Sougataghosh: updated

2026-01-05T14:31:30Z

updated

>Crohmflute: Added example of raag Bhoopali being played

2021-06-16T04:51:35Z

Added example of raag Bhoopali being played

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{{Short description|Hindustani raga}}
{{about||the demonym|Bhopal|other uses|Bhopali (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox raga
| name = Bhoopali
| image_name =
| image_alt =
| thaat = [[Kalyan (thaat)|Kalyan]]
| type = Audava
| time = Early night, 7-9 (the real time it is not 9-12)
| season =
| arohana =S R G P D S'
| avarohana =S' D P G R S
| vadi = G
| samavadi = D
| pakad = {{ubl|S R G R S D1 S R G
| S R G R S D1 S R G P G D P G R S
| G R P G G R S R D1 S
| G R S D1 S R G R P G D P G R S}}
| chalan = {{ubl|S R G R S D1 S R G
| S R G R S D1 P1
| P1 D1 S R G R G
| S R P G
| G R S R G P
| G P D P D D S’
| P G P D P D S’ R’ G’ R’ G’
| G’ R’ S’ D P G R S}}
| synonym = {{ubl|Bhup|Bhup Kalyan}}
| equivalent = {{ubl|[[Mohanam]] | [[Major pentatonic scale]]}}
| similar =
}}
{{Hindustani Classical Music}}

'''Bhoopali''', also known as ''Bhoop'', ''Bhopali,'' or ''Bhupali'', is a [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani classical]] [[raga]]. Bhupālī, is a raag in [[Kalyan Thaat]]. It is a pentatonic scale (uses 5 notes in ascending and descending scale).<ref name="Menon 1973 p. 50">{{cite book |last=Menon |first=R.R. |title=Discovering Indian Music |publisher=Somaiya Publications |year=1973 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AuUXAQAAIAAJ |access-date=26 May 2021 |page=50 |quote=Some prefer the first Raga to be pentatonic in scale. Let us take for an example, the pentatonic Bhoopali. Its notes are: SA RI GA PA DHA SA up and down the scale.}}</ref> Most of the songs in this raga are based on Bhakti rasa. Since it uses 5 notes, belongs to the "Audav jaati" of ragas.

The same raga in [[Carnatic music]] is known as [[Mohanam]].

Raga Bhoopali, [[Raga Yaman]], and [[Raga Bhairav]] tend to be the three basic ragas of Hindustani music, learned first by its students.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pathak Yajurvedi |first1=Dr. Sarita |title=Lecture – Raag Bhopali (Edusat) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ORL5A4WraCo |website=www.youtube.com |publisher=Bharti College, University of Delhi |access-date=5 December 2016 |archive-date=19 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219164533/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ORL5A4WraCo |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Theory ==
[[File:Raga Bhoopali - Rudra Veena - Madhuvanti Pal.webm|thumb|[[Madhuvanti Pal]] plays raag Bhoopali on [[rudra veena]]]] Karhade (2011) explains that raga Bhopali consists of just 5 notes - सा रे ग प ध (sa, re, ga, pa and dha).<ref name="kar">{{cite web |last1=Karhade |first1=Aradhana |title=Raag Bhopali (Uploaded 20 January 2011) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VV-DgnPPhSo |website=www.youtube.com |publisher=Karhade, A |access-date=5 December 2016 |archive-date=4 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004195055/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VV-DgnPPhSo |url-status=live }}</ref>
It does not use Ma (also called Madhyam) and Ni (also called Nishadh).<ref name="kar" /> It is said that the absence of Ni (representative of physical pleasure) and Ma (representative of loving) means this raga is about non-attachment.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Rāgas of Northern Indian music |last=Alain |first=Daniélou |date=2014 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |others=Daniélou, Alain. |isbn=978-81-215-0225-2 |edition=2014 |location=New Delhi |oclc=39028809}}</ref>

The Introduction consists of two parts – ''Aaroh'' आरोह (where the notes are simply recited on an ascending scale) and A''varoha'' (where the notes are simply recited on a descending order)<ref name="kar" />

Thereafter, with these same five notes, different combinations are made by the singer, similar to short phrases, also called "chalan".<ref name="kar" />

=== Aroha and avaroha ===
The scale of ''Bhopali'' uses only ''Shuddh'' [[swara]]s.
* [[Arohana|Aroha]] (ascent): Sa Re Ga Pa Dha Sa'
* [[Avaroha]] (descent): Sa'! Dha Pa Ga Re Sa

