Bihar famine of 1873–74 - Revision history

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+[[File:1907-bengal-sikkim3.jpg|thumb|A 1907 map of [[Bihar]], [[British Raj|British India]], shown as the northern region of [[Bengal Presidency|Greater Bengal]]. [[Monghyr]] district (top middle) was one of the worst-hit areas in the Bihar famine of 1873&ndash;74.]]
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+The '''Bihar famine of 1873–1874''' (also the '''Bengal famine of 1873–1874''') was a [[famine]] in [[British Raj|British India]] that followed a drought in the province of [[Bihar]], the neighboring provinces of [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], the [[North-Western Provinces and Oudh]]. It affected an area of {{convert|54000|sqmi|km2|order=flip}} and a population of 21.5 million.<ref name=igi-III-488>{{Harvnb|Imperial Gazetteer of India|1907|p=488}}</ref> The relief effort—organized by [[Sir Richard Temple, 1st Baronet|Sir Richard Temple]], the newly appointed Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal—was one of the success stories of the famine relief in British India; there was little or no mortality during the famine.<ref name=hall-matthews-2008-4>{{Harvnb|Hall-Matthews|2008|p=4}}</ref>
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+#REDIRECT [[Bihar famine of 1873–1874]]
-[[File:1907-bengal-sikkim3.jpg|thumb|A 1907 map of [[Bihar]], [[British Raj|British India]], shown as the northern region of [[Bengal Presidency|Greater Bengal]]. [[Monghyr]] district (top middle) was one of the worst-hit areas in the Bihar famine of 1873&ndash;74.]]
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-The '''Bihar famine of 1873–1874''' (also the '''Bengal famine of 1873–1874''') was a [[famine]] in [[British Raj|British India]] that followed a drought in the province of [[Bihar]], the neighboring provinces of [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], the [[North-Western Provinces and Oudh]]. It affected an area of {{convert|54000|sqmi|km2|order=flip}} and a population of 21.5 million.<ref name=igi-III-488>{{Harvnb|Imperial Gazetteer of India|1907|p=488}}</ref> The relief effort—organized by [[Sir Richard Temple, 1st Baronet|Sir Richard Temple]], the newly appointed Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal—was one of the success stories of the famine relief in British India; there was little or no mortality during the famine.<ref name=hall-matthews-2008-4>{{Harvnb|Hall-Matthews|2008|p=4}}</ref>
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See also

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[[File:1907-bengal-sikkim3.jpg|thumb|A 1907 map of [[Bihar]], [[British Raj|British India]], shown as the northern region of [[Bengal Presidency|Greater Bengal]]. [[Monghyr]] district (top middle) was one of the worst-hit areas in the Bihar famine of 1873–74.]]
The '''Bihar famine of 1873–1874''' (also the '''Bengal famine of 1873–1874''') was a [[famine]] in [[British Raj|British India]] that followed a drought in the province of [[Bihar]], the neighboring provinces of [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], the [[North-Western Provinces and Oudh]]. It affected an area of {{convert|54000|sqmi|km2|order=flip}} and a population of 21.5 million.<ref name=igi-III-488>{{Harvnb|Imperial Gazetteer of India|1907|p=488}}</ref> The relief effort—organized by [[Sir Richard Temple, 1st Baronet|Sir Richard Temple]], the newly appointed Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal—was one of the success stories of the famine relief in British India; there was little or no mortality during the famine.<ref name=hall-matthews-2008-4>{{Harvnb|Hall-Matthews|2008|p=4}}</ref>

==Relief==
[[File:Penny illustrated 1874 famine.png|thumb|left|Illustration and story in ''Penny Illustrated'', London, 14 February 1874, reporting Queen Victoria's donation of £1,000 in aid of famine relief. Since Bihar was then in the [[Bengal Presidency]], the famine was also referred to as the ''Bengal Famine of 1873–74''. The Queen is referred to as the "Empress of India" two years before she added that title.]]

