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{{Short description|Dot worn on the center of the forehead}}
{{Other uses|Bindi (disambiguation)}}
{{Redirect|Pottu|the 2019 Indian film|Pottu (film)}}
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A '''bindi''' ({{lang-hi|बिंदी}}, from [[Sanskrit]] बिन्दु ''[[bindu (symbol)|bindú]]'', meaning "point, drop, dot or small particle") is a colored dot worn on the center of the forehead, originally by [[Hindu]]s and [[Jain]]s from the [[Indian subcontinent]]. The word ''[[Bindu (symbol)|bindu]]'' dates back to the ''hymn of creation'' known as [[Nasadiya Sukta]] in the [[Rigveda]] [[Mandala 10]]. ''[[Bindu (symbol)|Bindu]]'' is considered the point at which creation begins and may become [[Henosis|unity]]. It is also described as "the sacred symbol of the cosmos in its unmanifested state".<ref name="Khanna 1979: p.171">Khanna 1979: p. 171</ref><ref name="Swami Ranganathananda 1991 21">{{cite book |title=Human Being in Depth: A Scientific Approach to Religion|author=Swami Ranganathananda |author-link=Ranganathananda |publisher=SUNY Press|year=1991|isbn=0791406792 |page=21 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P0vfFZh9BIIC&q=Big+Bang+theory+and+Indian+philosophy&pg=PA21 }}</ref>

A bindi is a bright dot of some color applied in the center of the forehead close to the [[eyebrow]]s or in the middle of the forehead, worn in the Indian subcontinent (particularly amongst Hindus in [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]] and [[Sri Lanka]])<ref name="Khanna 1979: p.171"/> and Southeast Asia among [[Balinese people|Balinese]], [[Javanese people|Javanese]], [[Hinduism in Malaysia|Malaysian]], [[Hinduism in Singapore|Singaporean]], [[Hinduism in Vietnam|Vietnamese]] and [[Hinduism in Myanmar|Burmese]] Hindus. A similar marking is also worn by babies and children in [[China]] and, as in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, represents the opening of the [[third eye]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.chinaculture.org/chineseway/2014-09/10/content_562942.htm |title=Guidelines for school entrance in ancient China
|last1=Xiaoou|first1=Yu |date=10 September 2014 |publisher=ChinaCulture.org |access-date=16 February 2018 }}</ref> Bindi in [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], and [[Jainism]] is associated with [[ajna]] [[chakra]], and [[Bindu (symbol)|Bindu]]<ref name="Mercier 2007. p. 267">Mercier (2007). p. 267.</ref> is known as the [[third eye]] chakra. [[Bindu (symbol)|Bindu]] is the point or dot around which the [[mandala]] is created, representing the universe.<ref name="Swami Ranganathananda 1991 21"/><ref name="Shakya, p. 82-83">Shakya, pp. 82–83</ref> The bindi has a historical and cultural presence in the region of [[Greater India]].<ref>''Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor'', by Keat Gin Ooi p. 642</ref><ref>''Hindu-Buddhist Architecture in Southeast Asia'' by Daigorō Chihara p. 226</ref>

==Religious significance==
{{See also|Ajna|Chakra|Bindu (symbol)|Tilaka}}
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Traditionally, the area between the eyebrows (where the bindi is placed) is said to be the sixth [[chakra]], ''[[ajna]]'', the seat of "concealed wisdom". The bindi is said to retain energy and strengthen concentration.<ref name="about">{{cite web|url=http://hinduism.about.com/od/bindis/a/bindi.htm|title=Bindi: The Great Indian Forehead Art|last=Das|first=Subhamoy|access-date=16 February 2009}}</ref> The bindi also represents the [[third eye]].<ref>{{cite news | title = Couples Fuel India's Vibrant Art Scene | date = 13 October 2011 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/14/arts/14iht-rartcouples14.html?pagewanted=2&_r=1&sq=bindi&st=cse&scp=1 | work = [[The New York Times]] | access-date = 20 October 2011}}</ref>
The [[Nasadiya Sukta]] of the Rig Veda, the earliest known Sanskrit text, mentions the word ''[[Bindu (symbol)|Bindu]]''.<ref name="nasadiya-suktha-and-purusha-suktha">{{cite web|url=http://loudthinkingkeyargomes.blogspot.ca/2012/09/nasadiya-suktha-and-purusha-suktha.html|title=nasadiya-suktha-and-purusha-suktha}}</ref>