=== Vadi and samavadi ===
* [[Vadi (Hindustani classical music)|Vadi]]
Gandhar – ga

* [[Samavadi]]
Dhaivat – Dha

=== Alap ===

# S, D1 D1...S, R - - S...D1 S..., D1 - - - P1, S - - - D1 S - - D1 P1, P1 D1, D1 D1 S
<ref name=":0" />

=== Pakad and chalan ===
The Pakad (catchphrase that often helps in identifying a raga) is:

S R G R S D1 S R G

or:

S R G R S D1 S R G P G D P G R S

or:

G R P G G R S R D1 S

or:

G R S D1 S R G R P G D P G R S

or:

G R P G S R D1 S

Some chalans (elaborations of the pakad) are:

# S R G R S D1 S R G
# S R G R S D1 P1
# P1 D1 S R G R G
# S R P G
# G R S R G P
# G P D P D D S’
# P G P D P D S’ R’ G’ R’ G’
# G’ R’ S’ D P G R S

Note: Normally written swaras (individual notes) indicate the middle octave. A swara immediately followed by '''1''' indicates the ''mandra saptak'' (lower octave) and ''' ' ''' indicates the ''taar saptak'' (higher octave).

A few movements in Bhopali are important to note. There is typically a slide when descending between Sa and Dha, as well as between Pa and Ga. These slides parallel each other and can be used to create a symmetry about how the Swaras are developed. Also, many performers will bring out the ''Kalyan'' flavor of Bhopali by using ''{{lang|hi-Latn|abhasi}}'' of the notes {{lang|hi-Latn|Shuddha}} Ni and {{lang|hi-Latn|Tivra}} Ma. That is to say, these notes are only vaguely suggested in passing ornaments, not actually sung for long enough for the Swara to become a clear part of the Raga. Some examples would be:

(N<sub>1</sub>)D<sub>1</sub> S

P(m)P(m) D P

where the notes in parenthesis are connected by slides or sung as ''meend''.

=== Bandish ===

This [[bandish]] is bound with [[Teental|Teentaal]] (16 beats).

1 2 3 4 | 5 6 7 8 | 9 10 11 12 | 13 14 15 16 |

[[Asthayi]]:

D S D2 P | G2 R2 S R2 |

G2 _ G2 P | G2 R2 S _ |

S R2 G2 P | R2 G2 P D2 |

G2 P D2 P | G2 R2 S _ |

[[Antara (music)|Antara]]:

G2 _ G2 G2 |P _ D2 P |

S' _ S' S' |D3 R3 S' _|

G3 G3 R3 S'|R3 R3 S' D3|

S' _ D2 P |G2 R2 S _|

The Asthayi starts with the 9th beat.

== Organisation and relationships ==

Raga Bhoopali belongs to the [[Kalyan (thaat)|Kalyan]] Thaat.

Related ragas: Deshkar (a pentatonic raga belonging to the Bilawal Thaat with the same scale as Bhoopali). Shuddha Kalyan is another similar raga.

=== Samay (Time) ===
First part of night. 7-9

=== Rasa ===
''Bhakti Rasa'' (Devotional)

The essence from the raga evokes the Shanti [[Rasa (aesthetics)|Rasa]] – peaceful and calming.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=Shastriya Raag Darshan |last=Yagnik |first=Hasu |publisher=Gurjar Granthratna Karyalay |year=2013 |isbn=978-81-8480-826-1}}</ref>

=== Film songs ===

Bhoopali is a popular raga used in [[Indian folk music|Indian folk]] songs, and thus in Hindi and other regional film songs.<ref name="kar" />

[[Hindi]]:
* "Jyoti Kalash Chhalke" (''[[Bhabhi Ki Chudiyan]]'') (1961)
* "Pankh Hote To Udd Aati Re" (''[[Sehra (film)|Sehra]]'') (1963)
* "Main Jahaan Rahoon" (''[[Namastey London]]'') (2007)
* "Dil Hoom Hoom Kare" (''[[Rudaali]]'') (1993)
* "Sayonara Sayonara" (''[[Love in Tokyo]]'') (1966)
* "Dekha ek khwaab to yeh silsile hue" (''[[Silsila (1981 film)|Silsila]]'') (1981)<ref>{{cite web |title=Songs based on Raaga Bhopali |url=http://www.soundofindia.com/raaga_details.asp?raaga=17 |website=www.soundofindia.com |publisher=Sound of India |access-date=5 December 2016 |archive-date=6 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106035057/http://www.soundofindia.com/raaga_details.asp?raaga=17 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* "Aayat" (''[[Bajirao Mastani]]'') (2015)
* "Neel Gagan Ki Chaanv men" (''[[Amrapali]]'') (1966)

