Bhutan–India border - Revision history

imported>Goszei: SD; General fixes

2021-07-19T23:18:24Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:48, 20 July 2021
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			{{Short description\|International border}}
	{{Infobox border		{{Infobox border
	\| name = Bhutan–India border		\| name = Bhutan–India border
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	==History==		==History==
	Britain had begun conquering India from the 17th century, gradually expanding their rule and creating [[British India]]. This brought them into conflict with Bhutan, with [[Cooch Behar State\|Cooch Behar]] being annexed by Britain in 1770 and a peace treaty signed in 1774 which recognised Bhutan's then borders.<ref name="CS">{{cite web \|title=Bhutan: A Country Study \|url=http://countrystudies.us/bhutan/ \|publisher=Library of Congress \|date=1991\|accessdate=23 September 2020}}</ref> Boundary disputed flared up repeatedly in the first half of the 1800s, with Britain annexing the [[Bengal Duars\|Bengal]] and [[Assam Duars]] in 1841-42.<ref name="CS"/> Continuing tensions led to the [[Bhutan War]] of 1860-65; by the subsequent [[Treaty of Sinchula]] Bhutan permanently ceded the Bengal and Assam Duars and parts of [[Dewangiri]].<ref name="CS"/><ref>{{cite book\|title=Bhutan: a Kingdom in the Himalayas : a study of the land, its people, and their government \|first1=Nagendra \|last1=Singh \|edition=2nd \|chapter=Appendix VII – The Treaty of Sinchula \|page=243 \|publisher=Thomson Press Publication Division \|year=1978 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TSRuAAAAMAAJ \|accessdate=2011-08-25}}</ref> Some further modifications to the boundary were made in 1910 via the [[Treaty of Punakha]].<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rDxx_ibIwZ0C \|title=Himalayan kingdom Bhutan: tradition, transition, and transformation \|first=Awadhesh Coomar \|last=Sinha \|publisher=Indus Publishing \|year=2001 \|isbn=81-7387-119-1 \|accessdate=2011-08-12}}</ref><ref name=Syamukapu>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hbgVAQAAMAAJ \|title=Syamukapu: The Lhasa Newars of Kalimpong and Kathmandu \|first=Deb Shova Kansakar \|last=Hilker \|publisher=Vajra Publications \|year=2005 \|isbn=99946-644-6-8 \|accessdate=2011-08-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eONIAQAAIAAJ \|title=Arts of Asia \|volume=17 \|publisher=Arts of Asia Publications \|year=1987 \|page=107 \|accessdate=2011-08-12}}</ref>		Britain had begun conquering India from the 17th century, gradually expanding their rule and creating [[British India]]. This brought them into conflict with Bhutan, with [[Cooch Behar State\|Cooch Behar]] being annexed by Britain in 1770 and a peace treaty signed in 1774 which recognised Bhutan's then borders.<ref name="CS">{{cite web \|title=Bhutan: A Country Study \|url=http://countrystudies.us/bhutan/ \|publisher=Library of Congress \|date=1991\|accessdate=23 September 2020}}</ref> Boundary disputed flared up repeatedly in the first half of the 1800s, with Britain annexing the [[Bengal Duars\|Bengal]] and [[Assam Duars]] in 1841-42.<ref name="CS"/> Continuing tensions led to the [[Bhutan War]] of 1860-65; by the subsequent [[Treaty of Sinchula]] Bhutan permanently ceded the Bengal and Assam Duars and parts of [[Dewangiri]].<ref name="CS"/><ref>{{cite book\|title=Bhutan: a Kingdom in the Himalayas : a study of the land, its people, and their government \|first1=Nagendra \|last1=Singh \|edition=2nd \|chapter=Appendix VII – The Treaty of Sinchula \|page=243 \|publisher=Thomson Press Publication Division \|year=1978 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TSRuAAAAMAAJ \|accessdate=2011-08-25}}</ref> Some further modifications to the boundary were made in 1910 via the [[Treaty of Punakha]].<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rDxx_ibIwZ0C \|title=Himalayan kingdom Bhutan: tradition, transition, and transformation \|first=Awadhesh Coomar \|last=Sinha \|publisher=Indus Publishing \|year=2001 \|isbn=81-7387-119-1 \|accessdate=2011-08-12}}</ref><ref name=Syamukapu>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hbgVAQAAMAAJ \|title=Syamukapu: The Lhasa Newars of Kalimpong and Kathmandu \|first=Deb Shova Kansakar \|last=Hilker \|publisher=Vajra Publications \|year=2005 \|isbn=99946-644-6-8 \|accessdate=2011-08-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eONIAQAAIAAJ \|title=Arts of Asia \|volume=17 \|publisher=Arts of Asia Publications \|year=1987 \|page=107 \|accessdate=2011-08-12}}</ref>