The [[Ajna]] is symbolised by a [[Nelumbo nucifera|sacred lotus]] with two petals, and corresponds to the colors violet, indigo or deep blue, though it is traditionally described as white. It is at this point that the two sides Nadi [[Ida (yoga)]] and Pingala are said to terminate and merge with the central channel Sushumna, signifying the end of duality, the characteristic of being dual (e.g. ''light'' and ''dark'', or ''male'' and ''female''). The [[bīja|seed syllable]] for this chakra is the syllable OM, and the presiding deity is [[Ardhanarishvara]], who is a half male, half female Shiva/Shakti. The Shakti goddess of Ajna is called Hakini. In metaphysics, [[Bindu (symbol)|Bindu]] is considered the dot or point at which creation begins and may become [[Henosis|unity]]. It is also described as "the sacred symbol of the cosmos in its unmanifested state".<ref name="Khanna 1979: p.171"/><ref name="Swami Ranganathananda 1991 21"/> Bindu is the point around which the [[mandala]] is created, representing the universe.<ref name="Shakya, p. 82-83"/> Ajna (along with [[Bindu (symbol)|Bindu]]), is known as the [[third eye]] chakra and is linked to the [[pineal gland]]{{clarify|date=November 2015}} which may inform a model of its envisioning. The pineal gland is a light sensitive gland that produces the hormone [[melatonin]] which regulates sleep and waking up, and is also postulated to be the production site of the psychedelic [[dimethyltryptamine]], the only known hallucinogen endogenous to the human body. [[Ajna]]'s key issues involve balancing the higher and lower selves and trusting inner guidance. Ajna's inner aspect relates to the access of intuition. Mentally, Ajna deals with visual consciousness. Emotionally, [[Ajna]] deals with clarity on an intuitive level.<ref name="Mercier 2007. p. 267"/>

[[File:Prajnaparamita Java.jpg|thumb|upright|Goddess Tara depicted with [[Ajna]] ''[[Bindu (symbol)|Bhrumadhya Bindu]]'' known as ''inner gaze''. Bhrumadhya is the point in the center of the forehead commonly referred to as the third eye, or center of consciousness.<ref name="Mercier 2007. p. 267"/>]]

In Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, bindi is associated with Ajna Chakra and [[Bindu (symbol)|Bindu]].<ref name="Mercier 2007. p. 267"/> Divinities in these religions are typically depicted with ''Bhrumadhya [[Bindu (symbol)|Bindu]]'', in meditative pose with their eyes nearly closed show the gaze focused between eyebrows, other spot being the tip of the nose—Naasikagra. The very spot between the eyebrows known as Bhrumadhya is where one focuses his/her sight, so that it helps concentration.<ref name="Shakya, p. 82-83"/> In South Asia, bindi is worn by women of all religious dispositions and is not restricted to religion or region. However, the Islamic Research Foundation, located in India, says "wearing a bindi or mangalsutra is a sign of Hindu women. The traditional bindi still represents and preserves the symbolic significance that is integrated into Indian mythology in many parts of India."

[[File:Yakshi. Bharhut, Satna, C. 2nd cent BC. Bhopal Museum.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Relief from stupa, 2nd century B.C. Only female figures were marked with the [[Nelumbo nucifera|sacred lotus]] during this period.]]

The red bindi has multiple meanings:

* One simple interpretation is that it is a cosmetic mark used to enhance beauty.
* Archaeology has yielded clay female figurines from the Indus Valley with red pigment on the forehead and hair parting. It is unclear whether this held any religious or cultural significance.<ref>{{cite book|last1=M. Kenoyer|first1=Jonathan|title=Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization|date=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0195779401|page=186|edition=1st}}</ref>
* In Hinduism, the color red represents honor, love, and prosperity, hence it was worn to symbolise these aspects.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Pintchman|first1=Tracy|title=Women's Lives, Women's Rituals in the Hindu Tradition|url=https://archive.org/details/womensliveswomen00pint|url-access=limited|date=2007|publisher=Oxford|isbn=978-0195177060|pages=[https://archive.org/details/womensliveswomen00pint/page/n106 90]–97}}</ref>
* In meditation, the point between the eyebrows (Bhrumadhya) is where one focuses his/her sight, to help concentration. Most images of Hindu, Jain or Buddhist divinities in meditative poses with their eyes nearly closed show the gaze focused between the eyebrows (another spot being the tip of the nose—naasikagra).
* Swami Muktananda writes that "auspicious [[Kumkum]] or sandalwood paste is applied (between the eyebrows) out of respect for the inner Guru. It is the Guru's seat. There is a chakra (center of spiritual energy within the human body) here called Ajna (Aadnyaa) chakra, meaning 'Command center'. Here is received the Guru's command to go higher in Sadhana (spiritual practice) to the 'Sahasraar' (seventh and final chakra) which leads to Self-realisation. The flame seen at the eyebrow is called 'Guru Jyoti'."<ref>''From Finite to Infinite'', by Swami Muktananda, SYDA Foundation, S. Fallsburg, New York, 1989, pp. 88–89</ref>
* The encyclopaedic ''Dictionary of Yoga'' reports that this 'Ajna Chakra' is also called the 'Third eye'. This center is connected with the sacred syllable '[[Om]]' and presiding, is '[[Parashiva]]'. On activating this center, the aspirant overcomes '[[Ahamkar]]' (the ego or sense of individuality), the last stop on the path of spirituality.<ref>''Encyclopedic Dictionary of Yoga'', by Georg Fuerstein, Paragon House Publishers, New York, 1990, p. 15</ref>