[[Marathi language|Marathi]]:
* "Ghanashyama Sundara" (''[[Amar Bhoopali]]'') (1951)
* "Dehaachi Tijori" (''[[Aamhi Jato Amuchya Gava]]'') (1951)
* "sujana kasā mana corī" (''[[Sangeet Natak]]'')
* "śarayū tīrāvarī ayodhyā" (''[[Geet Ramayan]]'')

=== Tamil movie songs in Mohanam equivalent to Bhoopali ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Song
! Movie
! Lyricist
! Composer
! Singer
|-
| "Giridhara Gopala"
| ''Meera''
|
| S.V. Venkatraman
| M.S. Subbulakshmi
|-
| "Thillai Ambala Nadaraajaa"
| ''[[Soubhagyavathi]]''
| [[Pattukkottai Kalyanasundaram]]
| [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]]
| [[T.M. Soundararajan]]
|-
| "Nilavum Malarum"
| ''[[Then Nilavu]]''
| rowspan="4" | [[Kannadasan]]
| [[A.M. Rajah]]
| [[A.M. Rajah]], [[P. Susheela]]
|-
| "Aarumugamana Porul"
| ''Kandhan Karunai''
| rowspan="3" | [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| [[S. Janaki]], Rajalakshmi
|-
| "Om Namasivaya"
| ''[[Thiruvilaiyadal]]''
| [[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]], [[P. Susheela]]
|-
| "Malargal Nanaindhana"
| ''Idhaya Kamalam''
| rowspan="4" | [[P. Susheela]]
|-
| "Velli Mani Oosaiyil"
| ''Iru Malargal''
| [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| rowspan="9" | [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|-
| "Chittukuruvikenna"
| ''Saavale Samali''
| rowspan="3" | [[Kannadasan]]
|-
| "Iraivan Varuvan"
| ''Shanthi Nilayam''
|-
| "Yaumuna Nadhi Inge"
| ''Gowaravam''
| S.P. Balasubramaniam, P. Susheela
|-
| "Sangey Mozhangu"
| ''Kalangarai Vilakam''
| [[Bharathidasan]]
| P. Susheela, Seerkazhi Govindarajan
|-
| "Thanga Thoniyile"
| rowspan="2" | ''Ulagam Sutrum Vaaliban''
| rowspan="3" | Vaali
| [[K.J. Yesudas]], P. Susheela
|-
| "Bansaye"
| T.M. Soundarajan, [[L. R. Easwari]]
|-
| "Kadaloram Vaangiya Kaatru"
| ''Rickshawkaaran''
| rowspan="2" | T.M. Soundarajan
|-
| "Vanda naal mudhal"
| ''Paavamannippu''
| rowspan="3" | [[Kannadasan]]
|-
| "Thiruchendoorin Kadalorathil Senthilnaathan"
| ''[[Dheivam]]''
| [[Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan]]
| [[T.M. Soundararajan]], [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]]
|-
| "Neelakkadalin Oratthil"
| ''[[Annai Velankanni]]''
| [[G. Devarajan]]
| [[T.M. Soundararajan]], [[P. Madhuri]]
|-
| "Ninu Kori Varnam Isaithida"
| ''Agni Natchatram''
|
| rowspan="10"| [[Illayaraja]]
| Chitra
|-
| "Kanmaniye Kadhal Enbadhu"
| ''Aarilirunthu Arubathu Varai''
|
| rowspan="2" | S. P. Balasubhramaniam, S. Janaki
|-
| "Nilavu thoongum"
| ''Kungumachimizh''
|
|-
| "Meenkodi Theril"
| ''Karumbhu Vil''
|
| [[K.J. Yesudas]], [[Jency Anthony]]
|-
| "Vaan Pole Vannam"
| ''Salangai Oli''
| [[Vairamuthu]]
| S.P. Balasubhramaniam, S.P. Sailaja
|-
| "Oru Thanga Rathathil"
| ''Dharma Yutham''
|
| Malaysia Vasudevan
|-
| "Kannan Oru kaikulanthai"
| ''Bhadrakali''
|
| K.J. Yesudas, P. Susheela
|-
| "Oru Raagam"
| ''[[Anandha Ragam]]''
| rowspan="2" | [[Gangai Amaran]]
| [[K.J. Yesudas]], [[S. Janaki]]
|-
| "Geetham Sangeetham"
| ''Kokarako''
| rowspan="4" | S.P. Balasubhramaniam
|-
| "Poovil Vandu"
| ''Kaadhal Oviyam''
| [[Vairamuthu]]
|-
| "Ravi varman oviyamo"
| ''Puthu Vayal''
|
| Aravinth
|-
| "Sivappu Lolaku"
| ''Kaadhal Kottai''
|
| rowspan="5" | [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
|-
| "Priya Priya"
| ''Kattabomman''
|
| rowspan="2" | S.P. Balasubhramaniam, K.S. Chitra
|-
| "Thoonganakuruvi"
| ''Jallikattu kalai''
|
|-
| "Nepala Malaiyoram"
| ''Thaikulame Thaikulame''
|
| S.P. Balasubhramaniam, Swarnalatha
|-
| "Vellarika"
| ''Kadhal Kottai''
|
| Krishnaraj
|-
| "Kadhal Kaditham"
| ''[[Cheran Pandiyan]]''
| colspan=2 style="text-align: center;" | [[Soundaryan]]
| [[S.A. Rajkumar]], [[Swarnalatha]]
|-
| "Boom Boom"
| ''Boys''
| [[Kabilan (lyricist)|Kabilan]]
| rowspan="5" | [[A.R. Rahman]]
| Adnan Sami, Sadhana Sargam
|-
| "Porale Ponnuthayi"
| ''Karuthamma''
| rowspan="6" | [[Vairamuthu]]
| [[Unni Menon]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]
|-
| "Pakkada Pakkade"
| ''Gentleman''
| Minmini
|-
| "Varayo Thozhi"
| ''Jeans''
| Sonu Nigam, Harini
|-
| "Samba Samba"
| ''Lovebirds''
| Aslam Mustafa
|-
| "Oru Kathal Enpathu"
| ''[[Chinna Thambi Periya Thambi]]''
| [[Gangai Amaran]]
| [[S.P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]
|-
| "Kannil Aadum Roja"
| ''[[Captain (1994 film)|Captain]]''
| rowspan="5" | [[Sirpy]]
| [[Swarnalatha]], [[S.P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
| "Unnai Ninachi"
| ''[[Avathara Purushan]]''
|
| [[S.P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K.S. Chithra]]
|-
| "Puthu Roja Puthiruchu"
| ''[[Gokulam]]''
|
| [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Swarnalatha]]
|-
| "Mudhal Mudhalai"
| ''[[Varushamellam Vasantham]]''
|
| [[P. Unnikrishnan]], [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]]

