is no agreement on whether most of the early diversification of modern birds occurred before or after the [[Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event\|Cretaceous–Palaeogene extinction event]].<ref name="Ericson">{{Cite journal \|last1=Ericson \|first1=Per G.P. \|year=2006 \|title=Diversification of Neoaves: integration of molecular sequence data and fossils \|journal=[[Biology Letters]] \|volume=2 \|issue=4 \|pages=543–547 \|doi=10.1098/rsbl.2006.0523 \|pmid=17148284 \|url=http://www.senckenberg.de/files/content/forschung/abteilung/terrzool/ornithologie/neoaves.pdf \|last2=Anderson \|first2=CL \|last3=Britton \|first3=T \|last4=Elzanowski \|first4=A \|last5=Johansson \|first5=US \|last6=Källersjö \|first6=M \|last7=Ohlson \|first7=JI \|last8=Parsons \|first8=TJ \|last9=Zuccon \|first9=D \|pmc=1834003 \|first10=G. \|last10=Mayr \|display-authors=1 \|access-date=4 July 2008 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325235703/http://www.senckenberg.de/files/content/forschung/abteilung/terrzool/ornithologie/neoaves.pdf \|archive-date=25 March 2009 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> This disagreement is in part caused by a divergence in the evidence; most molecular dating studies suggests a Cretaceous [[evolutionary radiation]], while fossil evidence points to a Cenozoic radiation (the so-called 'rocks' versus 'clocks' controversy). Previous attempts to reconcile molecular and fossil evidence have proved controversial,<ref name="Ericson"/><ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Brown \|first1=Joseph W. \|date=June 2007 \|title=Nuclear DNA does not reconcile 'rocks' and 'clocks' in Neoaves: a comment on Ericson et al. \|journal=[[Biology Letters]] \|volume=3 \|issue=3 \|pages=257–259 \|doi=10.1098/rsbl.2006.0611 \|pmid=17389215 \|last2=Payne \|first2=RB \|last3=Mindell \|first3=DP \|pmc=2464679}}</ref> but more recent estimates, using a more comprehensive sample of fossils and a new way of calibrating [[molecular clocks]], showed that while modern birds originated early in the Late Cretaceous in Western Gondwana, a pulse of diversification in all major groups occurred around the Cretaceous–Palaeogene extinction event. Modern birds expanded from West Gondwana to the Laurasia through two routes. One route was an Antarctic interchange in the Paleogene. This can be confirmed with the presence of multiple avian groups in Australia and New Zealand. The other route was probably through North American, via land bridges during the Paleocene. This allowed the expansion and diversification of Neornithes into the Holarctic and Paleotropics.<ref name=cracraft>{{cite journal \|last1=Claramunt \|first1=S. \|last2=Cracraft \|first2=J.\|author-link2=Joel Cracraft \|title=A new time tree reveals Earth history's imprint on the evolution of modern birds \|journal=Sci Adv \|date=2015 \|volume=1 \|issue=11 \|doi=10.1126/sciadv.1501005 \|pmc=4730849 \|pmid=26824065 \|page=e1501005\|bibcode=2015SciA....1E1005C }}</ref>		Most studies agree on a Cretaceous age for the most recent common ancestor of modern birds but estimates range from the [[Middle Cretaceous]]<ref name=divergence>{{Cite journal \| last1 = Lee \| first1 = Michael SY \| last2 = Cau \| first2 = Andrea \| last3 = Naish \| first3 = Darren \| last4 = Dyke \| first4 = Gareth J. \| date = May 2014 \| title = Morphological Clocks in Paleontology, and a Mid-Cretaceous Origin of Crown Aves \| journal = Systematic Biology \| publisher = Oxford Journals \| doi = 10.1093/sysbio/syt110 \| volume=63 \|issue=1 \| pages=442–449 \| pmid=24449041\| url = https://academic.oup.com/sysbio/article-pdf/63/3/442/9164850/syt110.pdf \| doi-access = free }}</ref> to the latest [[Late Cretaceous]].