	In 1947 India gained independence from Britain, and two years later it signed a treaty with Bhutan by which it recognised the country's sovereignty, though retaining significant influence over its foreign affairs.<ref name="CS"/><ref name=Bedjaoui>{{citation \|last=Bedjaoui \|first=Mohammed \|title=International Law: Achievements and Prospects \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jrTsNTzcY7EC&pg=PA51 \|year=1991 \|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers \|isbn=92-3-102716-6 \|pages=51– \|ref={{sfnref\|Bedjaoui, International Law: Achievements and Prospects\|1991}} \|url-status=live \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905203717/https://books.google.com/books?id=jrTsNTzcY7EC&pg=PA51 \|archivedate=2015-09-05 }}</ref> The boundary was further detailed and refined in the 1973-1984 period through talks between Bhutan and India.<ref name="CS"/> Border disputes of a relatively minor nature existed concerning part of the border with Arunachal Pradesh, and the region between [[Sarbhang]] and [[Geylegphug]].<ref name="CS"/> In 2006 a final border demarcation treaty was signed.<ref>{{cite news \|title=India, Bhutan formally demarcate border \|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/india-bhutan-formally-demarcate-border/story-uav6wv85NCFdKt4dpkNLKJ.html \|accessdate=23 September 2020 \|publisher=Hindustan Times \|date=14 December 2006}}</ref> A new friendship and cooperation treaty granting Bhutan greater freedom in external matters was signed in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://mea.gov.in/Images/pdf/india-bhutan-treaty-07.pdf\|title=INDIA-BHUTAN FRIENDSHIP TREATY\|last=https://mea.gov.in/\|date=2007-03-02\|website=mea.gov.in \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509040714/http://mea.gov.in/Images/pdf/india-bhutan-treaty-07.pdf\|archive-date=2016-05-09\|url-status=live\|access-date=2017-08-13}}</ref>		In 1947 India gained independence from Britain, and two years later it signed a treaty with Bhutan by which it recognised the country's sovereignty, though retaining significant influence over its foreign affairs.<ref name="CS"/><ref name=Bedjaoui>{{citation \|last=Bedjaoui \|first=Mohammed \|title=International Law: Achievements and Prospects \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jrTsNTzcY7EC&pg=PA51 \|year=1991 \|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers \|isbn=92-3-102716-6 \|pages=51– \|ref={{sfnref\|Bedjaoui, International Law: Achievements and Prospects\|1991}} \|url-status=live \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905203717/https://books.google.com/books?id=jrTsNTzcY7EC&pg=PA51 \|archivedate=2015-09-05 }}</ref> The boundary was further detailed and refined in the 1973-1984 period through talks between Bhutan and India.<ref name="CS"/> Border disputes of a relatively minor nature existed concerning part of the border with Arunachal Pradesh, and the region between [[Sarbhang]] and [[Geylegphug]].<ref name="CS"/> In 2006 a final border demarcation treaty was signed.<ref>{{cite news \|title=India, Bhutan formally demarcate border \|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/india-bhutan-formally-demarcate-border/story-uav6wv85NCFdKt4dpkNLKJ.html \|accessdate=23 September 2020 \|publisher=Hindustan Times \|date=14 December 2006}}</ref> A new friendship and cooperation treaty granting Bhutan greater freedom in external matters was signed in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://mea.gov.in/Images/pdf/india-bhutan-treaty-07.pdf\|title=INDIA-BHUTAN FRIENDSHIP TREATY\|last=https://mea.gov.in/\|date=2007-03-02\|website=mea.gov.in \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509040714/http://mea.gov.in/Images/pdf/india-bhutan-treaty-07.pdf\|archive-date=2016-05-09\|url-status=live\|access-date=2017-08-13}}</ref>
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	==Border protection==		==Border protection==
	The Indian government deploys 12 battalions of [[Sashastra Seema Bal]] (SSB), and 132 border posts, to guard the border on its side. The bilateral Indian-Bhutan Group Border Management and Security has been established to collaboratively assess and secure the border between the two countries.<ref name=mha/>		The Indian government deploys 12 battalions of [[Sashastra Seema Bal]] (SSB), and 132 border posts, to guard the border on its side. The bilateral Indian-Bhutan Group Border Management and Security has been established to collaboratively assess and secure the border between the two countries.<ref name=mha/> The Bhutan Army patrols the Bhutanese side.