==Traditional application method==
[[File:HinduBrideIndia.jpg|thumb|right|Bride with decorative bindis and ''maang tika'' between hair parting where married women apply [[sindoor]].]]
A traditional bindi is red or maroon in color. A pinch of vermilion powder is applied with a ring-finger to make a dot. A small annular disc aids application for beginners. First, a sticky wax paste is applied through the empty center of the disc. This is then covered with kumkum or vermilion and then the disc is removed to get a round bindi. Various materials such as [[lac]], sandal, 'aguru', [[mica]], 'kasturi', kumkum (made of red turmeric) and [[sindoor]] color the dot. Saffron ground together with [[Safflower|'kusumba' flower]] can also work.<ref>{{cite news | title = Bindi: The Great Indian Forehead Art | url = http://hinduism.about.com/od/bindis/a/bindi.htm | work = About.com | access-date = 9 January 2012}}</ref> Traditionally they are green in color with a red dot in the middle.<ref>{{cite book|title=The book of Hindu festivals and ceremonies|last=Bahadur|first=Om Lata|isbn=81-86112-23-5|publisher=UBS Publishers Distributors ltd.|year=1996|location=New Delhi|edition=3rd|page=[https://archive.org/details/bookofhindufesti0000baha/page/168 168]|url=https://archive.org/details/bookofhindufesti0000baha/page/168}}</ref> The bindi is no longer restricted in color or shape.<ref>Khadi and Village Industries Commission, Government of India</ref><ref name="hbc1">Parvesh Handa, "Home Beauty Clinic", Pustak Mahal, {{ISBN|81-223-0099-5}}</ref>

[[File:Lac Bindis.jpg|thumb|left|Ornamental bindis were made and sold by [[lac]] workers known as [[Lakhera]].]]
Historically, the ornamental bindi spangle consists of a small piece of lac over which is smeared vermilion, while above it a piece of mica or thin glass is fixed for ornament. Women wore large spangles set in gold with a border of jewels if they could afford it. The bindi was made and sold by lac workers known as [[Lakhera]].<ref>https://www.gutenberg.org/files/20668/20668-h/20668-h.htm</ref> In Hinduism, it's part of the ''Suhāg'' or ''lucky trousseau'' at marriages and is affixed to the girl's forehead on her wedding and thereafter always worn.<ref name="hbc1"/> Unmarried girls optionally wore small ornamental spangles on their foreheads. A widow was not allowed to wear bindi or any ornamentation associated with married women.<ref name="hbc1"/> In modern times, self-adhesive bindis are available in various materials, usually made of felt or thin metal and adhesive on the other side. These are simple to apply, disposable substitutes for older lac tikli bindis. Sticker bindis come in many colors, designs, materials, and sizes.

[[File:Maker unknown, India - Krishna and Radha - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|upright|Courtesan [[Bani Thani]] as [[Radha]] with ornamental bindi spangle, c. 1750]]
There are different regional variations of the bindi. In Maharashtra a large [[crescent|crescent moon]] shaped bindi is worn with a smaller black dot underneath or above, associated with ''[[Chandrabindu]]'' and ''[[Bindu (symbol)|Bindu chakra]]'' represented by crescent moon, they are commonly known as ''Chandrakor'' in this region, outside Maharashtra they are popularly known as ''Marathi bindi''. In Bengal region a large round red bindi is worn, brides in this region are often decorated with ''Alpana'' design on forehead and cheeks, along with bindi. In southern India a smaller red bindi is worn with a white tilak at the bottom, another common type is a red [[tilaka|tilak]] shaped bindi. In Rajasthan the bindi is often worn round, long [[tilaka|tilak]] shaped bindi are also common, as well as the crescent moon on some occasions. Decorative bindis have become popular among women in South Asia, regardless of religious background. Bindis are a staple and symbolic for women in the Indian subcontinent.<ref>Priyabala Shah (April 1986) "Tilaka: Hindu marks on the forehead", p.88</ref>