<ref name="kuhl2020"/><ref name=Prum2015>{{cite journal \| last1 = Prum \| first1 = R.O. \| display-authors = et al \| year = 2015 \| title = A comprehensive phylogeny of birds (Aves) using targeted next-generation DNA sequencing \| journal = Nature \| volume = 526 \| issue = 7574 \| pages = 569–573 \| bibcode = 2015Natur.526..569P \| doi = 10.1038/nature15697 \| pmid = 26444237 \| s2cid = 205246158 }}</ref> Similarly, there is no agreement on whether most of the early diversification of modern birds occurred before or after the [[Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event\|Cretaceous–Palaeogene extinction event]].<ref name="Ericson">{{Cite journal \|last1=Ericson \|first1=Per G.P. \|year=2006 \|title=Diversification of Neoaves: integration of molecular sequence data and fossils \|journal=[[Biology Letters]] \|volume=2 \|issue=4 \|pages=543–547 \|doi=10.1098/rsbl.2006.0523 \|pmid=17148284 \|url=http://www.senckenberg.de/files/content/forschung/abteilung/terrzool/ornithologie/neoaves.pdf \|last2=Anderson \|first2=CL \|last3=Britton \|first3=T \|last4=Elzanowski \|first4=A \|last5=Johansson \|first5=US \|last6=Källersjö \|first6=M \|last7=Ohlson \|first7=JI \|last8=Parsons \|first8=TJ \|last9=Zuccon \|first9=D \|pmc=1834003 \|first10=G. \|last10=Mayr \|display-authors=1 \|access-date=4 July 2008 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325235703/http://www.senckenberg.de/files/content/forschung/abteilung/terrzool/ornithologie/neoaves.pdf \|archive-date=25 March 2009 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> This disagreement is in part caused by a divergence in the evidence; most molecular dating studies suggests a Cretaceous [[evolutionary radiation]], while fossil evidence points to a Cenozoic radiation (the so-called 'rocks' versus 'clocks' controversy). Previous attempts to reconcile molecular and fossil evidence have proved controversial,<ref name="Ericson"/><ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Brown \|first1=Joseph W. \|date=June 2007 \|title=Nuclear DNA does not reconcile 'rocks' and 'clocks' in Neoaves: a comment on Ericson et al. \|journal=[[Biology Letters]] \|volume=3 \|issue=3 \|pages=257–259 \|doi=10.1098/rsbl.2006.0611 \|pmid=17389215 \|last2=Payne \|first2=RB \|last3=Mindell \|first3=DP \|pmc=2464679}}</ref> but more recent estimates, using a more comprehensive sample of fossils and a new way of calibrating [[molecular clocks]], showed that while modern birds originated early in the Late Cretaceous in Western Gondwana, a pulse of diversification in all major groups occurred around the Cretaceous–Palaeogene extinction event. Modern birds expanded from West Gondwana to the Laurasia through two routes. One route was an Antarctic interchange in the Paleogene. This can be confirmed with the presence of multiple avian groups in Australia and New Zealand. The other route was probably through North American, via land bridges during the Paleocene. This allowed the expansion and diversification of Neornithes into the Holarctic and Paleotropics.<ref name=cracraft>{{cite journal \|last1=Claramunt \|first1=S. \|last2=Cracraft \|first2=J.\|author-link2=Joel Cracraft \|title=A new time tree reveals Earth history's imprint on the evolution of modern birds \|journal=Sci Adv \|date=2015 \|volume=1 \|issue=11 \|doi=10.1126/sciadv.1501005 \|pmc=4730849 \|pmid=26824065 \|page=e1501005\|bibcode=2015SciA....1E1005C }}</ref>

	===Classification of bird orders===		===Classification of bird orders===

Bird - Revision history

WikiDwarf: WikiDwarf moved page Draft:Bird to Bird over a redirect without leaving a redirect: revert

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CleanupBot: clean up, removed: {{Featured article}}

Hembram Bakhul at 07:11, 2 July 2021