	Following the [[2017 China–India border standoff]], the Indian government increased the number of border posts.<ref>{{cite news\|last1=Chauhani\|first1=Neeraj\|title=SSB to strengthen presence on India-Bhutan border\|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ssb-to-strengthen-presence-on-india-bhutan-border/articleshow/62181663.cms\|date=20 Dec 2017\|work=Times of India}}</ref>		Following the [[2017 China–India border standoff]], the Indian government increased the number of border posts.<ref>{{cite news\|last1=Chauhani\|first1=Neeraj\|title=SSB to strengthen presence on India-Bhutan border\|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ssb-to-strengthen-presence-on-india-bhutan-border/articleshow/62181663.cms\|date=20 Dec 2017\|work=Times of India}}</ref>

>Swtadi143 at 12:40, 14 May 2021

2021-05-14T12:40:00Z

New page

{{Infobox border
| name = Bhutan–India border
| image = File:Bhutan Physiography.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Map of Bhutan, with India to the south
| territory1 = {{IND}}<br>
| territory2 = {{BTN}}
| length = 699 km
| enclaves =
| established = November 11, 1865
| establishedreason = Signing of the Treaty of Sinchula at the end of the [[Bhutan War]]
| current = 1973-1984
| currentreason = Further delimitation by Bhutan and India
| disestablished =
| disestablishedreason =
| treaties = Treaty of Sinchula
| notes =
}}

The '''Bhutan–India border''' is the [[international border]] separating [[Bhutan]] and [[India]]. The border is 699 km (434 m) long, and adjoins the Indian states of [[Assam]] (267 km; 166 m), [[Arunachal Pradesh]] (217 km; 135 m), [[West Bengal]] (183 km; 114 m), and [[Sikkim]] (32 km; 20 m).<ref name=mha>{{cite web|title=Management of Indo-Bhutan border|url=https://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/INDO_Butan_16022018.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|access-date=2018-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317165320/https://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/INDO_Butan_16022018.pdf|archive-date=2018-03-17|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Description==
The border starts in the west at the western [[tripoint]] with [[Tibet]], [[China]], proceeding from there broadly southwards across Mount [[Gipmochi]] and down to the [[Jaldhaka River]]. It then utilises this river for a period before turning south-westwards and then east via a series of irregular overland lines that broadly follow the foothills of the [[Himalayas]], notably Dangme Chhu peak. It then turns to the north, turns west near [[Sakteng]], briefly utilising the [[Tawang Chu]] and [[Nyamjang Chu]], before turning north up to the eastern Chinese tripoint.

==History==
Britain had begun conquering India from the 17th century, gradually expanding their rule and creating [[British India]]. This brought them into conflict with Bhutan, with [[Cooch Behar State|Cooch Behar]] being annexed by Britain in 1770 and a peace treaty signed in 1774 which recognised Bhutan's then borders.<ref name="CS">{{cite web |title=Bhutan: A Country Study |url=http://countrystudies.us/bhutan/ |publisher=Library of Congress |date=1991|accessdate=23 September 2020}}</ref> Boundary disputed flared up repeatedly in the first half of the 1800s, with Britain annexing the [[Bengal Duars|Bengal]] and [[Assam Duars]] in 1841-42.<ref name="CS"/> Continuing tensions led to the [[Bhutan War]] of 1860-65; by the subsequent [[Treaty of Sinchula]] Bhutan permanently ceded the Bengal and Assam Duars and parts of [[Dewangiri]].<ref name="CS"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Bhutan: a Kingdom in the Himalayas : a study of the land, its people, and their government |first1=Nagendra |last1=Singh |edition=2nd |chapter=Appendix VII – The Treaty of Sinchula |page=243 |publisher=Thomson Press Publication Division |year=1978 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TSRuAAAAMAAJ |accessdate=2011-08-25}}</ref> Some further modifications to the boundary were made in 1910 via the [[Treaty of Punakha]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rDxx_ibIwZ0C |title=Himalayan kingdom Bhutan: tradition, transition, and transformation |first=Awadhesh Coomar |last=Sinha |publisher=Indus Publishing |year=2001 |isbn=81-7387-119-1 |accessdate=2011-08-12}}</ref><ref name=Syamukapu>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hbgVAQAAMAAJ |title=Syamukapu: The Lhasa Newars of Kalimpong and Kathmandu |first=Deb Shova Kansakar |last=Hilker |publisher=Vajra Publications |year=2005 |isbn=99946-644-6-8 |accessdate=2011-08-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eONIAQAAIAAJ |title=Arts of Asia |volume=17 |publisher=Arts of Asia Publications |year=1987 |page=107 |accessdate=2011-08-12}}</ref>