In addition to the bindi, in India, a [[vermilion]] mark in the parting of the hair just above the forehead is worn by married women as commitment to long-life and well-being of their husbands. During all Hindu marriage ceremonies, the groom applies sindoor in the part in the bride's hair.<ref name="gwynne">{{cite book|last=Gwynne|first=Paul|title=World Religions in Practice: A Comparative Introduction|year=2009|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|location=Maiden, MA|isbn=9781444360059|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tdsRKc_knZoC&q=Sindoor+wedding+groom&pg=RA5-PT91}}</ref>

Apart from their cosmetic use, bindis have found a modern medical application in India. Iodine patch bindis have often been used among women in north-west Maharashtra to battle iodine deficiency.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Dhar|first1=Shobha|title=Iodine bindis for tribal women to fight deficiency|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Iodine-bindis-for-tribal-women-to-fight-deficiency/articleshow/46884611.cms|access-date=25 July 2015|agency=The Times of India|publisher=TNN|date=11 April 2015}}</ref>

===Related customs in other Asian regions===
[[File:Bali-Danse 0717a.jpg|thumb|A [[Balinese people|Balinese]] dancer with a white bindi]]
{{See also|Balinese Hinduism|Greater India}}
In [[Southeast Asia]], bindis are worn by [[Balinese people|Balinese]] and [[Javanese people|Javanese]] Hindus of [[Indonesia]]. Historically, it was worn by many [[Greater India|Indianized]] kingdoms in [[Southeast Asia]]. Bindis are also decorated on wedding brides and grooms of [[Java]] and other parts of [[Indonesia]], even worn by non-Hindus. It is worn for cultural purposes because Indonesia was once ruled by Indianized Hindu kingdoms, thus the culture still preserves until today. Bindis in Indonesia are usually white, rather than red or black as in India.

==Modern use==
[[File:2012-08 Woodstock 12.jpg|thumb|Bindis and other religious affiliated markings are worn by recent Hindu converts like [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|Hare Krishnas]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sadananda.com|title=Svami Sadananda Dasa: Disciple of Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati and Guru of Vamandas (Walther Eidlitz)|work=sadananda.com}}</ref>]]
Bindis are popular outside the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia as well. They are sometimes worn purely for decorative purpose or style statement without any religious or cultural affiliation.<ref>[http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160522184733/http://www.nguoi-viet.com/absolutenm2/templates/?a=139901&z=268 Khu phố Little India ở Artesia], ''Nguoi Viet Online'', 11 November 2011, Retrieved 22 November 2011</ref> Decorative and ornamental bindis were introduced to other parts of the world by immigrants from the Indian subcontinent.<ref>[http://www.elperiodic.com/denia/noticias/146263_juventud-organiza-mercadillo-solidario-beneficio-fundacion-vicente-ferrer.html Juventud organiza un mercadillo solidario a beneficio de la Fundación Vicente Ferrer], ''elperiodic.com'', 17 November 2011. Retrieved 22 November 2011</ref> International celebrities such as [[Gwen Stefani]], [[Julia Roberts]],<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8270556.stm | work=BBC News | title='Pretty Woman' in temple upset | date=23 September 2009 | access-date=26 April 2010}}</ref> [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]],<ref>{{cite news | title = Try a bindi now with Western wear | date = 6 October 2011 | url = http://punjabnewsline.com/content/try-bindi-now-western-wear/29719 | work = Punjab Newsline | access-date = 20 October 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120330081155/http://punjabnewsline.com/content/try-bindi-now-western-wear/29719 | archive-date = 30 March 2012 | url-status = dead }}</ref> [[Selena Gomez]] and many others have been seen wearing bindis.<ref>https://www.today.com/popculture/selena-gomez-causes-controversy-wearing-bindi-mtv-movie-awards-I533548</ref> The appropriateness of such uses has been disputed. Reacting to Gomez wearing a bindi while singing her song "[[Come & Get It (Selena Gomez song)|Come and Get It]]", Hindu leader [[Rajan Zed]] said that the bindi has religious significance and should not be used as a fashion accessory,<ref>{{cite web | last = Sieczkowski| first = Cavan | title = Selena Gomez Bindi: Hindu Leaders Demand Apology For MTV Movie Awards Costume| website = [[Huffington Post]]| date = 16 April 2013| url = https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/04/16/selena-gomez-bindi-mtv-movie-awards_n_3092129.html| access-date = 25 September 2015}}</ref> but Indian actress [[Priyanka Chopra]] praised Gomez's choice as "an embrace of Indian culture".<ref>{{cite magazine | last = DelliCarpini Jr. | first = Gregory | title = Selena Gomez's Bindi Styling: Offensive? Bollywood Star Priyanka Chopra Talks About the Star's Usage | magazine = [[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | date = 22 May 2013 | url = https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/the-hook/1563147/selena-gomezs-bindi-styling-offensive-bollywood-star-priyanka | access-date = 25 September 2015}}</ref> Additionally, several rappers have adopted jewelled bindis, most notably [[Lil Uzi Vert]], who debuted a $24 million pink diamond bindi in February 2021. He was inspired by [[Lil B]] who wore a diamond bindi in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lil Uzi Vert's $24 Million Forehead Diamond Was Inspired by Lil B|url=https://exclaim.ca/music/article/lil_uzi_verts_24_million_forehead_diamond_was_inspired_by_lil_b|access-date=2021-02-17|website=exclaim.ca|language=en-ca}}</ref>