As the impending famine came to light, a decision was made at the highest level to save lives at any cost.<ref name=igi-III-488/> [[Rs.]] 40 million were spent on importing 450,000 tons of rice from Burma.<ref name=igi-hall-matthews-bihar>{{Harvnb|Imperial Gazetteer of India|1907|p=488}}, {{Harvnb|Hall-Matthews|1996|p=218}}</ref> Another Rs. 22.5 million were spent in organizing relief for 300 million units (1 unit = one person for one day).<ref name=igi-III-488/>

In addition, for the first time, inspection of villages by the government officials was carried out to identify those in need of aid or employment.<ref name=igi-hall-matthews-bihar/> In Sir Richard Temple's own description (in a contemporary correspondence), the generous aid allowed the laborers to stay in good physical condition and to return to their fields when the rains finally arrived; their actions put to rest any fears among relief officials that the government handouts were making the laborers "dependent."<ref>{{Harvnb|Hall-Matthews|1996|p=221}}</ref>

Road construction became a major project of the famine relief works;<ref name=yang-50>{{Harvnb|Yang|1998|p=50}}</ref> the ''Road [[Cess]] Act of 1875'', which was enacted just before the famine began,<ref>"India", ''[[The Times]]'', 28 October 1873, 7a.</ref> established a fund for the "construction of roads, especially their metaling and bridging."<ref name=yang-50/> The construction of the [[History of rail transport in Burma|Irrawaddy Valley State Railway]] in Burma, which began in 1874, also provided employment in the earthworks for many famine immigrants from Bengal.<ref>{{Harvnb|Nisbet|1901|p=24}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
The famine proved to be less severe than had originally been anticipated, and 100,000 tons of grain was left unused at the end of the relief effort.<ref name="Hall-Matthews 1996 219">{{Harvnb|Hall-Matthews|1996|p=219}}</ref> According to some,<ref name="Hall-Matthews 1996 219"/> the total government expense was 50 percent more than the total budget of a similar relief effort during the [[Maharashtra]] famine of 1973 (in independent India), after adjusting for inflation.

Since the expenditure associated with the relief effort was considered excessive, Sir Richard Temple was criticized by British officials. Taking the criticism to heart, he revised the official famine relief philosophy, which thereafter became concerned with thrift and efficiency.<ref name=hall-matthews-2008-4/> The relief efforts in the subsequent [[Great Famine of 1876–78]] in [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]] and [[South India]] were therefore very modest, which led to excessive mortality.<ref name=hall-matthews-2008-4/>
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==See also==
*[[Company rule in India]]
*[[Drought in India]]
*[[Famine in India]]
* [[Great Famine (Ireland)]]
* [[Great Famine of 1876–78]]
* [[Bengal famine of 1943]]
* [[Bihar famine of 1966–67]]
*[[Famines, epidemics, and public health in the British Raj]]
*[[Timeline of major famines in India during British rule (1765 to 1947)]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
*{{Citation | last = Hall-Matthews | first = David | title = Historical Roots of Famine Relief Paradigms: Ideas on Dependency and Free Trade in India in the 1870s | journal = Disasters | year = 1996 | volume = 20 | issue = 3 | pages = 216–230 | doi = 10.1111/j.1467-7717.1996.tb01035.x| pmid = 8854458 }}
*{{Citation | title = Imperial Gazetteer of India | volume=III: The Indian Empire, Economic | chapter=Chapter X: Famine | publisher = Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press | year = 1907 | pages=475–502 }}
*{{Citation | last=Nisbet | first =John | title=Burma Under British Rule - and Before | volume=II | publisher = Westminster: Archibald Constable and Co. Ltd | year = 1901 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sX1uAAAAMAAJ&q=nisbet+burma+under+british+rule}}
*{{Citation | last = Yang | first = Anand A. | title = Bazaar India: Markets, Society, and the Colonial State in Bihar | year = 1998 | location=Berkeley | publisher=University of California Press | url = http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft4779n9tq/}}