|-
| "Pottu Mela Pottu"
| ''[[Janakiraman]]''
|
| [[S.P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Anuradha Sriram]]
|-
| "Mainaave Mainaave"
| ''[[Thithikudhe]]''
|
| [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| [[P. Unnikrishnan]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]
|-
| "Rosave Rosave"
| ''[[Ellaichami]]''
| [[Pulamaipithan]]
| [[S.A. Rajkumar]]
| [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], [[K.S. Chithra]]
|-
| "Maname Thottal"
| ''Thottachinungi''
|
| Phillip Jerry
| rowspan="2" | [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[K.S. Chithra]]
|-
| "Kadhalithal Anandham"
| ''[[Style (2002 film)|Style]]''
|
| [[Bharani (composer)|Bharani]]
|-
| "Uchi Mudhal"
| ''[[Sukran]]''
| colspan=2 style="text-align: center;" | [[Vijay Antony]]
| Timmy, Gayathri
|-
| "Engeyum Kadhal"
| ''[[Engeyum Kadhal]]''
| [[Thamarai]]
| [[Harris Jayaraj]]
| [[Aalap Raju]], [[Devan Ekambaram]], [[Ranina Reddy]]
|}

== See also ==
* [[Durga (raga)|Durga]]
* [[Shivaranjani]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070514235610/http://www.itcsra.org/sra_others_samay_index.html SRA on Samay and Ragas]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070514234610/http://www.itcsra.org/sra_raga/sra_raga_that/sra_raga_that_index.html SRA on Ragas and Thaats]
* [http://www.parrikar.org/hindustani/bhoopali/ Rajan Parrikar on Ragas]

{{Rāgas as per Performance Time}}

[[Category:Hindustani ragas]]

Bhoopali - Revision history

Sougataghosh: updated

>Crohmflute: Added example of raag Bhoopali being played