Bindis are part of [[Bangladeshi culture]] and women in [[Bangladesh]], irrespective of their religion, adorn themselves with bindis as an ethnic practice.<ref>{{Cite web|last=p.k.balachandran|title=Bangladesh Asserts its Bengali Identity in Mass Celebration of Pohela Boishak|url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/newsdetail/index/5/16732/bangladesh-asserts-its-bengali-identity-in-mass-celebration-of-pohela-boishak|access-date=2020-10-16|website=The Citizen|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=প্রতিবেদক|first=নিজস্ব|title=টিপ দেই কপালে|url=https://www.prothomalo.com/feature/naksha/টিপ-দেই-কপালে|access-date=2020-10-16|website=Prothomalo|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=টিপটপ টিপ {{!}} কালের কণ্ঠ|url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/feature/a2z/2020/03/23/889166|access-date=2020-10-16|website=Kalerkantho|language=bn}}</ref>

==Alternative terms==
A bindi can be called:<ref>{{cite web | url = http://lifestyle.in.msn.com/gallery/photoviewer.aspx?cp-documentid=4248259 | title = Dazzling bindis | access-date = 20 October 2011 | date = 10 October 2011 | work = MSN India | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111012051854/http://lifestyle.in.msn.com/gallery/Photoviewer.aspx?cp-documentid=4248259 | archive-date = 12 October 2011 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
* ''Phot'' or ''Phut'' (literally meaning a small pressing mark) in [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
* ''Tip'' (literally meaning "a pressing") in [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
* ''Tikuli'' (literally meaning "a small [[Tilaka|tika]]") in [[Madhesh|Madhyadeshi areas]]
* ''Chandlo'' (literally meaning moon shape) in [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
* ''[[Tilak]]a'' in [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
* ''Tika'' in [[Nepali language|Nepali]]
* ''Kunkuma'' or ''Bottu'' or ''Tilaka'' in [[Kannada language|Kannada]]
* ''Tilakaya'' in [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]]
* ''Tikli'' in [[Konkani language|Konkani]]
* ''Kunkoo'' or ''Tikali'' in [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
* ''Tikili'' in [[Odia language|Odia]]
* ''Bindi'' in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] meaning long red mark
* ''Pottu'' or ''Kunkumam'' or ''Tilakam'' in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
* ''Bottu'' or ''Tilakam'' in [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
* ''Bottu'' in [[Kannada language|Kannada]]
* ''Tikli'' in [[Maithili language|Maithili]]

==See also==
* [[Tilaka]]
* [[Thirunamam]]
* [[Urna]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Bindi}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150403033124/http://magicsparklz.blogspot.in/p/bindi-designs.html Bindi design as hobby]
* [http://hinduism.about.com/od/bindis/a/bindi.htm Bindi and its significance]
* {{cite web|title=History & Significance of Bindis|url=http://www.surfindia.com/matrimonials/history-significance-bindis.html|access-date=30 September 2013}}
* {{cite web|title=Bindis: Everything You Need to Know|url=http://www.exebit.org/bindis/|access-date=30 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405163248/http://www.exebit.org/bindis/|archive-date=5 April 2014|url-status=dead}}

{{Jewellery}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bindi (Traditional Ornaments)}}
[[Category:Bangladeshi culture]]
[[Category:Body art]]
[[Category:Cosmetics]]
[[Category:Indian culture]]
[[Category:Red symbols]]
[[Category:Types of jewellery]]
[[Category:Desi culture]]

[[fr:Bindi]]

Bindi (decoration) - Revision history

UpdateBot at 15:09, 14 June 2022

>Pipsally: Restored revision 1023831453 by CyanoTex (talk): Restore pre blankign