==Further reading==
*{{Citation | last = Bhatia | first = B. M. | title = Famines in India: A Study in Some Aspects of the Economic History of India With Special Reference to Food Problem, 1860–1990 | year = 1991 | publisher = Stosius Inc/Advent Books Division | pages=383 | isbn = 81-220-0211-0}}
*{{Citation | last = Dutt | first = Romesh Chunder | title = Open Letters to Lord Curzon on Famines and Land Assessments in India | year = 1900 | location=London | publisher = Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. Ltd (reprinted 2005 by Adamant Media Corporation) | isbn = 1-4021-5115-2}}
*{{Citation | last = Dyson | first = Tim | year = 1991 | title = On the Demography of South Asian Famines: Part I | journal = Population Studies | volume = 45 | issue = 1 | pages = 5–25 | jstor = 2174991 | doi=10.1080/0032472031000145056| pmid = 11622922 }}
*{{Citation | last = Dyson | first = Tim | year = 1991 | title = On the Demography of South Asian Famines: Part II | journal = Population Studies | volume = 45 | issue = 2 | pages = 279–297 | jstor = 2174784 | doi=10.1080/0032472031000145446 | pmid = 11622922}}
*{{Citation | last = Famine Commission | year = 1880 | title = Report of the Indian Famine Commission, Part I | publisher = Calcutta}}
*{{Citation | last = Ghose | first = Ajit Kumar | title = Food Supply and Starvation: A Study of Famines with Reference to the Indian Subcontinent | year = 1982 | journal = Oxford Economic Papers |series=New Series | volume = 34 | issue = 2 | pages = 368–389| doi = 10.1093/oxfordjournals.oep.a041557 | pmid = 11620403 }}
*{{Citation | year = 1867 | title = Report of the Commissioners Appointed to Enquire into the Famine in Bengal and Orissa in 1866 |volume=I, II | publisher = Government of India | location=Calcutta}}
*{{Citation | last = Hall-Matthews | first = David | title = Inaccurate Conceptions: Disputed Measures of Nutritional Needs and Famine Deaths in Colonial India | journal = Modern Asian Studies | year = 2008 | volume = 42 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–24 | doi = 10.1017/S0026749X07002892}}
*{{Citation | last = Hill | first = Christopher V. | title = Philosophy and Reality in Riparian South Asia: British Famine Policy and Migration in Colonial North India | journal = Modern Asian Studies | volume = 25 | issue = 2 | year = 1991 | pages = 263–279 | doi=10.1017/s0026749x00010672}}
*{{Citation | last = Klein | first = Ira | title = Death in India, 1871-1921 | journal = The Journal of Asian Studies | volume = 32 | issue = 4 | year = 1973 | pages = 639–659 | doi=10.2307/2052814| jstor = 2052814 | pmid = 11614702 }}
*{{Citation | last = McAlpin | first = Michelle B. | title = Famines, Epidemics, and Population Growth: The Case of India | year = 1983 | journal = Journal of Interdisciplinary History | volume = 14 | issue = 2 | pages = 351–366 | doi=10.2307/203709| jstor = 203709 }}
*{{Citation | last = Temple | first = Sir Richard | authorlink = Sir Richard Temple, 1st Baronet| year = 1882 | title = Men and events of my time in India | location=London | publisher=John Murray. | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=cHsBAAAAQAAJ}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Bihar famine of 1873-1874}}
[[Category:Famines in British India]]
[[Category:Famines in India]]
[[Category:British administration in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Disasters in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1873 disasters]]
[[Category:1874 disasters]]
[[Category:1870s in British India]]
[[Category:History of Bengal]]
[[Category:Natural disasters in Bihar]]
[[Category:1873 in India]]
[[Category:1874 in India]]
[[Category:19th-century famines]]