In 1947 India gained independence from Britain, and two years later it signed a treaty with Bhutan by which it recognised the country's sovereignty, though retaining significant influence over its foreign affairs.<ref name="CS"/><ref name=Bedjaoui>{{citation |last=Bedjaoui |first=Mohammed |title=International Law: Achievements and Prospects |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jrTsNTzcY7EC&pg=PA51 |year=1991 |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |isbn=92-3-102716-6 |pages=51– |ref={{sfnref|Bedjaoui, International Law: Achievements and Prospects|1991}} |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905203717/https://books.google.com/books?id=jrTsNTzcY7EC&pg=PA51 |archivedate=2015-09-05 }}</ref> The boundary was further detailed and refined in the 1973-1984 period through talks between Bhutan and India.<ref name="CS"/> Border disputes of a relatively minor nature existed concerning part of the border with Arunachal Pradesh, and the region between [[Sarbhang]] and [[Geylegphug]].<ref name="CS"/> In 2006 a final border demarcation treaty was signed.<ref>{{cite news |title=India, Bhutan formally demarcate border |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/india-bhutan-formally-demarcate-border/story-uav6wv85NCFdKt4dpkNLKJ.html |accessdate=23 September 2020 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=14 December 2006}}</ref> A new friendship and cooperation treaty granting Bhutan greater freedom in external matters was signed in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/Images/pdf/india-bhutan-treaty-07.pdf|title=INDIA-BHUTAN FRIENDSHIP TREATY|last=https://mea.gov.in/|date=2007-03-02|website=mea.gov.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509040714/http://mea.gov.in/Images/pdf/india-bhutan-treaty-07.pdf|archive-date=2016-05-09|url-status=live|access-date=2017-08-13}}</ref>

==Transport and crossings==
[[File:Bhutan gate in Phuentsoling 0.jpg|thumb|right|The gate marking the border, view from [[Phuntsholing]], Bhutan]]
{{main| Borders_of_India#Designated_crossings_with_ICP_&_LCS | label 1 = Designated border crossings of India | Borders of India}}
The border between Bhutan and India is the only land access into entering Bhutan, as the border with [[China]] is completely closed. The single entry point for foreign nationals is between the towns of [[Jaigaon]] in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]] and [[Phuntsholing]], in South West [[Bhutan]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=GJvvxP-eS_EC&dq Lonely Planet: Bhutan]</ref>

==Border protection==
The Indian government deploys 12 battalions of [[Sashastra Seema Bal]] (SSB), and 132 border posts, to guard the border on its side. The bilateral Indian-Bhutan Group Border Management and Security has been established to collaboratively assess and secure the border between the two countries.<ref name=mha/>

Following the [[2017 China–India border standoff]], the Indian government increased the number of border posts.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Chauhani|first1=Neeraj|title=SSB to strengthen presence on India-Bhutan border|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ssb-to-strengthen-presence-on-india-bhutan-border/articleshow/62181663.cms|date=20 Dec 2017|work=Times of India}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Borders of India]]
*[[Bhairabkunda]]
*[[Jaigaon]]
*[[Phuntsholing]]
*[[Bhutan–India relations]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|26.89887|89.04659|type:landmark_globe:earth_region:IN,BT|display=title}}
{{Borders of Bhutan}}
{{Borders of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhutan-India border}}
[[Category:Bhutan–India border| ]]
[[Category:Borders of Bhutan]]
[[Category:Borders of India]]
[[Category:International borders]]